Tomás Luis de Victoria
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Tomás Luis de Victoria (sometimes Italianised as da Vittoria; c. 1548 – c. 20–27 August 1611) was the most famous Spanish composer of the
Life and career
Victoria was born in
After receiving a grant from
In 1587 Philip II honoured Victoria's desire to return to his native Spain, naming him chaplain to his sister, the Dowager Empress María, daughter of Charles V, who had been living in retirement with her daughter Princess Margarita at the Monasterio de las Descalzas de St. Clara at Madrid from 1581. In 1591, Victoria became a godfather to his brother Juan Luis's daughter, Isabel de Victoria.[15] Victoria worked for 24 years at Descalzas Reales, serving for 17 years as chaplain to the Empress until her death, and then as convent organist. Victoria was also being paid much more at the Descalzas Reales than he would have earned as a cathedral chapelmaster, receiving an annual income from absentee benefices from 1587 to 1611. When the Empress Maria died in 1603, she willed three chaplaincies in the convent, with one going to Victoria. According to Victoria, he never accepted any extra pay for being a chapelmaster, and became the organist rather than the chapelmaster.[16] Such was the esteem in which he was held that his contract allowed him frequent travel away from the convent.[citation needed] He was able to visit Rome in 1593 for two years, attending Palestrina's funeral in 1594.[citation needed] He died in 1611 in the chaplain's residence and was buried at the convent, although his tomb has yet to be identified.[citation needed]
Music
Victoria is the most significant composer of the
Victoria was a master at overlapping and dividing choirs with multiple parts with a gradual decreasing of rhythmic distance throughout. Not only does Victoria incorporate intricate parts for the voices, but the organ is almost treated like a soloist in many of his choral pieces.[20] Victoria did not originate the development of psalm settings or antiphons for two choirs, but he continued and increased the popularity of such repertoire.[21] Victoria republished works that had appeared previously, and incorporated revisions into each reissue.[3]
Victoria published his first book of motets in 1572.[22] In 1585 he wrote his Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae, a collection which included 37 pieces that are part of the Holy Week celebrations in the Catholic liturgy, including the eighteen motets of the Tenebrae Responsories.[23]
Two influences in Victoria's life were Giovanni Maria Nanino and Luca Marenzio, whom Victoria admired for their work in madrigals rather than church music.[24] It has been speculated that Victoria took lessons from Escobedo at an early age before moving to Rome.[9]
Victoria claimed that he composed his most creative works under his patron
Stylistically, his music shuns the elaborate
His most famous work, and his masterpiece, Officium Defunctorum, is a Requiem Mass for the Empress Maria.[11]
Works
The number of voices are included in parentheses
Masses
- Alma redemptoris mater (8)
- Ascendens Christus (5)
- Ave maris stella (4)
- Ave regina coelorum (8)
- De Beata Maria Virgine (5)
- Dum complerentur (6)
- Gaudeamus (6)
- Laetatus sum (12)
- O magnum mysterium (4)
- O quam gloriosum (4)
- Pro defunctis (4)
- Pro defunctis (6)
- Pro Victoria (9)
- Quam pulchra sunt (4)
- Quarti toni (4)
- Salve regina (8)
- Simile est regnum coelorum (4)
- Surge propera (5)
- Trahe me post te (5)
- Vidi speciosam (6)
Spurious
- Dominicalis (4)
- Pange lingua (4)
Magnificat (each sets just the odd verses polyphonically, or just the even verses, a few set all)
Odd / Even
- primi toni (4)
- secondi toni (4)
- terti toni (4)
- quarti toni (4)
- quinti toni (4)
- sexti toni (4)
- septime toni (4)
- octavi toni (4)
Both
- primi toni (8)
- sexti toni (12)
Lamentations
- Cogitavit Dominus (4)
- Ego vir videns (5)
- Et egressus est (4)
- Incipit lamentation Jeremiae (4)
- Incipit oratio Jeremiae (6)
- Manum suam (5)
- Matribus suis dixerunt (4)
- Misericordiae Domini (4)
- Quomodo obscuratum (4)
Motets
Four voices
- Beati inmaculatin
- Benedicam Dominum
- Date ei de fructu
- Doctor bonus amicus Dei Andreas
- Domine non sum dignus
- Duo seraphim clamabant
- Ecce sacerdos magnus
- Ego sum panis vivus
- Estote fortes in bello
- Gaudent in coelis animae Sanctorum
- Hic vir despiciens mundum
- Iste sanctus pro lege
- Magi viderunt stellam
- Ne timeas, Maria
- O decus apostolicum
- O doctor optime
- O magnum mysterium
- O quam gloriosum est regnum
- O quam metuendus
- O regnum coeli
- O sacrum convivium
- O vos omnes
- Pueri Hebraeorum
- Quam pulchri sunt grassus tui
- Sancta Maria, succurre miseris
- Senex puerum portabet
- Veni, sponsa Christi
- Vere languores nostros
Five voices
- Ascendens Christus in altum
- Cum beatus Ignatius
- Descendit angelus Domini
- Dum complerentur dies Pentecostes
- Ecce Dominus veniet
- Gaude, Maria virgo
- O lux et decus Hispaniae
- Resplenduit facies ejus
Six Voices
- Ardens est cor meum
- Beata es Virgo Maria
- Benedicta sit Sancta Trinitas
- Congratulamini mihi
- Nigra sum
- O Domine Jesu Christe
- O sacrum convivium
- Quem vidistis, pastores
- Surrexit Pastor Bonus
- Trahe me post te
- Tu es Petrus
- Vadam, et circumibo civitatem
- Vidi speciosam
- Versa est in luctum
Eight voices
- Ave Maria
- Domine in virtute tua
- O Ildephonse
- Vidi speciosam
Canticles
- Benedictus Dominus
- Nunc dimittis (4)
- Nunc dimittis (5)
Hymns
(All 4 voices except Tantum ergo, 5)
- Ad caenam agni provide
- Ad preces nostras
- Aurea luce et decore
- Ave maris stella (even verses)
- Ave maris stella (odd verses)
- Christe redemptor omnium I
- Christe redemptor omnium II
- Conditor alme siderum
- Decus egregie Paule
- Deus tuorum militum
- Exultet caelum laudibus
- Hostis Herodes impie
- Huius obtentu Deus
- Iste confessor
- Jesu corona virginum
- Jesu nostra redemptio
- Lauda mater Ecclisia
- Lucis creator optime
- O lux beata Trinitas
- Pange lingua I
- Pange lingua II
- Quicumque Christum queritis
- Quodcumque vinclis (also Petrus beatus catenarum)
- Rex gloriose martyrum
- Salvete flores martyrum
- Sanctorum meritis
- Tantum ergo sacramentum
- Te Deum laudamus
- Te lucis ante terminum
- Tibi Christe splendor patris
- Tristes errant apostoli
- Urbs beata Jerusalem
- Veni creator spiritus
- Vexilla Regis prodeunt I
- Vexilla Regis prodeunt II
Magnificats
(odd or even verses, 4 voices)
- Primi toni (4)
- Secondi toni (4)
- Terti toni (4)
- Quarti toni (4)
- Quinti toni (4)
- Sexti toni (4)
- Septime toni (4)
- Octavi toni (4)
Both
- Primi toni (8 voices)
- Sexti toni (12 voices)
Lamentations
- Incipit lamentation Jeremiae (4)
- Et egressus est (4)
- Manum suam (5)
- Cogitavit Domino's (4)
- Matribus suis dixerunt (4)
- Ego vir videns (5)
- Misericordiae Domini (4)
- Quomodo obscuratum (4)
- Incipit oratio Jeremiae (6)
Lesson
- Taedet animam meam
Litany
- de beata Virgine
Passions
- St. Matthew
- St. John
Psalms
(Number, voices, [Mode, verses])
- Nisi Dominus (126, 8)
- Super flumina Babylonis (136, 8)
- Dixit Dominus (109, 8)
- Laudate pueri Dominum (112, 8)
- Laudate Dominum omnes gentes (116, 8)
- Laudate sum (121, 12)
- Ecce nunc benedicite (135, 8)
- Dixit Dominus (109, 4, I, odd)
- Confitebor tibi Domine (110, 4, 4, odd)
- Beatus vir (111, 4, 8, even)
- Laudate pueri Dominum (112, 4, 6, even)
- Lauda Jerusalem (147, 4, 7, odd)
- Confitebor tibi Domine (110, 4, 4, even)
- Beatus vir (111, 4, 8, odd)
- Nisi Dominus (126, 4, 8, odd)
- Credidi (115, 4, 6, odd)
Tenebrae Responsories
Thursday Matins
- Amicus meus
- Judas mercator pessimus
- Unus ex discipulis meis
Thursday Lauds
- Eram quasi agnus
- Una hora
- Seniores populi
Friday Matins
- Tamquam ad latronem
- Tenebrae factae sunt
- Animam meam dilectam
Friday Lauds
- Tradiderunt me
- Jesum tradidit impius
- Caligaverunt oculi mei
Saturday Matins
- Recessit pastor noster
- O vos omnes
- Ecce quomodo moritur Justus
Saturday Lauds
- Astiterunt reges terrae
- Aestimatus sum
- Sepulto Domino
Sequences
- Lauda Sion salvatorem (8)
- Victimae Paschali (8)
- Veni Sancte Spiritus (8)
Selected recordings
The following are recordings of music by Tomás Luis de Victoria. As in all of his music, the texts are in Latin and drawn from the Roman Catholic Liturgy.
- Victoria, Tenebrae Responsories. Pro Cantione Antiqua: Deutsche Harmonia Mundi CD GD77056
- Victoria, Et Jesum. Motets, antífonas y partes de miss. Carlos Mena, Juan Carlos Rivera: CD Harmonia Mundi Iberica 987042
- Victoria, Officium Defunctorum. Musica Ficta, Raúl Mallavibarrena: Enchiriadis CD EN 2006
- Victoria, Sacred Works. Ensemble Plus Ultra: DGG Archiv CD DDD 0289 477 9747 0 AM 10
- Victoria, Tenebrae Responsories. The Tallis Scholars: GIMELL. CDGIM 022
- Victoria, Lamentations of Jeremiah. The Tallis Scholars: GIMELL. CDGIM 043
- Victoria, Gesualdo, Palestrina, White, Lamentations. Nordic Voices: CHANDOS CHACONNE. CHAN 0763
- Victoria, Misas y Motetes. Ars Combinatoria, Canco López: Musaris. Mars 03-21161/16.
Select recordings of music by Victoria are discussed in an article published in March 2011 by Gramophone[25]
Notes
- ^ Stevenson 2001, § Introduction.
- ^ O'Regan 1994, p. 279.
- ^ a b Wojcicka-Hruza 1997, p. 83.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 1.
- ^ Tejero Robledo, Eduardo, "Tomás Luis de Victoria (Ávila, 1548 – Madrid, 1611) y su linaje converso", pp. 33–70.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 6.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 8.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, pp. 10–11.
- ^ a b c Trend 1965, p. 158.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, pp. 12–13.
- ^ a b c Baker's 1993, p. 1073.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 19.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 25.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 12.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, p. 24.
- ^ Stevenson 1991, pp. 26–27.
- ^ Trend 1965, p. 160.
- ^ Trend 1965, p. 163.
- ^ Kriewald 1968, p. 2.
- ^ Trend 1965, p. 164.
- ^ O'Regan 1994, p. 283.
- ^ a b Stevenson 1991, p. 13.
- ^ a b Stevenson 1991, p. 21.
- ^ Trend 1965, p. 157.
- ^ Tomás Luis de Victoria – a 400th-anniversary profile, by Edward Breen, Gramophone online, March 2011
References
Books
- Kriewald, James Arthur (1968). The Contrapuntal and Harmonic Style of Tomás Luis de Victoria (PhD). University of Wisconsin–Madison.
- Trend, John Brande (1965) [1926]. The Music of Spanish History. New York: Kraus Reprint Corporation.
Journal and encyclopedia articles
- O'Regan, Noel (May 1994). "Victoria, Soto and the Spanish Archconfraternity of the Resurrection in Rome". .
- ISBN 0-02-872416-X.
- Stevenson, Robert (1991). "Tomas Luis de Victoria: Unique Spanish Genius". Inter-American Music Review. 12 (1): 1–100.
- ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membershiprequired)
- Wojcicka-Hruza, Lucy (February 1997). "A Manuscript Source for Magnificats by Victoria". JSTOR 3128168.
Further reading
- G. Edward Bruner, DMA: "Editions and Analysis of Five Missa Beata Virgine Maria by the Spanish Composers: Morales, Guerreo, Victoria, Vivanco, and Esquivel." DMA diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1980.[facsimile: University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, MI]
- Olmos, Ángel Manuel: "El testamento y muerte de Tomás Luis de Victoria. Nuevos familiares del músico y posible razón para su vuelta a España", Revista de Musicología, vol. XXXV, nº1 (2012), pp. 53–60
- Olmos, Ángel Manuel: "Las obras de Tomás Luis de Victoria en la tablatura para órgano de Pelplin (Polonia), Biblioteka Seminarium, 304–8, 308a (1620–1630)", en Morales, Luisa (Ed.): Cinco Siglos de Música de Tecla Española, ISBN 978-84-611-8235-0(Leal, 2007), pp. 87–124
- Olmos, Ángel Manuel: "Tomás Luis de Victoria et le monastère des 'Descalzas' à Madrid : réfutation d'un mythe", Le Jardin de Musique, I/2, (2004) pp. 121–128
- Olmos, Ángel Manuel: "Aportaciones a la temprana historia musical de la capilla de las Descalzas Reales (1587–1608)", Revista de Musicología, vol. XXVI, nº 2 2003, pp. 439–489
- ISBN 978-0-393-09530-2.
- .
External links
- List of compositions by Tomás Luis de Victoria at the Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music
- Free scores by Tomás Luis de Victoria at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
- Free scores by Tomás Luis de Victoria in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
- The Mutopia Project has compositions by Tomás Luis de Victoria
- Victoria dedicated website, in Spanish and English
- Recordings of Victoria by the Umeå Academic Choir
- List of works Catálogo de la obra de Tomás Luis de Victoria