Topeka, Kansas
Topeka, Kansas | ||
---|---|---|
Downtown skyline from Burnett's Mound | ||
FIPS code 20-71000 | | |
GNIS ID | 485655[1] | |
Website | topeka.org |
Topeka (
The city, laid out in 1854, was one of the Free-State towns founded by Eastern antislavery men immediately after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Bill. In 1857, Topeka was chartered as a city.
The city is well known for the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case
History
Name
The name "Topeka" is a
Early history
For many
19th century
In the 1840s,
In the early 1850s, traffic along the Oregon Trail was supplemented by trade on a new military road stretching from
Topeka was a bastion for the
After a decade of abolitionist and proslavery conflict that gave the territory the nickname Bleeding Kansas, Kansas was admitted to the Union in 1861 as the 34th state. Topeka was chosen as the capital, with Charles Robinson as the first governor. In 1862, Cyrus K. Holliday donated a tract of land to the state for the construction of a state capitol. Construction of the Kansas State Capitol began in 1866. About 37 years were needed to build the capitol, first the east wing, and then the west wing, and finally the central building, using Kansas limestone. In fall 1864, a stockade fort, later named Fort Simple, was built in the intersection of 6th and Kansas Avenues to protect Topeka, should Confederate forces then in Missouri decide to attack the city. It was abandoned by April 1865 and demolished in April 1867.
State officers first used the state capitol in 1869, moving from Constitution Hall, what is now 427-429 S. Kansas Avenue. Besides being used as the Kansas statehouse from 1863 to 1869, Constitution Hall is the site where antislavery settlers convened in 1855 to write the first of four state constitutions, making it the "Free State Capitol". The National Park Service recognizes Constitution Hall in Topeka as headquarters in the operation of the Lane Trail to Freedom on the Underground Railroad, the chief slave escape passage and free-trade road.
Although the drought of 1860 and the ensuing period of the Civil War slowed the growth of Topeka and the state, Topeka kept pace with the revival and period of growth Kansas enjoyed from the close of the war in 1865 until 1870. In the 1870s, many former slaves, known as Exodusters, settled on the east side of Lincoln Street between Munson and 12th Streets. The area was known as Tennessee Town because so many of them were from the Volunteer State. Charles Sheldon, pastor of the Central Congregational Church, organized the first African American kindergarten west of the Mississippi in 1893.[20]
Lincoln College, now Washburn University, was established in 1865 in Topeka by a charter issued by the State of Kansas and the General Association of Congregational Ministers and Churches of Kansas. In 1869, the railway started moving westward from Topeka, where general offices and machine shops of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad system were established in 1878.
During the late 1880s, Topeka passed through a boom period that ended in disaster. Vast speculation on town lots occurred. The 1889 bubble burst, and many investors were ruined. Topeka, however, doubled in population during the period, and was able to weather the depressions of the 1890s.
Early in the 20th century, another kind of boom, this time the
20th century
Home to the first African-American kindergarten west of the Mississippi River, Topeka was the home of Oliver Brown, the named plaintiff in Brown v. Board of Education, which was the case responsible for eliminating the standard of "separate but equal", and requiring racial integration in American public schools. In 1960, the Census Bureau reported Topeka's population as 91.8% White and 7.7% Black.[21]
At the time the suit was filed, only the elementary schools were segregated in Topeka, and Topeka High School had been fully integrated since its inception in 1871. Furthermore, Topeka High School was the only public high school in the city of Topeka. Other rural high schools existed, such as Washburn Rural High School—created in 1918—and Seaman High School—created in 1920. Highland Park High School became part of the Topeka school system in 1959 along with the opening of Topeka West High School in 1961. A Catholic high school —Assumption High School, later renamed Capitol Catholic High School, then in 1939 again renamed, to Hayden High School after its founder, Father Francis Hayden — also served the city beginning in 1911.[22]
Monroe Elementary, a segregated school that figured in the historic Brown v. Board of Education decision, through the efforts of the Brown Foundation working with the Kansas Congressional delegation place in the early 1990s, is now Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site. The Brown Foundation is largely responsible for the content of the interpretive exhibits at the historic site. The
Topeka has struggled with the burden of racial discrimination even after Brown. New lawsuits attempted unsuccessfully to force suburban school districts that ring the city to participate in racial integration with the inner-city district. In the late 1980s, a group of citizens calling themselves the Task Force to Overcome Racism in Topeka formed to address the problem in a more organized way.
On June 8, 1966, Topeka
Topeka recovered from the 1966 tornado and has sustained steady economic growth. Washburn University, which lost several historic buildings, received financial support from the community and alumni to rebuild many school facilities. Today, university facilities offer more than one million square feet of modern academic and support space.
In 1974, Forbes Air Force Base closed and more than 10,000 people left Topeka, influencing the city's growth patterns for years to come. During the 1980s, Topeka citizens voted to build a new airport and convention center and to change the form of city government. West Ridge Mall opened in 1988, replacing the White Lakes Mall, which opened in 1964.
In 1989, Topeka became a motorsports mecca with the opening of
During the 1990s, voters approved bond issues for public school improvements, including magnet schools, technology, air conditioning, classrooms, and a sports complex. Voters also approved a quarter-cent sales tax for a new law-enforcement center, and in 1996, approved an extension of the sales tax for the East Topeka Interchange connecting the Oakland Expressway, K-4, I-70, and the Kansas Turnpike. During the 1990s, Shawnee County voters approved tax measures to expand the Topeka and Shawnee County Public Library. The Kansas Legislature and governor also approved legislation to replace the majority of the property tax supporting Washburn University with a countywide sales tax.
21st century
In 2000, the citizens again voted to extend the quarter-cent sales tax, this time for the economic development of Topeka and Shawnee County. In August, 2004, Shawnee County citizens voted to repeal the 2000 quarter-cent sales tax and replace it with a 12-year, half-cent sales tax designated for economic development, roads, and bridges. Each year, the sales tax provides $5 million designated for business development and job creation incentives, and $9 million for roads and bridges. Planning is under way to continue to redevelop areas along the Kansas River, which runs west to east through Topeka. In the Kansas River Corridor through the center of town, downtown Topeka has experienced apartment and condominium loft development, and façade and streetscape improvements.
Google, Kansas
On March 1, 2010, Topeka Mayor
Geography
Topeka is in north east Kansas at the intersection of
Climate
Topeka has a
The area receives about 36.53 inches (928 mm) of precipitation during a typical year, with the largest share being received in May and June—the April through June period averages 32.8 days of measurable precipitation. Generally, the spring and summer have the most rainfall, with autumn and winter being fairly dry. During a typical year, the total amount of precipitation may vary from 25 to 47 inches (640 to 1,190 mm). Much of the rainfall is delivered by thunderstorms. These can be severe, producing frequent lightning, large hail, and sometimes tornadoes. An average of 100 days of measurable precipitation occur per year. Winter snowfall is light, as is the case in most of the state, as a result of the dry, sunny weather patterns that dominate Kansas winters, which do not allow for sufficient moisture for significant snowfall. Winter snowfall averages 17.1 in (43 cm). Measurable (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) snowfall occurs an average of 12 days per year, with at least 1.0 in (2.5 cm) of snow being received on five of those days. Snow depth of at least an inch occurs an average of 17.7 days per year.[30]
Climate data for Topeka, Kansas (Topeka Regional Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1887–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 78 (26) |
84 (29) |
93 (34) |
97 (36) |
103 (39) |
109 (43) |
114 (46) |
113 (45) |
110 (43) |
97 (36) |
85 (29) |
77 (25) |
114 (46) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 64.3 (17.9) |
70.0 (21.1) |
79.9 (26.6) |
86.2 (30.1) |
90.8 (32.7) |
95.8 (35.4) |
100.7 (38.2) |
100.2 (37.9) |
94.7 (34.8) |
88.1 (31.2) |
75.1 (23.9) |
65.9 (18.8) |
102.3 (39.1) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.4 (4.7) |
45.7 (7.6) |
57.1 (13.9) |
67.0 (19.4) |
76.4 (24.7) |
85.8 (29.9) |
90.2 (32.3) |
88.9 (31.6) |
81.0 (27.2) |
68.9 (20.5) |
55.2 (12.9) |
43.8 (6.6) |
66.7 (19.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 30.2 (−1.0) |
34.9 (1.6) |
45.6 (7.6) |
55.5 (13.1) |
65.7 (18.7) |
75.5 (24.2) |
79.8 (26.6) |
77.9 (25.5) |
69.2 (20.7) |
57.0 (13.9) |
44.2 (6.8) |
33.9 (1.1) |
55.8 (13.2) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 20.0 (−6.7) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
34.1 (1.2) |
43.9 (6.6) |
55.0 (12.8) |
65.2 (18.4) |
69.3 (20.7) |
66.8 (19.3) |
57.5 (14.2) |
45.1 (7.3) |
33.1 (0.6) |
24.0 (−4.4) |
44.9 (7.1) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | −0.1 (−17.8) |
5.2 (−14.9) |
15.1 (−9.4) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
38.8 (3.8) |
52.2 (11.2) |
57.9 (14.4) |
54.8 (12.7) |
41.4 (5.2) |
27.7 (−2.4) |
16.8 (−8.4) |
6.0 (−14.4) |
−4.0 (−20.0) |
Record low °F (°C) | −23 (−31) |
−25 (−32) |
−7 (−22) |
10 (−12) |
26 (−3) |
36 (2) |
43 (6) |
40 (4) |
29 (−2) |
16 (−9) |
−5 (−21) |
−26 (−32) |
−26 (−32) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.89 (23) |
1.31 (33) |
2.25 (57) |
3.81 (97) |
5.17 (131) |
4.92 (125) |
3.99 (101) |
4.55 (116) |
3.52 (89) |
2.85 (72) |
1.78 (45) |
1.49 (38) |
36.53 (927) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 4.6 (12) |
5.2 (13) |
1.7 (4.3) |
0.1 (0.25) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.4 (1.0) |
1.0 (2.5) |
4.1 (10) |
17.1 (43.05) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 5.9 | 6.0 | 8.4 | 10.0 | 11.9 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 6.2 | 5.8 | 98.1 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 2.8 | 12.0 |
Source 1: NOAA[30] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: National Weather Service[31] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1860 | 759 | — | |
1870 | 5,790 | 662.8% | |
1880 | 15,452 | 166.9% | |
1890 | 31,007 | 100.7% | |
1900 | 33,608 | 8.4% | |
1910 | 43,684 | 30.0% | |
1920 | 50,022 | 14.5% | |
1930 | 64,120 | 28.2% | |
1940 | 67,833 | 5.8% | |
1950 | 78,791 | 16.2% | |
1960 | 119,484 | 51.6% | |
1970 | 125,011 | 4.6% | |
1980 | 115,266 | −7.8% | |
1990 | 119,883 | 4.0% | |
2000 | 122,377 | 2.1% | |
2010 | 127,473 | 4.2% | |
2020 | 126,587 | −0.7% | |
2021 (est.) | 125,963 | [7] | −0.5% |
U.S. Decennial Census[32] 2010-2020[6] |
2020 census
Race / ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop. 2000[33] | Pop. 2010[34] | Pop. 2020[35] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
91,869 | 88,839 | 81,243 | 75.07% | 69.69% | 64.18% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
13,941 | 13,775 | 12,574 | 11.39% | 10.81% | 9.93% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
1,413 | 1,374 | 1,169 | 1.15% | 1.08% | 0.92% |
Asian alone (NH) | 1,300 | 1,687 | 2,043 | 1.06% | 1.32% | 1.61% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 43 | 86 | 135 | 0.04% | 0.07% | 0.11% |
Other race alone (NH) | 160 | 132 | 458 | 0.13% | 0.10% | 0.36% |
Mixed race or multiracial (NH) | 2,804 | 4,554 | 8,216 | 2.29% | 3.57% | 6.49% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 10,847 | 17,026 | 20,749 | 8.86% | 13.36% | 16.39% |
Total | 122,377 | 127,473 | 126,587 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
The 2020 United States census[36] counted 126,587 people, 54,092 households, and 30,361 families in Topeka. The population density was 2,060.3 per square mile (795.4/km2). There were 60,489 housing units at an average density of 984.5 per square mile (380.1/km2).
The U.S. Census accounts for race by two methodologies. "Race alone" and "Race alone less Hispanics" where Hispanics are delineated separately as if a separate race.
The racial makeup (including Hispanics in the racial counts) was 68.44% (86,642)
The racial and ethnic makeup (where Hispanics are excluded from the racial counts and placed in their own category) was 64.18% (81,243)
Of the 54,092 households, 24.1% had children under the age of 18; 38.4% were married couples living together; 34.9% had a female householder with no husband present. 37.3% of households consisted of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.2 and the average family size was 3.0.
22.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 25.3% from 25 to 44, 24.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.1 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.0 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 87.3 males.
The 2016-2020 5-year
2010 census
As of the
Of the 53,943 households, 29.5% had children under 18 living with them, 37.9% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.1% were not families. About 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29, and the average family size was 2.99.
The city's age distribution was 24.4% under age 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24; 26.1% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% were 65 or older. The median age in the city was 36 years. The city's gender makeup was 47.8% male and 52.2% female.
2000 census
As of the
Of the 52,190 households, 28.0% had children under 18 living with them, 41.8% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were not families. About 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.27, and the average family size was 2.94.
About 24.3% of the city's population was under age 18, 9.9% was from age 18 to 24, 28.9% was from age 25 to 44, 21.9% was from age 45 to 64, and 15.1% was age 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.4 males.
As of 2000, the city's
Crime
Topeka | |
---|---|
Crime rates* (2018) | |
Violent crimes | |
Larceny-theft | 4,308 |
Motor vehicle theft | 657 |
Arson | 11 |
Total property crime | 6,494 |
Notes *Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. 2017 population: 126,624 Source: [1] |
Although Topeka experienced problems with crime in the 1990s, the city's crime rates have improved since. Overall, crime in Topeka was down nearly 18% in the first half of 2008, compared with the same period of 2007. Topeka police reported a 6.4% drop in crime from 2007 to 2008, including significant reductions in business robberies and aggravated assaults and batteries, as well as thefts.[41]
On October 11, 2011, the Topeka city council agreed to repeal the ordinance banning
Religion
This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2014) |
Topeka is sometimes cited as the home of
The First Presbyterian Church in Topeka is one of the few churches in the U.S. to have its sanctuary completely decorated with Tiffany stained glass (another is St. Luke's United Methodist in Dubuque, Iowa; another is the Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Cumberland, Maryland).
The Roman Catholic population is large, and the city is home to nine Roman Catholic parishes, five of which feature elementary schools.
Topeka also has a claim in the history of the Baháʼí Faith in Kansas. Not only does the city have the oldest continuous Baháʼí community in Kansas (beginning in 1906), but the community also has roots to the first Baháʼí community in Kansas, in Enterprise, in 1897. This was the second Baháʼí community in the Western Hemisphere.
Topeka is home of the
Economy
Being the state's
The educational, health, and social services industry makes up the largest proportion of the working population (22.4%[48]). The four school districts employ nearly 4,700 people, and Washburn University employs about 1,650.[47] Three of the largest employers are Stormont-Vail HealthCare (with about 3,100 employees), St. Francis Health Center (1,800), and Colmery-O'Neil Veterans Administration Hospital (900).[47]
The retail trade employs more than a tenth of the working population (11.5%
Other industries are finance, insurance, real estate, and rental and leasing (7.8%); professional, scientific, management, administrative, and waste management services (7.6%); arts, entertainment, recreation, accommodation and food services (7.2%); construction (6.0%); transportation and warehousing, and utilities (5.8%); and wholesale trade (3.2%).).
Major employers in Topeka include:
- BNSF
- Capitol Federal Savings Bank
- CoreFirst Bank & Trust
- Evergy
- Frito-Lay
- Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
- Hill's Pet Nutrition
- Sports Car Club of America
- Topeka Public Schools USD 501
- University of Kansas Health System
- Washburn University
Arts and culture
Arts
The Topeka Symphony Orchestra was founded in 1957. Topeka is home to broad areas of fine art.
Points of interest
- Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site
- Evel Knievel Museum
- Kansas Children's Discovery Center in Gage Park
- Kansas State Capitol, with murals by John Steuart Curry, including the portrait of John Brown towering over "Bleeding Kansas" and the Kansas prairie, and topped with the sculpture of a native warrior named Ad Astra (from the state motto Ad Astra per Aspera, meaning "To the Stars Through Difficulty".)
- Landon Arena
- Forbes Field
- Heartland Park Topeka, a major drag racing and road racing course just south of the city.
- Kansas Museum of History
- Reinisch Rose Garden and Doran Rock Garden, both parts of Gage Park.
- Topeka High School
- Topeka & Shawnee County Public Library
- Topeka Zoo, famous as the birthplace of the first golden eagle chick hatched in captivity and as the first zoo in the nation to have an indoor rain forest.
- Old Prairie Town at Ward-Meade Historic Site
- Washburn University, the last city-chartered university in the United States.
- Oakland Neighborhood
- Fourth of JulyParade.
- Kansas Judicial Center, where both the Court of Appealsfor the state sit.
- Cedar Crest, the Kansas Governor's Mansion on a hilltop overlooking the massive MacLennan Park.
- Great Overland Station, home of the Kansas Hall of Fame.
- The Upstage Gallery
Sports
Club | Sport | League |
---|---|---|
Topeka Warhawks | Baseball | Mid-Plains League |
Topeka Tropics | Indoor American football
|
National Arena League |
Government
City
The current mayor of Topeka is
State
-
Kansas State Capitol in 1912
-
Old Governor's Mansion (1887), replaced by Cedar Crest in 1963 and demolished the following year
-
The Charles Curtis State Office Building (2001), facing the capitol
Education
Elementary and secondary education
Topeka is served by four
- Topeka USD 501 (serving inner Topeka)[50]
- Shawnee Heights USD 450 (serving east and southeast Topeka)[51]
- Auburn–Washburn USD 437 (serving west and southwest Topeka)[52]
- Seaman USD 345 (serving North Topeka)[53]
Post-secondary education
Topeka has several colleges, universities, technical schools and branch campuses of other universities around the state. These include the following:
- Washburn University
- Friends University (Topeka Campus)
- Washburn Institute of Technology
- Baker University School of Nursing (Topeka Campus)
- University of Kansas Health Center (St. Francis Campus)
- Rasmussen College(Topeka Campus)
Media
Topeka is the home of a daily newspaper, the
Radio
The following
AM
Frequency | Callsign[54]
|
Format[55] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
580 | WIBW | News/Talk |
|
1440 | KMAJ | News/Talk |
|
1490 | KTOP | Sports |
FM
Frequency | Callsign[56]
|
Format[55] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
88.1 | KJTY | Contemporary Christian |
|
89.5 | K208FE | Christian | Translator of KAWZ, Twin Falls, Idaho
|
90.3 | KBUZ |
Christian | AFR |
94.5 | WIBW-FM | Country | |
96.9 | KQRB |
Urban contemporary |
|
98.5 | KSAJ-FM | Adult hits |
|
99.3 | KWIC | Classic hits | |
100.3 | KDVV | AOR | |
102.9 | KTOP-FM | Country | |
106.9 | KTPK | Classic country | |
107.7 | KMAJ | Adult contemporary |
Additionally, most of the Kansas City stations provide at least grade B coverage of Topeka.
Television
The following television stations are licensed to Topeka:
Digital Channel | Analog Channel | Callsign[57]
|
Network | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
11 | 11 | KTWU | PBS |
|
13 | 13 | WIBW-TV | CBS | |
25 | 26 | WROB-LD | Buzzr | |
27 | 27 | KSNT | NBC | |
33 | K33IC | TBN | ||
43 | 20 | KTMJ-CD | FOX | |
48; 49 (Virtual) | 49 | KTKA-TV | ABC |
Infrastructure
Transportation
Topeka Regional Airport (FOE) formerly known as Forbes Field is in south Topeka in Pauline, Kansas. Forbes Field also serves as an Air National Guard base, home of the highly decorated 190th Air Refueling Wing. Manhattan Regional Airport (MHK) in Manhattan, Kansas is the next closest commercial airport; Kansas City International Airport (MCI) in Kansas City is the closest major airport. Philip Billard Municipal Airport (TOP) is located in Topeka's Oakland area.
Passenger rail service provided by
Greyhound Lines provides bus service westward towards Denver, Colorado, eastward to Kansas City, Missouri, southwest to Wichita, Kansas.[59]
The
Utilities
- Electricity: Evergy
- Home telephone: AT&T and Cox
- Cable: Cox Communications and AT&T
- Satellite TV: Dish and DirecTV
- Gas: Kansas Gas Service
- Water and sewer: City of Topeka
- Sanitation: Shawnee County Waste Management
- Internet: AT&T (fiber, DSL, and fixed wireless), and other providers.[60]
Health care
Topeka has two major
Notable people
See also
- Great Flood of 1951
- 1966 F5 tornado
- USS Topeka, 3 ships
References
- ^ a b c d U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Topeka, Kansas
- ^ "Mayor - City of Topeka". www.topeka.org. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ a b "City of Topeka - Office of the City Manager". Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2012.
- ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ a b "Profile of Topeka, Kansas in 2020". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c "QuickFacts; Topeka, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
- ^ "USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". United States Postal Service. 2012. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ISBN 3-12-539683-2
- ^ "Topeka". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
- ^ "Supreme Court of the United States Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) (USSC+)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
- ISBN 0-942574-09-5
- ^ "City of Topeka, Shawnee County Kansas (KS) 66603". www.livingplaces.com. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
- ^ "Topeka's Roots: the Prairie Potato — Barbara Burgess". www.barbburgess.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2007.
- ^ King, Dick (20 Nov. 2005). "'Topeka' rooted in spuds". Topeka Capital-Journal Archived 2014-06-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Connelley, William E. "Origin of the Name of Topeka". Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society, Vol. 27, pp. 589–593
- ^ "Granddaughters of White Plume - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society". www.kshs.org. Archived from the original on January 19, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2015.
- ^ Maj. Brian A. Riniker, "How United States Army Leaders at Fort Leavenworth Performed Peacekeeping Operations in Territorial Kansas" (MMAS thesis, U.S. Army Command and Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kans., 2007), pp. 74-5.
- ^ James L. King, ed., Church history of Shawnee County, Kansas, and Representative Citizens (Chicago: Richmond & Arnold Publishers, 1905), online at http://history.rays-place.com/ks/sh-church.htm Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine "Church history of Topeka, Kansas". Retrieved April 3, 2020.[dead link] .
- ^ Kansas Historical Society, http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/2231 Archived 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c "Kansas - Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012.
- ^ "Hayden History". Archived from the original on June 18, 2006.
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