Tondern raid

Tondern Raid
	; The seven Sopwith Camels on the flight deck of HMS Furious en route to the Tondern raid
Date	19 July 1918
Location	Tondern, German Empire ; (now Tønder, Denmark)54°56′N 8°51′E / 54.933°N 8.850°E
Result	British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom	German Empire
Commanders and leaders
Richard Phillimore	None
Strength
7 aircraft	2 airships; 1 captive balloon
Casualties and losses
1 drowned; 3 interned; 1 aircraft damaged; 3 aircraft interned; 2 aircraft abandoned; 1 aircraft lost at sea	4 wounded; 2 airships destroyed; 1 captive balloon destroyed; 2 hangars damaged
	class=notpageimage\| Location of Tondern (now Tønder, Denmark)

The Tondern raid or Operation F.7, was a British bombing raid by the

Sopwith Camels took off from HMS Furious, a converted battlecruiser. For the loss of one man and several aircraft, the British destroyed Zeppelins L 54, L 60

and a captive balloon.

Background

Naval aviation

Britain, Japan, and Russia had conducted ship-based air raids since 1914 but these by were seaplanes lowered into the water by cranes.[1]^[2]^[3] Furious was designed for aircraft to take off from its forward flight deck.^[4]

HMS Furious

In March 1918 the battlecruiser

minefields and looking for evidence of counter-mining by the Germans.^[8]

Plan

An attack on the bases of the Naval Airship Division of the

Richard Bell-Davies, VC. Clark-Hall received Phillimore's approval and that of the Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet, Admiral David Beatty.^[8]^[a] It was originally planned to use 1½ Strutters in an attack but these were too valuable for reconnaissance and Sopwith Camels were substituted, whose range meant an attack on the airship base at Tønder.^[8]

Prelude

Operation F.6 was a plan for two waves of four aircraft, each pilot receiving special training.^[8] Major Moore, was posted away before the scheduled date of 29 June 1918, by which time it was too late to train a replacement. Training consisted of bombing runs on the airfield at Turnhouse, where the outlines of Tondern's three airship sheds were marked. The pilots were Captains W. D. Jackson, William Dickson, Bernard Smart and T. K. Thyne and Lieutenants N. E. Williams, S. Dawson and W. A. Yeulett. On 27 June Furious sailed from Rosyth, escorted by the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron and eight destroyers from the 13th Destroyer Flotilla. On 29 June the ships reached the flying off point but with Force 6 [22–27 kn (41–50 km/h; 25–31 mph)] winds blowing, flying was deemed impossible and the operation was called off.^[8]

Operation F.7

Another attempt, Operation F.7 began when Furious sailed at 12:03 on 17 July. This time she was escorted by Force B, including a division of the 1st Battle Squadron (all the new Revenge-class battleships), the 7th Light Cruiser Squadron and a destroyer screen. HMS Resolution's "Y" turret guns had been loaded with a special shrapnel shell for use against airships. During the passage the destroyer HMS Valentine investigated a reported submarine contact but nothing came of it.^[8]

At 03:04 in the morning of 18 July Furious was ready to fly off her Camels when a thunderstorm struck. Rather than cancel the operation, it was decided to delay it twenty-four hours and Furious and her destroyer screen fell back on Force B.^[8] The combined squadron cruised out of sight off the Danish coast until the morning of 19 July and in worsening weather conditions Furious flew off her Camels between 03:13 and 03:21. The first flight consisted of Jackson, Dickson and Williams; the second of Smart, Dawson, Yeulett and Thyne. Thyne was forced to turn around with engine trouble before reaching the target and ditched his aircraft before being recovered.^[10]^[b]

The first three aircraft arrived over Tondern at 4:35, taking the base by surprise. There were three airship sheds, which the Germans had code-named Toska, Tobia and Toni. Toska, the largest, was a double shed and housed the airships L.54 and L.60. Tobias contained a captive balloon and Toni was being dismantled. The first wave attacked Toska and hit the shed with three bombs, detonating the gas bags of L.54 and L.60, destroying them by fire but not causing them to explode and destroy the shed. Another bomb from the first wave hit Tobias and damaged the balloon inside. The second wave destroyed the captive balloon afire and had several near misses on a wagon loaded with hydrogen cylinders. Despite the loss of the two airships only four men were injured.^[10]

Ground fire was directed at both waves but the only damage was an undercarriage wheel shot off a Camel from the second wave. Williams, Jackson and Dawson, doubtful that they had sufficient fuel to reach the British squadron offshore, landed in Denmark. Dickson, Yeulett and Smart flew to sea to find the British ships. Dickson ditched at 5:55 and Smart, having suffered engine trouble, ditched at 06:30. Yeulett was not heard from again and presumed drowned; it was supposed that he had been forced to ditch prematurely through fuel exhaustion. The British squadron waited for the other pilots until the Camels would have ru out of fuel and after 7:00 the ships took cruising formation and made for home.^[11]

Aftermath

The German Naval Airship Division quickly had Toska, repaired but Tondern was abandoned, only to be used as an emergency landing site. Defences at the other bases were improved and a swathe of the countryside near Nordholz Naval Airbase was burned to prevent it being set alight by bombs.

Subsequent operations

From 1917 a raid on the German High Seas Fleet by using the new torpedo-carrying

Second World War and in 1940 the Battle of Taranto

the battleships of the Italian Regia Marina were attacked, three being sunk at their moorings.

Casualties and awards

Dickson and Yeulett were awarded the Distinguished Service Order and Smart received a bar to his DSO. Yeulett's body was later recovered from the sea and buried in the cemetery of Nørre Havrvig church in Denmark.^[12]

Notes

^ On 1 April 1918 the Royal Naval Air Service was amalgamated with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force. RNAS officers who had been part of the Navy hierarchy became members of the RAF.^[9]
^ Despite Furious having a landing deck aft, returning aircraft were expected to ditch in the sea, the pilot to be rescued by a destroyer and the aircraft recovered if possible.^[10]