Toronto slang

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Multicultural Toronto English
Toronto slang/Toronto accent
Native to
Ethnic groups in Toronto)
Early forms
Latin (English alphabet)
SourcesJamaican Patois, Arabic, and Somali
Language codes
ISO 639-3–

Multicultural Toronto English (MTE) is a

Gen Z populations in ethnically diverse districts of Toronto.[6] It is spoken specifically within the Greater Toronto Area, Hamilton, Barrie, Brampton, and Ottawa.[7][8]

History

The origin of Toronto's slang and accent can be traced back to widespread migration from the

Middle Eastern languages.[17] Towards the end of the 90s, native Toronto rapper Kardinal Offishall released his Billboard-charting single BaKardi Slang showcasing a variety of the cities slang throughout the lyrics and signaling the dialect was already significantly developed by this time.[4]

YouTube logo
2000s use of MTE
video icon Firewar
video icon How Can I Be Down
video icon Beenie Man at Jane and Finch
video icon Inside Access: Sticky Green
video icon Lost in the Struggle - CBC Docuseries
video icon POINT BLANK - Behind the Scenes
video icon Point Blank in Regent Park - CityTV Docuseries
video icon YBK TV - NORTHSIDE JANE & FINCH
video icon EMPz 4 Life 2006 Documentary
video icon Eglinton West 2008 Documentary

The second-generation descendants of these immigrants significantly contributed to embedding Toronto's distinctive slang and accent into the city's culture.

rap music, fashion, and athletics for both expression and livelihood.[19] Their influence as in these areas helped shape the city's popular culture, especially among the youth in the Greater Toronto Area.[20] Consequently, their unique manner of speaking, shaped by the aforementioned multiculturalism of their communities, gained widespread adoption throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s, given their status as local tastemakers.[21] 2006 marked the first mention of Toronto's slang or accent in any formal or academic research.[22] The rise of blogging in during this time period played a pivotal role in documenting the use and development of MTE. One notable example is Jane-Finch.com, a community-driven archive dedicated to the Jane and Finch area that captured key examples of MTE's use throughout the decade.[23] Furthermore, documentaries produced by local broadcasters such as CityTV and CBC served to spotlight the dialect's presence in the city.[24][25] This linguistic evolution during this period not only reflected Toronto's multicultural heritage but also served as a unifying cultural element
for the city.

YouTube logo
2010s use of MTE
video icon Sh*t Toronto People Say
video icon T-Dot Goon Scrap
video icon T-Dot Goon Scrap 2
video icon Noisey Meets Smoke Dawg
video icon 6IX RISING Documentary
video icon K Money Interview
video icon WhyG Interview
video icon BizzLoc Interview

The late 2000s and much of the 2010s marked a pivotal era of growth for MTE, significantly driven by the third-generation descendants of the original immigration wave. The brewing

Rap and R&B artists like Smoke Dawg, Robin Banks, Top5, Pengz, K Money, and Moula1st, to name a few.[29][30][31][32] These artists had significant influence among the youth of the Greater Toronto Area; the use of MTE in their lyrics, a reflection of the dialect spoken within their communities, spread contagiously as they began to ammass millions of views and followers in the hundreds of thousands.[33][34][35] Consequently, the dialect once confined to their lower-income communities began breaking ethnic and socioeconomic barriers, making its way into suburbs and highschools, transforming Toronto's linguistic landscape.[36][37] The impact of this cultural and linguistic shift was further magnified by the advent of social media. Platforms such as 6ixBuzz and Waveroom put a spotlight on the culture brewing in these communities through short-form, easily digestible content, attracting millions of followers. This significantly contributed to the widespread adoption and normalization of MTE seen today.[38][39]

Phonology

As in

Low Back Merger Shift, and GOOSE fronting (led by women speakers). Canadian raising
also still exists, however, possibly less so than among Standard Canadian speakers.

The distinct accent features of Multicultural Toronto English include the TRAP vowel before a nasal consonant being unraised or only slightly raised and the GOAT vowel being monophthongal, both of which are "distinctly non-normative" in 21st-century Standard Canadian English and led by men in the Toronto area.[3] Th-stopping is a variable feature, likely adopted from Patois, for instance with words like youth, thing, and them colloquially spelled as yute, ting, and dem.[40]

Vocabulary

For a list of words relating to Toronto slang, see the Multicultural Toronto English category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Here is a list of common vocabulary in Multicultural Toronto English:

Adjectives

  • "A guy" (used to describe someone who is particularly dangerous or successful, similar to calling someone a "big shot")
  • "Babyfood" (used to describe something as easy)
  • "Bare" (very/a lot/many) [originates from Jamaican Patois][41][42]
  • "Beat" (something that looks ugly, can be used to describe an object or person) [43]
  • "Beg" (someone who is needy, can also describe something as pitiful)
  • "Blem" (describes an individual who is high or intoxicated) [originates from Jamaican Patois][44]
  • "Cheesed" (pissed, mad, angry)[45]
  • "Certi" (something or someone that is important or of high quality; short for "certified")
  • "Dess" (short for desperate, can also describe something as pitiful)
  • "Deezed" (describes an individual as muscular and strong)
  • "Dutty" (dirty, bad, ugly) [originates from Jamaican Patois][46]
  • "Dry" (uncool, lame, boring, uninterested)[47]
  • "Fried" (describes an individual who is high or intoxicated)
  • "Greezy" (something impressive or attractive in a fashionable use)[48][49]
  • "Likkle" (small, little) [originates from Jamaican Patois][46]
  • "Live" (used to describe something as lively or exciting, usually an approval or endorsement of an events atmosphere)
  • "Marved" (hungry, starving)[41]
  • "Merked" (ugly, unattractive)[50]
  • "Miskeen" (pathetic, or poor - frequently used referring to someone who is "civilian" and "innocent," not involved in any crime) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Mod" (crazy)[51]
  • "Moshup" (something that is ruined, messed up or botched, commonly used to indicate a situation has gone away) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Neatly" (used to emphasize the quality or manner in which an action will be carried out)
  • "Next" (describes something other than what is currently discussed, often emphasizing a disregard or need for an alternative)
  • "Namebrand" (something that is important or of high quality, usually used to describe an individual)
  • "Peng" (describes a person who is attractive) [originates from Jamaican Patois][52]
  • "Proper" (describes something as legitimate or done right)
  • "Quick times" (for something to be done quickly)
  • "Soft" (describes something that is permissible and does not require worry)[53]
  • "Sick" (used to describe someone who is particularly dangerous or gangster)
  • "Sweeterman/Sweeter-ting” (an attractive person)[53][41]
  • "Vexxed" (annoyed, upset or irritated) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Wassi" (something crazy or unusual, usually describing the actions of a person) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Waste" (describes something as undesirable or dissatisfying) [originates from Jamaican Patois]

Interjections

  • "Abaay, Abaay" (an expression of surprise, similar to "oh my god") [originates from Somali]
  • "Ahlie" (expression to agree with something or "am I lying?") [originates from Jamaican Patois][54]
  • "Are you dumb?" (to describe someone who behaves stupidly and completely idiotically)[54]
  • "Bless up!" (expression of greeting or farewell)[55]
  • "Dun Know/dunno" (replaces "you already know," "of course," or "I know", and also used as a farewell) [originates from Jamaican Patois][56]
  • "Eediat ting" (can refer to an event or action that was stupid or embarrassing to the point of disbelief) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Fend that" (instructing someone to defend themself, or respond to confrontation)
  • "Fiyah/Fire" (used to refer to a homosexual individual, similar to the equivalent word "Bawtymon" or "Batty boy") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Haye, haye" (an adlib that directly translates to "okay, okay" or "alright, alright") [originates from Somali]
  • "Holy!" (pronounced 'holay' and used as an expression of surprise)[57]
  • "Say honest?" (used to rhetorically emphasize honesty, truth or sincerity, similar to "You serious?" or "Really?")
  • "Soobax" (directly translates to "come outside" or "lets go") [originates from Somali]
  • "Gwan easy" (telling someone to "take it easy", or "calm down") [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Inshallah" ("If God wills it") [originates from Arabic]
  • "Jheez" (used to express surprise, excitement or support)
  • "Jokes!" ("that's jokes!", compliments something funny or hilarious)[58]
  • "Khallas" (signifies that something is finished, completed or done) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Mashallah" (used to congratulate someone) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Nyeah eh" ("yeah eh?" or "oh really?", used in a hostile tone)
  • "More life" (used to wish someone good will, most commonly used to replace "happy birthday")
  • "Nize it/nize that" (to tell someone to shut up or stop talking) [56]
  • "Say less/say no more/don't say a word" (used to enthusiastically or supportively agree to a demand, request, or suggestion)
  • "Seen/Zeen" (A way of saying “got it” or “understood”) [originates from Jamaican Patois][59]
  • "Styll" (pronounced "still" and means agree to someone or the truth and is occasionally used at the last part of a statement)[60][61]
  • "Top left" (used to emphasize the truth or sincerity of a statement, similar to "I swear" or "I promise")
  • "Wagwan" (an equivalent greeting to "what's up" or "what's going on?") [originates from Jamaican Patois][62][54]
  • "Wallahi" ("I swear to God") [originates from Arabic][63]
  • "Warya" (used to address a man directly, or get his attention) [originates from Somali]
  • "What're you sayin?" ("what you up to?" used as an expression of greeting) [originates from Jamaican Patois][58]
  • "Y-pree" (used to tell someone to mind their own business) [originates from Jamaican Patois][64]

Pronouns

Nouns

  • "6ix" (Toronto, in reference to its six districts and both its area codes containing the number "6")[68]
  • "Abti/upti" (uncle) [originates from Somali]
  • "Akhi" (directly translates to brother, but refers to one's close friend) [originates from Arabic]
  • "Bawtymon" (a derogatory term used to refer to a homosexual individual) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Beak" (a term for mouth and is usually paired with “nize")
  • "Bid" (a gun or weapon)
  • "Bin" (jail or Prison)
  • "Bill" (a hundred dollars)
  • "Bird" (a derogatory term used to refer to a woman)
  • "Boydem/Bwoydem" (refers to government or police) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Bone/Bones" (a dollar/dollars)
  • "Bucktee/bean" (someone who is an addict, homeless, or acts as such) [originates from Somali]
  • "Bangout" (a large fight or brawl, usually one with an audience)
  • "Canteen" (referring to jail or prison)
  • "Chop" (to sell drugs)
  • "Chrome" (a gun or firearm)
  • "Chune" (refers to a song or music) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Cotch/on cotch" (to have something ready or prepared)
  • "Crib" (someone's place of residence)[69]
  • "Cro/crodie" (crip version of 'bro/brodie' but usually refers to a friend, popularized among non-gang-affiliated individuals through local rap music)[70]
  • "Cronem" (group of 'cros', crip version of 'bronem', and refers to a group of friends)
  • "Cyattie" (describes a female who is being loud and obnoxious) [originates from Jamaican Patois][71]
  • "Cut" (to exit, get away from or leave)
  • "Cuzzo" (cousin)[72]
  • "Deafazz" (giving a hard physical slap or a punch to someone)[49]
  • "Dhillo" (a derogatory term used to refer to a promiscuous woman) [originates from Somali]
  • "Dime piece" (an attractive woman)
  • "DT" (abbreviation for downtown)
  • "Dukes" (parents)[37]
  • "Duppy" (a ghost or spirit) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Ends" (area, or neighbourhood) [originates from Jamaican Patois][73]
  • "Fam" (short for "family" but generally used to refer to a "friend") [originates from Jamaican Patois][74][41]
  • "Fenty" (short for fentanyl)
  • "Fuckery" (bullshit) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Gazza" (drama, gossip, conflict or theatrics)
  • "Govy" (abbreviated for someone's government name, legal name, or personal information)
  • "Goof" (A foolish and/or silly person, also Canadian prison slang for rapist)
  • "Grains" (bullets)
  • "Gyal" (girl) [originates from Jamaican Patois][75]
  • "Gyallis" (a guy who can pick up ladies easily, or has a reputation for pursuing several women at a time) [originates from Jamaican Patois][76]
  • "Gyaldem" (group of girls) [originates from Jamaican Patois][48]
  • "Habbad/Haabid" (a gun or weapon) [originates from Somali]
  • "Headtop" (a person's head, but can metaphorically represent mental state) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Hoodman" (a young working-class person involved in crime and drugs, similar to the equivalent word "roadman" used in MLE)[37][77]
  • "Hooyo" (mom or mother) [originates from Somali]
  • "Housey" (to be on house arrest)
  • "Jake" (a police officer)
  • "Jam" (a party or a function)
  • "Khaniis" (a derogatory term used to refer to a homosexual individual) [originates from Somali]
  • "Loud/Piff" (marijuana)
  • "Mandem" (a group of males or male friends) [originates from Jamaican Patois][41]
  • "Miyute" or "myyute" (a person who is childlike, insignificant, and not taken seriously) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Mixup" (drama, gossip, conflict or theatrics) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "OT" (abbreviation for out of town)
  • "Pokes" (synonymous with vagina)
  • "Range" (jail or Prison)
  • "Shordy" (girl)
  • "Side ting" (sexual partner other than a girlfriend/wife)[citation needed][78]
  • "Snake" (an untrustworthy person)[48]
  • "T-Dot" (abbreviation word for "Toronto")[79][49]
  • "Telly" (a hotel or a hotel room)[80]
  • "Ting" (a thing but usually refers to an attractive female) [originates from Jamaican Patois][54]
  • "Two-Twos" (unexpectedly or quickly)[81]
  • "Wasteman" (a worthless, garbage, insensible idiotic person who makes bad decisions with their life, both words being used interchangeably) [originates from Jamaican Patois][45]
  • "Wasteyute" (used similarly to wasteman, but more specifically describes a childlike or naive individual) [originates from Jamaican Patois][40]
  • "Wifey" (girlfriend, or wife)[82]
  • "Wozzles" (oral sex)
  • "Yute" (synonymous with "youth", but used to directly address or refer to a young person) [originates from Jamaican Patois][46]

Verbs

  • "Ball up" (smoking marijuana)[83]
  • "Bagged" (having acquired a significant other or sexual partner)
  • "Buss" (to give/to send, to break)[84]
  • "Cut" (to leave)
  • "Duppied" (to turn to a ghost, usually referring to someone passing away or having been killed) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Fawad" (to come or to go somewhere) [originates from Jamaican Patois]
  • "Fend" (to defend against)
  • "Flip" (to kill someone, usually to claim bounty or reward; derrived from flipping)
  • "Greased" (to describe having sexual intercourse, used similarly to "Pine")
  • "Jam" (to rob or steal from someone)
  • "Kawal" (to scam, synonymous with finesse) [originates from Somali][85][86]
  • "Keep Six" (to be on the lookout or to watch your back; derived from layout of a clock)
  • "Latched" (to be arrested or detained by law enforcement)
  • "Link" (to meet up)[87][50]
  • "Lowe" (to ignore, forget or not bother with) [originates from Jamaican Patois][42]
  • "Moving" (describes someones behaviour, actions, or attitude)
  • "Nyam" (to eat) [originates from Jamaican Patois][88]
  • "Pree" (to see, look or pay close attention to) [originates from Jamaican Patois][37]
  • "Pine" (to have sexual intercourse)
  • "Rate" (to express approval or appreciation for something or someone)
  • "Run" (to give something or to hand an item over, with "run me my..." being the common usage)
  • "Reach/fly" (synonyms for "come by" or "attend", used similarly to "fawad")[41]
  • "Rinse" (to rob or steal from someone)
  • "Send" (to hand over or pass an object)
  • "Scoop" (to get a ride somewhere, get picked up)[57]
  • "Scrap" (to fight)[53]
  • "Slime" (to play, or act like a player, using others for sexual pleasure)
  • "Stain" (to rob or steal from someone)[89]
  • "Toke/tump" (the action of smoking, often referring to marijuana)
  • "Yellowtape" (indicate that something is completed, finished, or closed off)

Intensifiers

  • "-azz" (a suffix used to amplify or emphasize the meaning of other words or slang)
    • I heard his new track, its a hardazz.
  • "-dem" (a pluralizing element that can emphasize the size of a group or relationships between members of said group)
    • Tell the rest of the dawgsdem to come through.
  • "one-two" (a pluralizing element that emphasizes quantity of an action, object, task, etc)
    • I already tried to call him one-two times, it goes straight to voicemail.

Misconceptions

The increasing criticism of the Toronto accent as "fake" or indicative of a "ghetto" identity reflects a form of

classism, racism, and xenophobia.[90] Specifically, this xenophobia manifests as it associates multicultural expressions—which the dialect is an amalgamation and celebration of—with the negative stereotypes of being a non-contributing member of society. Additionally, the prevalent social media claim that "People don’t speak like this in Toronto" reinforces the belief that only speakers of "proper" English are fully functional members of society, while others should be subconsciously dismissed.[91][92]
By dismissing Toronto's diverse linguistic expression as merely "fake" or "ghetto," there is a failure to recognize it as a legitimate part of the city’s cultural identity.

This misconception often stems from the dialect’s incorrect adoption and use by outsiders, particularly in suburbs and cities outside Toronto, such as Hamilton, Barrie, and Brampton. These regions are significantly disconnected from the communities and localities where the culture and dialect organically developed.[7] As a result, the accent’s portrayal by individuals from these areas can sometimes appear inauthentic or caricatured, which heavily distortes its true character and contributes to a negative perception of its genuine use.[8]

Compounding this issue are broader misunderstandings regarding the development of MTE. Critics have accused it of mimicking Multicultural London English, However, this is not the case; Both dialects have evolved independently, sharing roots in similar immigration patterns, thus showcasing unique sociolinguistic developments reflective of their respective cities’ multicultural landscapes.[93][94] Furthermore, the spotlight has often been placed on public figures such as Drake or PartyNextDoor, attributing the development and popularization of the slang to them.[95] This overlooks the deeper, historical, and community-driven origins of the language. In reality, the dialect predates careers like Drake's by decades, something even he had acknowledged before adopting it himself.[96]

Discussions around cultural appropriation have arisen in regards to MTE and its origins. Some have argued the possibility of its usage veering into the territory of cultural appropriation.[97] This results from a failure to recognize that the concept of 'cultural appropriation' is largely rooted in American cultural discourse—analyzing an inheretly Canadian multicultural phenomenon through this lens may not be entirely appropraiate.[98] A nuanced understanding positions Toronto's slang and accent as a celebration of cultural diversity and integration. Rather than a medium of appropriation, the dialect serves as a fusion of diverse cultural elements, reflecting the appreciation and mutual understanding within Toronto's diverse communities.[99]

In popular culture

  • From 2016 to 2019, Toronto-based comedy group 4YE in collaboration with Bell Media released a multi-part series featuring "Tyco" and "Judge Tyco," caricatures of the stereotypical Toronto man, set in the early 2000s.[100]
  • In 2017, Drake was featured in a Toronto-based comedy skit "T-Dot Goon Scrap DVD 2" produced by 4YE, in which he made heavy use of Toronto's slang and accent.[101]
  • In a Vanity Fair
    Canadian slang (primarily Toronto slang vocabulary).[102]

See also

Look up Multicultural Toronto English or Greater Toronto English in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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