Topiramate
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Trade names | Topamax, Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR, others |
Other names | Topiramic acid |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a697012 |
License data |
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Routes of administration | Oral |
ATC code | |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 80% |
Protein binding | 13–17%; 15–41% |
Metabolism | Liver (20–30%) |
Elimination half-life | 21 hours |
Excretion | Urine (70–80%) |
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Topiramate, sold under the brand name Topamax among others, is a medication used to treat
Common side effects include
Topiramate was approved for medical use in the United States in 1996.
Medical uses
Topiramate is used to treat
Pain
A 2018 review found topiramate of no use in chronic low back pain.[23] Topiramate has not been shown to work as a pain medicine in diabetic neuropathy, the only neuropathic condition in which it has been adequately tested.[24]
Other
One common off-label use for topiramate is in the treatment of bipolar disorder.[25][26][27] A review published in 2010 suggested a benefit of topiramate in the treatment of symptoms of borderline personality disorder, however the authors noted that this was based only on one randomized controlled trial and requires replication.[28]
Topiramate has been used as a treatment for
Other uses include treatment of obesity,[31][32] binge eating disorder,[33] and off-setting weight gain induced by taking antipsychotic medications.[34][35] In 2012, the combination of phentermine/topiramate was approved in the United States for weight loss.
Adverse effects
People taking topiramate should be aware of the following risks:
- Avoid activities requiring mental alertness and coordination until drug effects are realized.
- Topiramate may impair heat regulation,[36] especially in children. Use caution with activities leading to an increased core temperature, such as strenuous exercise, exposure to extreme heat, or dehydration.
- Topiramate may cause visual field defects.[37]
- Topiramate may decrease effectiveness of oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives.
- Taking topiramate in the first trimester of pregnancy may increase risk of cleft lip/cleft palate in infant.[38]
- As is the case for all antiepileptic drugs, it is advisable not to suddenly discontinue topiramate as there is a theoretical risk of rebound seizures.
- Some studies have attributed loss of appetite and upper respiratory tract infection to topiramate, but studies have concluded their adverse events are not difficult to tolerate for most individuals.[39]
Frequency
Adverse effects by incidence:[40][41][42][43]
Very common (>10% incidence) adverse effects include:
- Dizziness
- Weight loss
- Paraesthesia– e.g., pins and needles
- Somnolence
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Fatigue
- Nasopharyngitis
- Depression
Rarely, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance.[44]
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has notified prescribers that topiramate can cause acute myopia and secondary angle closure glaucoma in a small subset of people who take topiramate regularly.[45] The symptoms, which typically begin in the first month of use, include blurred vision and eye pain. Discontinuation of topiramate may halt the progression of the ocular damage and may reverse the visual impairment.
Preliminary data suggests that, as with several other anti-epileptic drugs, topiramate carries an increased risk of congenital malformations.
Cognitive and word-finding difficulties, as they may occur in some patients, may respond to piracetam.[47][48]
Topiramate has been associated with a statistically significant increase in suicidality,[49] and "suicidal thoughts or actions" is now listed as one of the possible side effects of the drug "in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500."[36][50]
Overdose
Symptoms of
Interactions
Topiramate has many drug-drug interactions. Some of the most common are listed below:
- As topiramate inhibits kidney stones.[citation needed]
- Enzyme inducers (e.g. carbamazepine) can increase the elimination of topiramate, possibly necessitating dose escalations of topiramate.[citation needed]
- Topiramate may increase the plasma-levels of phenytoin.
- Topiramate itself is a weak inhibitor of Depo-Provera are affected by topiramate.[54]
- Alcohol may cause increased sedation or drowsiness, and increase the risk of having a seizure.
- As topiramate may result in acidosis other treatments that also do so may worsen this effect.[55]
- antimuscarinic drugs (like trospium) can aggravate these disorders.[citation needed]
Pharmacology
The topiramate molecule is a sulfamate modified sugar, more specifically, fructose diacetonide, an unusual chemical structure for a pharmaceutical.
Topiramate is quickly absorbed after oral use. It has a half life of 21 hours and a steady state of the drug is reached in 4 days in patients with normal renal function.[56] Most of the drug (70%) is excreted in the urine unchanged. The remainder is extensively metabolized by hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose.
Several cellular targets have been proposed to be relevant to the therapeutic activity of topiramate.
Topiramate inhibits maximal seizure activity in electroconvulsive therapy and in
While many
Detection in body fluids
Blood, serum, or plasma topiramate concentrations may be measured using immunoassay or chromatographic methods to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or to assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Plasma levels are usually less than 10 mg/L during therapeutic administration, but can range from 10 to 150 mg/L in overdose victims.[61][62][63]
History
Topiramate was discovered in 1979 by
Topiramate was first sold in 1996.Research
Topiramate is being studied as a potential treatment for
There is some evidence for the use of topiramate in the management of cravings related to withdrawal from dextromethorphan.[70]
A 2023 systematic review of seizure treatment for infants aged 1 to 36 months identified three studies that evaluated the use of topiramate. Though its adverse effects including upper respiratory tract infection and loss of appetite were rarely severe enough for the medication to be discontinued in this age group, its effectiveness in reducing seizures was inconclusive. The available research suffers from small sample sizes, inconsistent findings, and inadequate comparison groups.[71]
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External links
Media related to Topiramate at Wikimedia Commons