Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)
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Tomb of the Unknown Soldier | |
---|---|
United States | |
For deceased U.S. service members whose remains have not been identified | |
Unveiled | 11 November 1921 |
Location | 38°52′35″N 77°04′20″W / 38.87639°N 77.07222°W |
HERE RESTS IN HONORED GLORY AN AMERICAN SOLDIER KNOWN BUT TO GOD |
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a historic funerary monument dedicated to deceased U.S. service members whose remains have not been identified. It is located in
The monument has no officially designated name.Tomb of 1921
On March 4, 1921, the
Tomb of 1931
Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000, equivalent to $665,000 in 2023. (The completed cost was $48,000.) A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[3][6]
Quarrying the
On February 3, 1931, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. There it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawed to final size in West Rutland, Vermont, and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont, before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[7] By September, all seven blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.
Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base, requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed, with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of sculptor Thomas Jones.[3][8] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial, among others). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[9]
The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force, and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.
The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscriptions carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[8] of the objects on the north, south, and east sides changed over time.[3][6]
- North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent (in 1931) "a world of memories" but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France: Ardennes, Belleau Wood, Château-Thierry, Meuse-Argonne, Oisiu-Eiseu, and Somme. Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries.
- East panel that faces Washington, DC, are three Greek figures representing Peace, Victory, and "American Manhood" – but later "Valor" instead of "American Manhood"
- West panel is inscribed with (centered on the panel):
- HERE RESTS IN
- HONORED GLORY
- AN AMERICAN
- SOLDIER
- KNOWN BUT TO GOD
Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[10] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[7]
Level | Length | Width | Height | Cubic Feet | Tons |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cap | 12'-5.4" | 6'-6.7" | 1'-3.3" | 100.69 | 8.56 |
Die | 12'-3.0" (14'-0")* | 6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")* | 5'-2.1" (6"-0")* | 385.43 (621.6)* | 32.76 (52.84)* |
Base | 13'-10.0" | 7'-11.9" | 1'-11.1" | 198.64 | 16.88 |
Sub-Base | 14'-10.4" | 9'-0.2" | 1'-10.9" | 255.81 | 21.74 |
The Unknown of World War I
On
The World War I Unknown
Earlier, on October 17, 1921, the
The Unknowns of World War II and Korea
On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as a general during World War II, signed a bill to select and pay tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[15] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[16]
Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the
The Korean unknown had been selected from four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War that were disinterred from the
The caskets of the WWII and Korean unknowns arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda
The Unknown of Vietnam
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2017) |
The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient
Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of nine enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard
Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.
President Reagan presided over the funeral, presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.
Identification of the Unknown
In 1994,
Redesignation of the crypt
The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen 1958 – 1975" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members. It was decided that the crypt would remain vacant.
Tomb guards
The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the
The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."
The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or whom they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud; requesting all in attendance to remain silent and standing prior to the beginning of a guard change.
On November 9–10, 2021, in honor of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier's centennial commemoration, members of the public were allowed to walk on the plaza and lay flowers for the first time since 1925.[22] According to the Arlington National Cemetery website, they "do not anticipate holding another event in our lifetimes in which the public will be able to approach the Tomb in this manner."[23]
Weapons
Tomb guards are always equipped with a rifle and bayonet as well as a sidearm, with the changes in exact weaponry reflecting the changes in the Army. Past weapons have been the
Walking the mat
There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[25] The tomb guard:
- Marches 21 steps south down the 63-foot-long (19 m) black mat laid across the Tomb.
- Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
- Turns and faces north, changes weapon to the outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
- Marches 21 steps up the mat.
- Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
- Turns and faces south, changes weapon to the outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
- Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.
After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.
Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and resumes the routine from the point of interruption.
Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.
The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before
Changing of the Guard
While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in the summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every two hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[26]
The guard change is very symbolic but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the incoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the outgoing guard to "pass on your orders" to the incoming guard. The outgoing guard will say to the incoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The incoming guard's response is always "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event. In some occurrences, the public is also asked to refrain from taking flash pictures (mostly during inclement weather).
On October 4, 2021, the first all-female changing of the guard took place to honor Sergeant of the Guard Sgt. Chelsea Porterfield, who was the first woman to hold that position.[27]
Dedication
A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[28] Inclement weather,[29][30] terrorist attacks,[31] and more have never caused the watch to cease.[32]
Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the
A special Army decoration, the
The badge was designed in 1956 and was first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.
In keeping with the dedication Tomb Guards have made, 2021 served as a centennial commemoration for The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Throughout 2021, the cemetery held events leading up to the centennial ceremony on November 11, 2021. The public was able to experience and participate in the commemorative events in many ways, both at the cemetery and virtually.[34]
Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument
Cracking and weathering caused concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[35]
In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet (10 m) around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet (12 m). They grew another 4.6 feet (1.4 m) over the next 15 years. Inspection determined that the cracks had increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicated that the cracks were not surficial but extended partially through the block and would eventually extend all the way through.[35]
The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 millimetres (0.112 in) of the marble surface was lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument would have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concluded that the only solutions were to enclose or replace the monument.[35]
Several options were considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair could return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks would continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[35]
In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[36] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.
The National Trust for Historic Preservation objected to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery sought to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agreed was likely to eventually crack.[37]
The Trust observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[38][39]
On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb would be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries chose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intended to dispose of the existing monument. Once the report was provided, the secretaries were prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[40] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[41] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.
In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[42] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[43] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[44] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[43] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[45]
See also
- Civil War Unknowns Monument
- Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier
- Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – for a list of similar memorials in other countries
- Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
- World War I memorials
- Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
- The Unknown Warrior – Westminster Abbey, London, England, UK
- Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – Arc de Triomphe, Paris, France
- Military rites
Notes
- ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich (1914 Syracuse graduate) papers pertaining to his architectural design work of the Tomb, including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb. http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus, but it is not: in a sarcophagus, the remains are placed in a hollowed-out portion of the stone; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb.
- ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different (by 5.9%) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty. Sub-base cubic footage and tons were calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table. Per cubic foot, the marble weighs 170 pounds.
- ^ The identification took place after Blassie's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing. His remains (six partial bones) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time. CNN.com "Home at last for a fallen hero". June 11, 1998. Also see: U.S. National Library of Medicine – Visible Proofs, "Michael Blassie unknown no more", May 23, 2006
References
- ^ "Arlington National Cemetery: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier". Arlingtoncemetery.mil. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
- ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients – World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (archived from the original on October 22, 2006).
- ^ a b c d "The Quartermaster Review September – October 1963". United States Army. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
- ^ "Configuration of 1921 Tomb". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
- ^ a b c "The Unknown Soldier of World War I". The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969. United States Army. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- ^ a b "History of the Tomb". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ a b "Marble, Colorado: the City of Stone"; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers; Golden Bell Press; Denver, Colorado; 6th printing February 1996
- ^ a b "The Vermont Marble Museum". Vermont Marble Company. April 1931. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ "Dedication photo". Syracuse University Archives. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ "Digital Scan of the Tomb, 2004". Direct Dimensions Inc, Owing Mills, Maryland. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c "Lying in State or in Honor". US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ "The Victoria Cross". The British Army 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital (volunteers) website. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ "Awards and Decorations". history.army.mil.
- ^ "Unknown Warrior". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved September 19, 2021.
General Pershing, on behalf of the United States of America, conferred the Congressional Medal of Honor on the Unknown Warrior on 17th October 1921 and this now hangs in a frame on a pillar near the grave.
- Pub. L.84–975
- ^ a b c d "Quartermaster Review (January–February 1964)". United States Army. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-8027-1548-7.
- ^ "Memorial day tribute: holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family". LaVonne Johnson, Citizen Airman. June 2003.
- ^ Novak, Analisa (November 11, 2021). "Sentinels reflect on what it means to guard the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier : "The mission is still the same" - CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- ^ McVeigh, Alex (February 11, 2009). "First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest". The Official Home Page Of The United States Army.
- ^ "Tomb Guards". Society of the Honor Guard.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (November 9, 2021). "Public allowed to lay flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier for first time in nearly 100 years | CNN Politics". CNN.
- ^ "For First Time in Nearly 100 Years, Public Authorized to Approach Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Plaza". Arlington National Cemetery.
- ^ "Who Are The Tomb Guards". Society of the Honor Guard. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
- ^ "The Changing of the Guard". Arlington, Virginia: Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
- ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Society of the Honor Guard – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
- ^ Hernandez, Joe (October 4, 2021). "The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier had its first all-female guard change in history". NPR. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
- ^ "Tomb of the Unknowns Guarded, Despite Irene". ABC News. August 28, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ^ Peralta, Eyder (October 29, 2012). "Photo: Despite Sandy, Soldiers Stand Guard at Tomb of The Unknown Soldier". NPR. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ^ "March 24, 1926 | Immediate Action" (PDF). October 14, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- ^ The Sentinel, "Post and Orders Remain as Directed" (PDF). August 2002 – September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008.
- ^ "Army Regulation 600-8-22 – "Military Awards" (11 December 2006); para. 8-40f" (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
- ^ "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 100". Arlington National Cemetery. ANC. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project (draft)" (PDF). June 1, 2006. Archived from the original on June 27, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Nancy Lofholm, Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits, Denver Post, August 18, 2008.
- ^ {{cite From Rex Loesby, former operator of the Yule Quarry: The existing crack will continue to expand as water seeps into the crack then freezes. This is a cycle that occurs every time the temperature at Arlington drops below freezing. A new block was quarried in 2004, paid for by Mr. John Haines. That block has been stored in Marble, Colorado ever since that time. It is likely that if the new block would develop any cracks, they would have appeared by now (2024) since Marble, Colorado is high in the Rockies and gets many cycles of freeze/thaw every year. In any case a new block, regardless of source may crack. The solution is to install a heating system that will keep the block above freezing. web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org/advocacy/arlington.html |title=Take Action for Historic Preservation |publisher=Nationaltrust.org |access-date=September 12, 2010}}
- ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, ABC News May 28, 2006.
- ^ John Paul Woodley Jr.; William F. Tuerk (2008). "Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia". Congressional Record. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ "Akaka-Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate". September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- Washington Post, January 30, 2008, p. A03.
- ^ McMichael, William (June 26, 2009). "Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired, not replaced". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- ^ a b "Norfolk District Army Corps". YouTube. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
- Washington Post, June 9, 2011, p. B1.
- ^ "Tomb of the Unknowns repair inspection". October 21, 2011. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
Further reading
- Mossman, B. C.; Stark, M. W. (1991) [1971]. "The Unknown Soldier of World War I, State Funeral, 23 October–11 November 1921". The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921–1969. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Army. pp. 3–18. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
- Wagner, Sarah; Matyók, Thomas (2018). "Monumental change: the shifting politics of obligation at the Tomb of the Unknowns". History & Memory. 30 (1): 40–75. S2CID 158074722.
External links
- Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website
- Arlington Cemetery official site Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- Arlington Historical Society
- Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website
- Snopes's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns
- Society of the Honor Guard – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
- Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns, by Dover Lodge #489
- Video of a changing of the guard
- The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown (1985) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
- Historic film footage of November 11, 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921
- The Unknowns – 2016 Documentary film
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier