Torah ark
A Torah ark (also known as the hekhal,
History
The ark, also known as the ark of law, or in Hebrew the Aron Kodesh (אָרוֹן קׄדֶש) or aron ha-Kodesh ('holy ark') by
Customs and location
In some ancient synagogues, such as the fifth-century synagogue in Susya, the Torah scroll was not placed inside the synagogue at all, but in a room adjacent to it, signifying that the sacredness of the synagogue does not come from the ark but from its being a house of prayer. The Torah was brought into the synagogue for reading purposes.
In synagogues outside of Jerusalem, the ark is placed in a chamber that is in a recess in the wall, facing Jerusalem, and worshipers face this direction when reciting prayers of the service such as the Amidah.
The ark is often closed with a
Jewish law states the ark is the second holiest part of a synagogue after the Torah scrolls themselves. Customs call for the congregation when reciting key prayers (such as Avinu Malkeinu – "Our Father Our King", in many communities), to stand and face the ark, on fasting days, the Ten Days of Repentance between Rosh Hashana and Yom Kippur (also called the High Holidays), and for many piyyutim (poems, songs, etc.) recited during High Holy Day services. Many who partake in these customs consider it respectful to stand as long as the ark is open and the Torah is being moved to the reading table (or podium). However, there is no actual obligation (law) to remain standing when the ark is open, but it is a universally accepted custom.[3] In addition to this custom is the custom to never turn ones back towards the ark even when leaving the sanctuary. Instead one must back out until they have left the vicinity of the ark, and only then can they turn their back (by the Kotel which is considered as a synagogue itself, this custom also exists).[citation needed]
Evolution
Originally, the scrolls were placed in moveable containers that were risen up. The more permanent placement of the ark was designed as the tribes settled and built temples. As early as 245 C.E. in the synagogue of Dura-Europos a slit within the holy wall (or wall facing Jerusalem) was created for the ark.[5] In ancient times, the cloth wrapped scrolls are believed to have been placed flat within a low wooden box. Historical records or discoveries point to a variety of exterior designs becoming popular within the Jewish culture of the time. Archeologists found early Torah arks within the Jewish catacombs in Rome decorated with Pompeian frescoes, paintings, and graffiti.
Throughout Europe, in the
During the 18th century, German synagogues incorporated a baroque style design. Decorative features such as pilasters, columns, and vases became a standard practice. Wood and stone carvers in Eastern Europe began to employ unique local craft designs in synagogue architecture. Folk art and animals were popular design features added to arks created during this period. Early designs in the United States featured built-in arks in synagogues, such as the 1763 Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, which was inspired by a trend of grandeur in architectural design. The United States Jewish community continued to favor the grand or classical design style until around 1840. In the mid-1800s the Moorish style synagogues influenced by the Oriental style became the latest fashion in synagogue design. The Oriental ark design included sliding doors and a curved forepart. The most notable features of this era included domes and arches that contained geometrical polychrome designs. Many synagogue styles from the 16th to the 19th century can be seen across American and throughout Europe. However, after World War II, the ark design evolved into an art form. New experimental forms and materials were employed in the making of modern arks based on the unique interests of the community commissioning the ark.[6]
See also
- Dohány Street Synagogue
- Spanish Synagogue (Prague)
- Synagogue of El Tránsito
- Jewish culture
- Church tabernacle
Gallery
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A mobile ark at the Western Wall in Jerusalem
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Ark of the 14th centurySephardic Synagogue of El Tránsito in Toledo, Spain
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Freestanding ark made in Modena, Italy in 1472
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Ark in the 17th century Saluzzo Synagogue in Saluzzo, Italy
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Ark in the 1870 Synagogue of Győr in Győr, Hungary
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The ark of the 19th century Spanish Synagogue of Prague, Czech Republic
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Ark based on aChinese Buddhist design used by the Kaifeng Jewsof China
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Ark in the 1903 Choral Synagogue in Vilnius, Lithuania
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The ark of the early 20th century Ponevezh Yeshiva in Bnei Brak, Israel
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Ark of the Grande synagogue de la Paix, constructed in the 1950s
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Mid-century modern ark from the 1950s in the Congregation Gemiluth Chassodim in Alexandria, Louisiana, USA
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The 1981 Hecht Synagogue uses two alcoves on either side of a window as arks
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19th century Torah shrine from the Jewish Community of Solothurn,Jewish Museum of Switzerland[7]
References
- ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4– via Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ "The Holy Ark: Aron Hakodesh". www.chabad.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ "Ark | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- ^ Niche-Torah Shrine. Date of Photography: 1933-1934. Artstor, library.artstor.org/asset/AYALE_DURAIG_10311826445
- ^ JSTOR 27931648.
- ^ "Ark". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2020-02-16.
- OCLC 1030337455.)
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External links
- “Aron Kodesh” in Jewish Encyclopedia