Tomaras of Gwalior
Tomaras of Gwalior | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c.1390–c.1515 | |||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | c.1390 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | c.1515 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | India |
The Tomaras of Gwalior (also called Tomar in modern vernaculars because of schwa deletion) were a Rajput[2] dynasty who ruled the Gwalior Fort and its surrounding region in central India during 14th–16th centuries. They are known for their patronage to the cultural activities in Gwalior.
The Tomaras originally held a small fief as feudatories of the
Sources of information
Much of the information about the Tomaras of Gwalior comes from the Gwalior Fort inscriptions, the contemporary chronicles by Muslim writers, and the various history books on Gwalior (known as Guwaliar-namas). Two notable Guwaliar-namas include Gopachala-Akhyana and Qulyat-i-Guwaliari.[3]
The Gopachala-Akhyana of Khadagrai exists in several different manuscripts. It was written in
Qulyat-i-Guwaliari was also written during the reign of Shah Jahan, by Syed Fazl Ali Shah Kadiri Chishti. The author cites Tarikh-i-nama by Ghanshyam Brahmana as his source for the history of Gwalior. Chishti's genealogy of the Gwalior rulers is contradicted by other sources, including Gopachala-Akhyana, the Muslim chronicles, and the Tomara inscriptions. For example, he uses the name "Paramala-deva" for the first Tomara ruler Virasimha, and claims that the king belonged to the Paramara clan. A later manuscript contains several additions to the original work, and covers the history of Gwalior down to its conquest by the British General Popham.[4]
Other Guwaliar-nama texts include:[3]
- Guwaliar-nama of Badili Das; a continuation of Khadag Rai's book
- Guwaliar-nama of Hiraman B. Girdhardas, a Munshi of Motmid Khan
- Guwaliar-nama of Motiram and Khushal, commissioned by Captain William Bruce after the British conquest of Gwalior
- Guwaliar-nama of Khan Jahan and Shaikh Jalal Hisar
Origin
The 1631
The various sources provide different names for Virasimha's grandfather.[5] Virasimhavaloka, which was composed during Virasimha's reign, names his father as Devabrahma (or "Devavarmma" in one manuscript), and his grandfather as Kamalasimha. Later sources, which appear to be inaccurate, give different names for these two people. For example, one manuscript of Khadagrai's Gopachala-Akhyana names the father as Brahmadeva and the grandfather as Ghatama-deva. Another manuscript of the same text names the father as Sultansimha and the grandfather as Kunwarpala, while stating that Brahmadeva is another name for Virasimha.[6]
History
The Tomaras emerged around Gwalior after the
Virasimha
The earliest Tomara ruler of Gwalior was Virasimha-deva. The Tarikh-i-Mubarakshahi by Yahya-bin-Ahmad Sirhindi mentions that in 1390-91, the Tughluq ruler Muhammad Shah (r. 1390–1394) visited Etawah. There, he gave Virasimha a khillat (gift) and sent him back (the text does not mention where Virasimha's fief was located).[9] In 1391-92, Virasimha and some other feudatories revolted against the Sultan. In response, the imperial general Islam Khan defeated him and ransacked his fief.[10]
According to the Gwalior chroniclers Khadagrai and Syed Fazl Ali, after this defeat, Virasimha was made a
A
The rule of Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah lasted for just one month and sixteen days. It appears that his successor Mahmud Shah (r. 1394-1413) did not approve of the transfer of Gwalior to Virasimha. After consolidating his power in Delhi, the new Sultan led an expedition to Gwalior in June 1394. However, a conspiracy by some of his nobles forced him to abandon this mission and return to Delhi.[14] The Muslim chroniclers Yahya, Nizamuddin and Firishta state that Virasimha seized Gwalior treacherously amid the confusion caused by Timur's 1398 invasion of Delhi.[11]
Virasimhavaloka, a work on medicine, was written during the reign of Virasimha. A printed edition of the text attributes its authorship to Virasimha himself, but it was actually written by Sarangadeva at Virasimha's request.[6]
Uddharana
Virasimha was succeeded by Uddharana-deva (r. c. 1400-1402). The relationship between these two rulers is not certain. Some sources mention Uddharana as a son of Virasimha: these include the Datia manuscript of Khadagrai's Gopachala-Akhyana, the Yashodhara-Charita of Padmanabha, the Rohtas inscription, and the Narwar inscription. However, Syed Fazl Ali's Qulyat-i-Guwaliari states that he was a brother of Virasimha. The other Muslim chroniclers do not mention him at all, and name his successor Virama as Virasimha's son. The Ujjain manuscript of Gopachala-Akhyana also omits his name. The Yashodhara-Charita was composed during the reign of Virama, so it is more reliable. Therefore, Uddharana was most probably a son of Virasimha.[15]
A Sanskrit-Nagari inscription from Uddharana's reign has also been discovered at the Gangola-tal (pond).[6] This inscription attests that he was the ruler of Gwalior in June 1401, although it is not known when exactly he ascended the throne.[16] His successor Virama had become the ruler of Gwalior by 1402, and according to Syed Fazl Ali, Uddharana ruled Gwalior for 5 years. If this is correct, Uddharana must have ascended the throne around 1397, and his predecessor Virasimha must have ruled Gwalior for around three years, during 1394-1397. However, Sant Lal Katare notes that several sources omit Uddharana's name from the list of Tomara rulers, which suggests that he ruled for a shorter period.[17]
Uddharana's inscription states that he had the Gangola-tal cleaned-up, and also mentions his victory over the Shakas (Muslims).[18] This seems to be a reference to his conquest of the Gwalior fort with Virasimha.[15]
According to some Muslim chronicles, a chief named "Adharan" was killed in 1392-93, by the Delhi general Muqarrab-ul-Malik, for rebelling against the Sultanate. Historian
Virama
Uddharana was succeeded by Virama-deva (r. c. 1402-1423).
Sometime later, Virama joined an alliance against Iqbal Khan: his allies included the Etawah ruler Rai Sumer and Rai Jalbahar. When Iqbal Khan marched against them in 1404, the allies took shelter in Etawah, and made peace with Iqbal Khan after a 4-month long siege.[21]
The reign of Virama saw the rise of
Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha
During the reigns of Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha, the Jain Bhattarakas of the Kashtha Sangha rose to prominence.[19]
There are over 1500 Jain rock carvings inside the Gwalior fort, most of which were carved between 1440 and 1473, during the reigns of Dungarasimha (c. 1425-59) and Kirtisimha (c. 1459-80).[25] According to the Jain poet Raidhu, the development of Gopalagiri (Gwalior fort hill) as a Jain holy place (tirtha) was started by a Jain layman (sanghavi) named Kamalasimha. While this initiative was not a royal project, Raidhu states that Dungarasimha and Kirtisimha offered their full support to Kamalasimha.[26] Raidhu stayed at the Gwalior court at Dungarasimha's invitation.[27] Dungarasimha's minister Asapati was a patron of Raidhu.[26]
Kirtisimha and Kalyanamalla
In 1451, the
Manasimha (Man Singh Tomar)
The newly crowned
Sikander Lodi then marched towards Gwalior, but after crossing the
In 1504, Sikander Lodi resumed his war against the Tomaras. First, he captured the Mandrayal fort, located to the east of Gwalior.[30] He ransacked the area around Mandrayal, but many of his soldiers lost their lives in a subsequent epidemic outbreak, forcing him to return to Delhi.[31] Sometime later, Lodi moved his base to the newly established city of Agra, which was located closer to Gwalior. He captured Dholpur, and then marched against Gwalior, characterizing the expedition as a jihad. From September 1505 to May 1506, Lodi managed to ransack the rural areas around Gwalior, but was unable to capture the Gwalior fort because of Manasimha's hit-and-run tactics. A scarcity of food resulting from Lodi's destruction of crops forced Lodi to give up the siege. During his return to Agra, Manasimha ambushed his army near Jatwar, inflicting heavy casualties on the invaders.[32]
Having failed in capturing the Gwalior fort, Lodi decided to capture the smaller forts surrounding Gwalior. Dholpur and Mandrayal were already in his control by this time. In February 1507, he captured the Uditnagar (Utgir or Avantgarh) fort lying on the Narwar-Gwalior route.[33] In September 1507, he marched against Narwar, whose ruler (a member of the Tomara clan) fluctuated his allegiance between the Tomaras of Gwalior and the Malwa Sultanate. He captured the fort after a year-long siege.[34] In December 1508, Lodi placed Narwar in charge of Raj Singh Kachchwaha, and marched to Lahar (Lahayer) located to the south-east of Gwalior. He stayed at Lahar for a few months, during which he cleared its neighbourhood of rebels.[34] Over the next few years, Lodi remained busy in other conflicts. In 1516, he made a plan to capture Gwalior, but an illness prevented him from doing so. Manasimha died in 1516, and Sikander Lodi's illness also led to his death in November 1517.[35]
Vikramaditya
In Gwalior, Manasimha was succeeded by his son Vikramaditya. Meanwhile, Sikander Lodi's successor
Descendants
Ram Shah
At the time of Vikramditya's death, his son
After the death of Sher Shah's son Islam Shah Suri in 1554, the fort was controlled by the Suri-appointed governor Bhil Khan (also known as Bahval, Bahbal, Buhail, or Suhail Khan). In 1556, Bhil Khan, facing a Mughal invasion, decided to sell the fort to Ram Shah. However, Ram Shah was defeated by the Mughal emperor Akbar's general Qiya Khan (or Kiya Khan).[39][40]
According to Firishta, Ram Shah's son
Shalivahan's descendants
A 1631 (1688 VS) Sanskrit inscription found at the
The inscription claims that Viramitra captured the fort from "Sera Shanam", and boasts that this unprecedented conquest astounded the emperor of Delhi. Archaeologist Hamid Kuraishi, who identified "Sera Shanam" as Sher Shah Suri, doubted the authenticity of this inscription. However, Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil theorized that this "Sera Shanam" was a local officer called Sher Khan, and Viramitra may have captured this fort as a subordinate of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan.[42] In any case, Viramitra did not hold this fort for long: another inscription suggests that the fort was under the command of Ikhlas Khan six years later.[45]
According to the
List of rulers
The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following.[47][48]
Name in dynasty's inscriptions ( IAST ) |
Reign | Names in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature |
---|---|---|
Vīrasiṃha-deva | c. 1375-1400 (c. 1394-1400 in Gwalior) | Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in |
Uddharaṇa-deva | c. 1400-1402 | Uddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings)[11] |
Virāma-deva | c. 1402-1423 | Viram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in Firishta's writings) |
Gaṇapati-deva | 1423-1425 | Ganpati Dev |
Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha | 1425-1459 | Dungar Singh, Dungar Sen |
Kirtisiṃha-deva | 1459-1480 | Kirti Singh Tomar |
Kalyāṇamalla | 1480-1486 | Kalyanmal, Kalyan Singh |
Māna-siṃha | 1486-1516 | Mana Sahi, Man Singh |
Vikramāditya | 1516-1523 | Vikram Sahi, Vikramjit |
References
- ISBN 0226742210.
- ISBN 978-0-14-193742-7.
Other claiming to be Jat and descent from Solar and lunar lines established themselves as local kings in Western and Central India. Among these were the Chandelas present in 12th century in Bundelkhand, the Tomaras also subject to the earlier Pratiharas ruling in Haryana region near Dhilaka, now Delhi, around 736 AD and later established themselves in Gwalior region
- ^ a b c d Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 344.
- ^ a b Sant Lal Katare 1975, pp. 343–344.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 343.
- ^ a b c Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 345.
- ^ a b Iqtidar Alam Khan 2008, p. 136.
- ^ B. D. Misra 1993, p. 103.
- ^ a b c d Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 347.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 348.
- ^ a b c Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 346.
- ^ a b Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 350.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, pp. 343–345.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, pp. 348–349.
- ^ a b c Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 353.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 349.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, pp. 352–353.
- ^ Sant Lal Katare 1975, p. 352.
- ^ a b c Kailash Chand Jain 2010, p. 1044.
- ^ a b Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 49.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 52.
- ^ Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984, p. 113.
- ^ Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984, p. 44.
- ^ Phyllis Granoff 2006, p. 42.
- ^ Phyllis Granoff 2006, p. 31.
- ^ a b Phyllis Granoff 2006, p. 33.
- ^ Phyllis Granoff 2006, p. 34.
- ^ a b Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 155.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 174.
- ^ a b Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 175.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 176.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 177.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, pp. 177–178.
- ^ a b Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 179.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 184.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 205.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 206.
- ^ B. D. Misra 1993, p. 48-49.
- ^ B. D. Misra 1993, p. 49-50.
- ^ S.R. Sharma 1999, p. 177.
- ^ B. D. Misra 1993, pp. 158–159.
- ^ a b Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil 1963, p. 62.
- ^ a b c Andrew Topsfield 2001, p. 50.
- ^ M. N. Mathur, Battle of Haldighati, Page 2
- ^ Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil 1963, p. 63.
- ^ B. D. Misra 1993, p. 159.
- ^ Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty 1984, p. 98-116.
- ^ B. D. Misra 1993, p. 27-46.
- ^ Kishori Saran Lal 1963, p. 6.
Bibliography
- Andrew Topsfield (2001). Court Painting at Udaipur: Art Under the Patronage of the Maharanas of Mewar. Artibus Asiae Publishers. ISBN 978-3-907077-03-0.
- B. D. Misra (1993). Forts and fortresses of Gwalior and its hinterland. Manohar. ISBN 978-81-7304-047-4.
- Devendrakumar Rajaram Patil (1963). The antiquarian remains in Bihar. Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute. OCLC 248920006.
- Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow. ISBN 9780810864016.
- Kailash Chand Jain (2010). History of Jainism: Medieval Jainism. Vol. 3. D.K. Printworld. ISBN 978-81-246-0550-9.
- Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty (1984). Gwalior Fort: art, culture, and history. Arnold-Heinemann. OCLC 223392675.
- Kishori Saran Lal (1963). Twilight of the Sultanate. Asia Publishing House. OCLC 500687579.
- .
- S.R. Sharma (1999). Mughal Empire in India: A Systematic Study Including Source Material. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-7156-817-8.
- Sant Lal Katare (1975). B J Sandesara (ed.). "Two Gangolatal, Gwalior, Inscriptions of the Tomara Kings of Gwalior". Journal of the Oriental Institute. XXIII. Oriental Institute, Maharajah Sayajirao University.