Tor (network)
Developer(s) | The Tor Project |
---|---|
Initial release | September 20, 2002[1] |
Stable release(s) [±] | |
0.4.8.11[2] (10 March 2024 ) | |
Preview release(s) [±] | |
Repository | |
Written in | Anonymity application |
License | BSD 3-clause license[5] |
Website | www |
Part of a series on |
File sharing |
---|
Tor, short for The Onion Router,[6] is free and open-source software for enabling anonymous communication.[7] It directs Internet traffic via a free, worldwide volunteer overlay network that consists of more than seven thousand relays.[8]
Using Tor makes it more difficult to trace a user's Internet activity. Tor protects personal privacy by concealing a user's location and usage from anyone performing network surveillance or traffic analysis.[9] It protects the user's freedom and ability to communicate confidentially through IP address anonymity using Tor exit nodes.[10]
History
The core principle of Tor,
In 2004, the Naval Research Laboratory released the code for Tor under a free license, and the
Over the course of its existence, various Tor weaknesses have been discovered and occasionally exploited. Attacks against Tor are an active area of academic research[17][18] that is welcomed by The Tor Project itself.[19]
Usage
Category | Percentage |
---|---|
Gambling | 0.4
|
Gun | 1.4
|
Chat | 2.2
|
New (not yet indexed) |
2.2
|
Abuse | 2.2
|
Books
|
2.5
|
Directory | 2.5
|
Blog | 2.75
|
Porn | 2.75
|
Hosting | 3.5
|
Hacking
|
4.25
|
Search
|
4.25
|
Anonymity | 4.5
|
Forum | 4.75
|
Counterfeit | 5.2
|
Whistleblower
|
5.2
|
Wiki | 5.2
|
5.7
| |
Bitcoin | 6.2
|
Fraud | 9
|
Market | 9
|
Drugs | 15.4
|
Category | % of total | % of active |
---|---|---|
Violence | 0.3 |
0.6
|
Arms | 0.8 |
1.5
|
Illicit Social | 1.2 |
2.4
|
Hacking | 1.8 |
3.5
|
Illicit links | 2.3 |
4.3
|
Illicit pornography | 2.3 |
4.5
|
Extremism | 2.7 |
5.1
|
Illicit Other | 3.8 |
7.3
|
Illicit Finance | 6.3 |
12
|
Illicit Drugs | 8.1 |
15.5
|
Non-illicit+Unknown | 22.6 |
43.2
|
Illicit total | 29.7 |
56.8
|
Inactive | 47.7
| |
Active | 52.3
|
Tor enables its users to surf the Internet, chat and send instant messages
Tor is not meant to completely solve the issue of anonymity on the web. Tor is not designed to completely erase tracking but instead to reduce the likelihood for sites to trace actions and data back to the user.[28]
Tor is also used for illegal activities. These can include privacy protection or censorship circumvention,[29] as well as distribution of child abuse content, drug sales, or malware distribution.[30]
Tor has been described by
In its complaint against
In 2014, the EFF's
The Tor Project states that Tor users include "normal people" who wish to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers, people concerned about cyber-spying, and users who are evading censorship such as activists, journalists, and military professionals. In November 2013, Tor had about four million users.
In March 2015, the
Tor's executive director, Andrew Lewman, also said in August 2014 that agents of the NSA and the GCHQ have anonymously provided Tor with bug reports.[55]
The Tor Project's FAQ offers supporting reasons for the EFF's endorsement:
Criminals can already do bad things. Since they're willing to break laws, they already have lots of options available that provide better privacy than Tor provides...
Tor aims to provide protection for ordinary people who want to follow the law. Only criminals have privacy right now, and we need to fix that...
So yes, criminals could in theory use Tor, but they already have better options, and it seems unlikely that taking Tor away from the world will stop them from doing their bad things. At the same time, Tor and other privacy measures can fight identity theft, physical crimes like stalking, and so on.
— Tor Project FAQ[56]
Operation
Tor aims to conceal its users' identities and their online activity from surveillance and traffic analysis by separating identification and routing. It is an implementation of
Because the
Originating traffic
A Tor user's
Tor's application independence sets it apart from most other anonymity networks: it works at the
Onion services
Tor can also provide anonymity to websites and other servers. Servers configured to receive inbound connections only through Tor are called onion services (formerly, hidden services).
Onion services were first specified in 2003[62] and have been deployed on the Tor network since 2004.[63] Other than the database that stores the onion service descriptors,[64] Tor is decentralized by design; there is no direct readable list of all onion services, although a number of onion services catalog publicly known onion addresses.[citation needed] TorSearch is an internet search engine that indexes pages to help find content in websites located on the Tor network.[65]
Because onion services route their traffic entirely through the Tor network, connection to an onion service is encrypted end-to-end and not subject to eavesdropping. There are, however, security issues involving Tor onion services. For example, services that are reachable through Tor onion services and the public Internet are susceptible to correlation attacks and thus not perfectly hidden. Other pitfalls include misconfigured services (e.g. identifying information included by default in web server error responses), uptime and downtime statistics, intersection attacks, and user error.[64][66] The open source OnionScan program, written by independent security researcher Sarah Jamie Lewis, comprehensively examines onion services for numerous flaws and vulnerabilities.[67]
Onion services can also be accessed from a standard web browser without
Weaknesses
This section needs to be updated.(September 2020) |
Like all current
A 2009 study of Regensburg University revealed that Tor and the alternative network system JonDonym (Java Anon Proxy, JAP) are considered more resilient to website fingerprinting techniques than other tunneling protocols.[72]
The reason for this is that conventional single-hop
Researchers from the University of Michigan developed a network scanner allowing the identification of 86% of live Tor "bridges" with a single scan.[74]
Consensus blocking
Like many decentralized systems, Tor relies on a
Eavesdropping
Autonomous system (AS) eavesdropping
If the same autonomous system (AS), responsible for routing packets at least partly, is present on both path segments from a client to entry relay and from exit relay to destination, such an AS can statistically correlate traffic on the entry and exit segments of the path (i.e. traffic confirmation) and potentially infer the destination with which the client communicated. In 2012, LASTor proposed a method to predict a set of potential ASes on these two segments and then avoid choosing this path during the path selection algorithm on the client side. In this paper, they also improve latency by choosing shorter geographical paths between a client and destination.[79]
Exit node eavesdropping
In September 2007, Dan Egerstad, a Swedish security consultant, revealed he had intercepted usernames and passwords for email accounts by operating and monitoring Tor exit nodes.
If you actually look into where these Tor nodes are hosted and how big they are, some of these nodes cost thousands of dollars each month just to host because they're using lots of bandwidth, they're heavy-duty servers and so on. Who would pay for this and be anonymous?
In October 2019, a Tor researcher revealed that since at least 2017, there were hundreds of highly suspicious entry, relay, and exit nodes, run by an unknown group, in an unprecedented scale.[83][84][85] It was alleged that this number of servers could pose the risk of a sybil attack as it could map Tor users' routes inside the network, increasing risk of deanonymization.[86][83][84] At some point there were about 900 nodes running and by November 2021 about 600 of them were purged.[87][83][84] Although described as being a deanonymization attempt, the motives and the achievements of this possibly on-going event are still unknown.[83][84]
Internal communication attack
In October 2011, a research team from
Traffic-analysis attack
There are two methods of traffic-analysis attack, passive and active. In the passive traffic-analysis method, the attacker extracts features from the traffic of a specific flow on one side of the network and looks for those features on the other side of the network. In the active traffic-analysis method, the attacker alters the timings of the packets of a flow according to a specific pattern and looks for that pattern on the other side of the network; therefore, the attacker can link the flows on one side to the other side of the network and break the anonymity of it.[failed verification][91] It is shown that, although timing noise is added to the packets, there are active traffic analysis methods that are robust against such a noise.[verification needed][91]
Steven Murdoch and George Danezis from the University of Cambridge presented an article at the 2005 IEEE Symposium on security and privacy on traffic-analysis techniques that allow adversaries with only a partial view of the network to infer which nodes are being used to relay the anonymous streams.[92] These techniques greatly reduce the anonymity provided by Tor. Murdoch and Danezis have also shown that otherwise unrelated streams can be linked back to the same initiator. This attack, however, fails to reveal the identity of the original user.[92] Murdoch has been working with and has been funded by Tor since 2006.[citation needed]
Tor exit node block
Operators of Internet sites have the ability to prevent traffic from Tor exit nodes or to offer reduced functionality for Tor users. For example, it is not generally possible to edit
Bad apple attack
In March 2011, researchers with the Rocquencourt French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique, INRIA), documented an attack that is capable of revealing the IP addresses of BitTorrent users on the Tor network. The "bad apple attack" exploits Tor's design and takes advantage of insecure application used to associate the simultaneous use of a secure application with the IP address of the Tor user in question. One method of attack depends on control of an exit node or hijacking tracker responses, while a secondary attack method is based in part on the statistical exploitation of distributed hash table tracking.[94] According to the study:[94]
The results presented in the bad apple attack research paper are based on an attack launched against the Tor network by the authors of the study. The attack targeted six exit nodes, lasted for twenty-three days, and revealed a total of 10,000 IP addresses of active Tor users. This study is significant because it is the first documented attack designed to target P2P file-sharing applications on Tor.[94] BitTorrent may generate as much as 40% of all traffic on Tor.[95] Furthermore, the bad apple attack is effective against insecure use of any application over Tor, not just BitTorrent.[94]
Sniper attack
Jansen et al., describe a
Heartbleed bug
The
Relay early traffic confirmation attack
On 30 July 2014, the Tor Project issued the security advisory "relay early traffic confirmation attack" in which the project discovered a group of relays that tried to de-anonymize onion service users and operators.[102] In summary, the attacking onion service directory node changed the headers of cells being relayed tagging them as "relay" or "relay early" cells differently to encode additional information and sent them back to the requesting user/operator. If the user's/operator's guard/entry node was also part of the attacking relays, the attacking relays might be able to capture the IP address of the user/operator along with the onion service information that the user/operator was requesting. The attacking relays were stable enough to be designated as "suitable as hidden service directory" and "suitable as entry guard"; therefore, both the onion service users and the onion services might have used those relays as guards and hidden service directory nodes.[103]
The attacking nodes joined the network early in the year on 30 January and the project removed them on 4 July.[103] Although the attack's beginning is unclear, the project implied that between February and July, IP addresses of onion service users and operators might have been exposed.[104]
The project mentioned the following mitigations besides removing the attacking relays from the network:
- patched relay software to prevent relays from relaying cells with "relay early" headers that were not intended.[105]
- planned update for users' proxy software so that they could inspect if they received "relay early" cells from the relays (as they are not supposed to),[106] along with the settings to connect to just one guard node instead of selecting randomly from 3 to reduce the probability of connecting to an attacking relay[107]
- recommended that onion services should consider changing their locations[108]
- reminded users and onion service operators that Tor could not prevent de-anonymization if the attacker controlled or could listen to both ends of the Tor circuit, like in this attack.[109]
In November 2014 there was speculation in the aftermath of Operation Onymous, resulting in 17 arrests internationally, that a Tor weakness had been exploited. A representative of Europol was secretive about the method used, saying: "This is something we want to keep for ourselves. The way we do this, we can't share with the whole world, because we want to do it again and again and again."[110] A BBC source cited a "technical breakthrough"[111] that allowed tracking physical locations of servers, and the initial number of infiltrated sites led to the exploit speculation. Andrew Lewman—a Tor Project representative—downplayed this possibility, suggesting that execution of more traditional police work was more likely.[112][113]
In November 2015 court documents on the matter[114] addressed concerns about security research ethics[115][non-primary source needed] and the right of not being unreasonably searched as guaranteed by the US Fourth Amendment.[116][unreliable source?] Moreover, the documents, along with expert opinions,[who?] may also show the connection between the network attack and the law enforcement operation including:
- the search warrant for an administrator of Silkroad 2.0 indicated that from January 2014 until July, the FBI received information from a "university-based research institute" with the information being "reliable IP addresses for Tor and onion services such as SR2" that led to the identification of "at least another seventeen black markets on Tor" and "approximately 78 IP addresses that accessed a vendor .onion address." One of these IP addresses led to the arrest of the administrator[114]
- the chronology and nature of the attack fitted well with the operation[114]
- a senior researcher of CERT/CC being involved[117]
In his analysis published on 31 July, besides raising ethical issues, Felten also questioned the fulfillment of CERT/CC's purposes which were to prevent attacks, inform the implementers of vulnerabilities, and eventually inform the public. Because in this case, CERT/CC's staff did the opposite which was to carry out a large-scale long-lasting attack, withhold vulnerability information from the implementers, and withhold the same information from the public.
Mouse fingerprinting
In March 2016, a security researcher based in Barcelona demonstrated laboratory techniques using time measurement via JavaScript at the 1-millisecond level[119] which could potentially identify and correlate a user's unique mouse movements, provided the user has visited the same "fingerprinting" website with both the Tor browser and a regular browser.[citation needed] This proof of concept exploits the "time measurement via JavaScript" issue, which had been an open ticket on the Tor Project for ten months.[120]
Circuit fingerprinting attack
In 2015, the administrators of Agora, a darknet market, announced they were taking the site offline in response to a recently discovered security vulnerability in Tor. They did not say what the vulnerability was, but Wired speculated it was the "Circuit Fingerprinting Attack" presented at the USENIX security conference.[121][122]
Volume information
A study showed "anonymization solutions protect only partially against target selection that may lead to efficient surveillance" as they typically "do not hide the volume information necessary to do target selection".[123]
Implementations
The main implementation of Tor is written primarily in C.[124]
Tor Browser
Developer(s) | Tor Project |
---|---|
Stable release(s) | |
Repository | gitweb |
Engine | Gecko |
Operating system |
|
feed reader | |
License | Mozilla Public License[127] |
Website | torproject |
The Tor Browser
The default search engine is DuckDuckGo (until version 4.5, Startpage.com was its default). The Tor Browser automatically starts Tor background processes and routes traffic through the Tor network. Upon termination of a session the browser deletes privacy-sensitive data such as HTTP cookies and the browsing history.[132] This is effective in reducing web tracking and canvas fingerprinting, and it also helps to prevent creation of a filter bubble.[citation needed]
To allow download from places where accessing the Tor Project URL may be risky or blocked, a GitHub repository is maintained with links for releases hosted in other domains.[134]
Firefox/Tor browser attack
In 2011, the
In August 2013 it was discovered[144][145] that the Firefox browsers in many older versions of the Tor Browser Bundle were vulnerable to a JavaScript-deployed shellcode attack, as NoScript was not enabled by default.[146] Attackers used this vulnerability to extract users' MAC and IP addresses and Windows computer names.[147][148][149] News reports linked this to a FBI operation targeting Freedom Hosting's owner, Eric Eoin Marques, who was arrested on a provisional extradition warrant issued by a United States' court on 29 July.[150] The FBI extradited Marques from Ireland to the state of Maryland on 4 charges: distributing; conspiring to distribute; and advertising child pornography, as well as aiding and abetting advertising of child pornography.[151] The warrant alleged that Marques was "the largest facilitator of child porn on the planet".[152][153][need quotation to verify] The FBI acknowledged the attack in a 12 September 2013 court filing in Dublin;[154] further technical details from a training presentation leaked by Edward Snowden revealed the code name for the exploit as "EgotisticalGiraffe".[155]
In 2022, Kaspersky researchers found that when looking up "Tor Browser" in Chinese on YouTube, one of the URLs provided under the top-ranked Chinese-language video actually pointed to a malware disguised as Tor Browser. Once installed, it saves browsing history and form data that genuine Tor forgot by default, and even downloads malicious components to computers with IP addresses in China. Kaspersky researchers noted that the malware was not stealing data to sell for profit, but was designed to identify users.[156]
Tor Messenger
Developer(s) | The Tor Project |
---|---|
Initial release | 29 October 2015[157] |
Final release | |
CSS, XUL | |
Operating system |
|
Available in | English |
Website | trac |
On 29 October 2015, the Tor Project released Tor Messenger Beta, an instant messaging program based on
According to Lucian Armasu of Toms Hardware, in April 2018, the Tor Project shut down the Tor Messenger project for three reasons: the developers of "Instabird" [sic] discontinued support for their own software, limited resources and known metadata problems.[162] The Tor Messenger developers explained that overcoming any vulnerabilities discovered in the future would be impossible due to the project relying on outdated software dependencies.[163]
Tor Phone
In 2016, Tor developer Mike Perry announced a prototype tor-enabled smartphone bases on CopperheadOS.[164][165] It was meant as a direction for Tor on mobile.[166] The project was called 'Mission Improbable'. Copperhead's then lead developer Daniel Micay welcomed the prototype.[167]
Third-party applications
The Vuze (formerly Azureus) BitTorrent client,[168] Bitmessage anonymous messaging system,[169] and TorChat instant messenger include Tor support. The Briar messenger routes all messaging via Tor by default. OnionShare allows users to share files using Tor.[170]
-
Orbot logo
-
Orbot 16.6.3, running under Samsung Internet
-
Onion Browser on iPad
Security-focused operating systems
Several
Reception, impact, and legislation
Tor has been praised for providing privacy and anonymity to vulnerable Internet users such as political activists fearing surveillance and arrest, ordinary web users seeking to circumvent censorship, and people who have been threatened with violence or abuse by stalkers.
Advocates for Tor say it supports
The project was originally developed on behalf of the U.S. intelligence community and continues to receive U.S. government funding, and has been criticized as "more resembl[ing] a spook project than a tool designed by a culture that values accountability or transparency".
Critics say that Tor is not as secure as it claims,
2011
In March 2011, The Tor Project received the Free Software Foundation's 2010 Award for Projects of Social Benefit. The citation read, "Using free software, Tor has enabled roughly 36 million people around the world to experience freedom of access and expression on the Internet while keeping them in control of their privacy and anonymity. Its network has proved pivotal in dissident movements in both Iran and more recently Egypt."[206]
Iran tried to block Tor at least twice in 2011. One attempt simply blocked all servers with 2-hour-expiry security certificates; it was successful for less than 24 hours.[207][208]
2012
In 2012, Foreign Policy magazine named Dingledine, Mathewson, and Syverson among its Top 100 Global Thinkers "for making the web safe for whistleblowers".[209]
2013
In 2013, Jacob Appelbaum described Tor as a "part of an ecosystem of software that helps people regain and reclaim their autonomy. It helps to enable people to have agency of all kinds; it helps others to help each other and it helps you to help yourself. It runs, it is open and it is supported by a large community spread across all walks of life."[210]
In June 2013, whistleblower
2014
In 2014, the Russian government offered a $111,000 contract to "study the possibility of obtaining technical information about users and users' equipment on the Tor anonymous network".[212][213]
In September 2014, in response to reports that Comcast had been discouraging customers from using the Tor Browser, Comcast issued a public statement that "We have no policy against Tor, or any other browser or software."[214]
In October 2014, The Tor Project hired the public relations firm Thomson Communications to improve its public image (particularly regarding the terms "Dark Net" and "hidden services," which are widely viewed as being problematic) and to educate journalists about the technical aspects of Tor.[215]
Turkey blocked downloads of Tor Browser from the Tor Project.[216]
2015
In June 2015, the
In July 2015, the Tor Project announced an alliance with the
In August 2015, an IBM security research group, called "X-Force", put out a quarterly report that advised companies to block Tor on security grounds, citing a "steady increase" in attacks from Tor exit nodes as well as botnet traffic.[226]
In September 2015, Luke Millanta created OnionView (now defunct), a web service that plots the location of active Tor relay nodes onto an interactive map of the world. The project's purpose was to detail the network's size and escalating growth rate.[227]
In December 2015, Daniel Ellsberg (of the Pentagon Papers),[228] Cory Doctorow (of Boing Boing),[229] Edward Snowden,[230] and artist-activist Molly Crabapple,[231] amongst others, announced their support of Tor.
2016
In March 2016, New Hampshire state representative Keith Ammon introduced a bill[232] allowing public libraries to run privacy software. The bill specifically referenced Tor. The text was crafted with extensive input from Alison Macrina, the director of the Library Freedom Project.[233] The bill was passed by the House 268–62.[234]
Also in March 2016, the first Tor node, specifically a middle relay, was established at a library in Canada, the Graduate Resource Centre (GRC) in the Faculty of Information and Media Studies (FIMS) at the University of Western Ontario.[235] Given that the running of a Tor exit node is an unsettled area of Canadian law,[236] and that in general institutions are more capable than individuals to cope with legal pressures, Alison Macrina of the Library Freedom Project has opined that in some ways she would like to see intelligence agencies and law enforcement attempt to intervene in the event that an exit node were established.[237]
On 16 May 2016, CNN reported on the case of core Tor developer "isis agora lovecruft",[238] who had fled to Germany under the threat of a subpoena by the FBI during the Thanksgiving break of the previous year. The Electronic Frontier Foundation legally represented lovecruft.[239]
On 2 December 2016,
Tor (and
2017
In June 2017 the
2018
In June 2018, Venezuela blocked access to the Tor network. The block affected both direct connections to the network and connections being made via bridge relays.[248]
On 20 June 2018, Bavarian police raided the homes of the board members of the non-profit
Since October 2018, Chinese online communities within Tor have begun to dwindle due to increased efforts to stop them by the Chinese government.[254]
2019
In November 2019,
2021
On 8 December 2021, the Russian government agency
2022
In response to
Russian courts temporarily lifted the blockade on Tor's website (but not connections to relays) on May 24, 2022[262] due to Russian law requiring that the Tor Project be involved in the case. However, the blockade was reinstated on July 21, 2022.[263]
Iran implemented rolling internet blackouts during the Mahsa Amini protests, and Tor and Snowflake were used to circumvent them.[264][265][266][267]
China, with its highly centralized control of its internet, had effectively blocked Tor.[261]
Improved security
Tor responded to earlier vulnerabilities listed above by patching them and improving security. In one way or another, human (user) errors can lead to detection. The Tor Project website provides the best practices (instructions) on how to properly use the Tor browser. When improperly used, Tor is not secure. For example, Tor warns its users that not all traffic is protected; only the traffic routed through the Tor browser is protected. Users are also warned to use HTTPS versions of websites, not to torrent with Tor, not to enable browser plugins, not to open documents downloaded through Tor while online, and to use safe bridges.[268] Users are also warned that they cannot provide their name or other revealing information in web forums over Tor and stay anonymous at the same time.[269]
Despite intelligence agencies' claims that 80% of Tor users would be de-anonymized within 6 months in the year 2013,[270] that has still not happened. In fact, as late as September 2016, the FBI could not locate, de-anonymize and identify the Tor user who hacked into the email account of a staffer on Hillary Clinton's email server.[271]
The best tactic of law enforcement agencies to de-anonymize users appears to remain with Tor-relay adversaries running poisoned nodes, as well as counting on the users themselves using the Tor browser improperly. For example, downloading a video through the Tor browser and then opening the same file on an unprotected hard drive while online can make the users' real IP addresses available to authorities.[272]
Odds of detection
When properly used, odds of being de-anonymized through Tor are said to be extremely low. Tor project's co-founder Nick Mathewson explained that the problem of "Tor-relay adversaries" running poisoned nodes means that a theoretical adversary of this kind is not the network's greatest threat:
"No adversary is truly global, but no adversary needs to be truly global," he says. "Eavesdropping on the entire Internet is a several-billion-dollar problem. Running a few computers to eavesdrop on a lot of traffic, a selective denial of service attack to drive traffic to your computers, that's like a tens-of-thousands-of-dollars problem." At the most basic level, an attacker who runs two poisoned Tor nodes—one entry, one exit—is able to analyse traffic and thereby identify the tiny, unlucky percentage of users whose circuit happened to cross both of those nodes. In 2016 the Tor network offers a total of around 7,000 relays, around 2,000 guard (entry) nodes and around 1,000 exit nodes. So the odds of such an event happening are one in two million (1⁄2000 × 1⁄1000), give or take."[270]
Tor does not provide protection against end-to-end timing attacks: if an attacker can watch the traffic coming out of the target computer, and also the traffic arriving at the target's chosen destination (e.g. a server hosting a .onion site), that attacker can use statistical analysis to discover that they are part of the same circuit.[269]
Levels of security
Depending on individual user needs, Tor browser offers three levels of security located under the Security Level (the small gray shield at the top-right of the screen) icon > Advanced Security Settings. In addition to encrypting the data, including constantly changing an IP address through a virtual circuit comprising successive, randomly selected Tor relays, several other layers of security are at a user's disposal:[273][274]
- Standard (default) – at this security level, all browser features are enabled.
- This level provides the most usable experience, and the lowest level of security.
- Safer – at this security level, the following changes apply:
- JavaScript is disabled on non-HTTPS sites.
- On sites where JavaScript is enabled, performance optimizations are disabled. Scripts on some sites may run slower.
- Some mechanisms of displaying math equations are disabled.
- Audio and video (HTML5 media), and WebGL are click-to-play.
- Safest – at this security level, these additional changes apply:
- JavaScript is disabled by default on all sites.
- Some fonts, icons, math symbols, and images are disabled.
- Audio and video (HTML5 media), and WebGL are click-to-play.
Introduction of Proof-of-Work Defense for Onion Services
In a groundbreaking development, Tor has unveiled a new defense mechanism to safeguard its onion services against crippling denial of service (DoS) attacks. With the release of Tor 0.4.8, this proof-of-work (PoW) defense promises to prioritize legitimate network traffic while deterring malicious attacks.[275]
Why the Need for PoW Defense?
Onion services, designed to protect user privacy by concealing IP addresses, have long been susceptible to DoS attacks. Traditional IP-based rate limits have proven inadequate in thwarting these threats. To counter this vulnerability, Tor has introduced a PoW mechanism that strengthens security without compromising user anonymity.
How Does it Work?
The PoW defense is like a ticket system that activates only during network stress. Before accessing an onion service, clients must solve a small computational puzzle, demonstrating their authenticity. The complexity of the puzzle correlates with the amount of computational "work" performed, confirming the user's legitimacy and deterring bot-based attacks. This dynamic system blocks attackers while ensuring a smooth experience for genuine users.
Impact on Attackers and Users
For attackers attempting to flood an onion service, the PoW defense poses a formidable obstacle. As attack intensity increases, the computational effort required also escalates, leading to diminishing returns for attackers. In contrast, regular users, who typically make only a few requests, experience manageable computational demands, with solving times ranging from 5 to 30 milliseconds. Even during network stress, users can access Tor by proving their humanity.
See also
- Anonymous P2P
- Anonymous web browsing
- Crypto-anarchism
- Darknet
- Deep web
- Freedom of information
- Freenet
- GNUnet
- I2P
- Internet censorship circumvention
- Internet privacy
- Signal
- Privoxy
- Proxy server
- Psiphon
- Tor Phone
Citations
- ^ Dingledine, Roger (20 September 2002). "Pre-alpha: run an onion proxy now!". [email protected] (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
- ^ "Stable release 0.4.8.11". 10 April 2024. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
- ^ "Tor". Open HUB. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2021.
- ^ "Announcing Arti, a pure-Rust Tor implementation". 2022. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
- ^ "LICENSE – Tor's source code". tor. Archived from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
- ^ Lee, Dave (10 November 2014). "Dark net raids were 'overblown' by police, says Tor Project". BBC. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
- ^ Schmucker, Niklas. "Web tracking". SNET2 Seminar Paper-Summer Term.
- ^ "Tor Server Status". Tor Project – Metrics. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ McCoy, Damon; Kevin Bauer; Dirk Grunwald; Tadayoshi Kohno; Douglas Sicker. "Shining light in dark places: Understanding the Tor network". International Symposium on Privacy Enhancing Technologies Symposium.
- ^ "ABOUT TOR BROWSER | Tor Project | Tor Browser Manual". tb-manual.torproject.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
- ^ a b c Lawrence, Dune (23 January 2014). "The Inside Story of Tor, the Best Internet Anonymity Tool the Government Ever Built". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
- ^ a b "History". Tor Project. Archived from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ "Tor FAQ: Why is it called Tor?". Tor Project. Archived from the original on 17 January 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
- ^ Dingledine, Rogert (8 October 2003). "Tor is free". tor-dev (Mailing list). Tor Project. Archived from the original on 13 February 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2016.
- ^ "Tor Project Form 990 2008" (PDF). Tor Project. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2014.
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The report may have generated a lot of clicks but is totally inaccurate. Comcast is not asking customers to stop using Tor, or any other browser for that matter. We have no policy against Tor, or any other browser or software. Customers are free to use their Xfinity Internet service to visit any website, use any app, and so forth. ... Comcast doesn't monitor our customer's browser software, web surfing or online history.
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my name is isis agora lovecruft not Isis Agora Lovecruft
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{{cite web}}
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General and cited references
- Bacard, Andre (1 January 1995). Computer Privacy Handbook. Peachpit Press. ISBN 978-1-56609-171-8.
- Lund, Brady; Beckstrom, Matt (2021). "The Integration of Tor into Library Services: An Appeal to the Core Mission and Values of Libraries". Public Library Quarterly. 40 (1): 60–76. S2CID 214213117.
- Nurmi, Juha (24 May 2019). Understanding the Usage of Anonymous Onion Services: Empirical Experiments to Study Criminal Activities in the Tor Network. ISBN 978-952-03-1091-2.
- ISBN 978-0-471-11709-4.
- ISBN 978-0-471-05318-7.
External links
- Official website
- Anonymity Bibliography
- Old website
- Archived: Official List of mirror websites
- "How Tor Browser Protects Your Privacy and Identity Online"—Animated introduction on YouTube
- Tor: Hidden Services and Deanonymisation—Presentation at the 31st Chaos Computer Conference
- TorFlow, a dynamic visualization of data flowing over the Tor network
- Tor onion services: more useful than you think in a 2016 presentation at the 32nd Annual Chaos Communication Congress
- A core Tor developer lectures at the Radboud University Nijmegen in The Netherlands on anonymity systems in 2016
- A technical presentation given at the University of Waterloo in Canada: Tor's Circuit-Layer Cryptography: Attacks, Hacks, and Improvements
- A Presentation at the March 2017 BSides Vancouver Conference on security practices on Tor's hidden services given by Sarah Jamie Lewis