Tortuga (Haiti)

Coordinates: 20°02′23″N 72°47′24″W / 20.03972°N 72.79000°W / 20.03972; -72.79000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other islands with similar names, see Tortuga Island.
Tortuga
Île de la Tortue
Latòti
Island
EDT)
ClimateAf

Tortuga Island

Haitian Creole: Latòti; Spanish: Isla Tortuga, IPA: [ˈisla toɾˈtuɣa], Turtle Island) is a Caribbean island that forms part of Haiti, off the northwest coast of Hispaniola. It constitutes the commune of Île de la Tortue in the Port-de-Paix arrondissement of the Nord-Ouest department
of Haiti.

Tortuga is 180 square kilometres (69 square miles)[3] in size and had a population of 25,936 at the 2003 census. In the 17th century, Tortuga was a major center and haven of Caribbean piracy. Its tourism industry and references in many works have made it one of the most recognized regions of Haiti.

History

The first Europeans to land on Tortuga were the Spanish in 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus into the New World. On December 6, 1492, three Spanish ships entered the Windward Passage that separates Cuba and Haiti. At sunrise, Columbus noticed an island whose contours emerged from the morning mist. Because the shape reminded him of a turtle's shell, he chose the name of Tortuga.[4][5][6]

Tortuga was originally settled by a few

Don Fadrique de Toledo
, who expelled them before building a fort on the island and garrisoning it. As most of the garrison eventually left for Hispaniola to expel French colonists residing there, other French settlers returned in 1630, occupying and expanding the fort.

From 1630 onward, the island of Tortuga was divided into French and English colonies, allowing

slaves were imported from Africa
to aid in the plantations. However, by 1635 the use of slaves had ended. The slaves were said to be out of control on the island, while at the same time there had been continuous disagreements and fighting between French and English colonists on Tortuga.

In 1635, the Spanish

harbour
; the fort enabled the French to defeat a Spanish invasion force the following year.

A drawing of Tortuga island from the 17th century.

By 1640, the buccaneers of Tortuga were calling themselves the Brethren of the Coast. The buccaneers population was mostly made up of French and Englishmen, along with a small number of Dutchmen. In 1654, the Spanish attacked the island for the fourth and last time, defeating a Franco-English force.[8]

In 1655, Tortuga was settled again by English and French colonists under

governor of Jamaica, to serve as governor of Tortuga. In 1664, French buccaneer Jeremie Dechamps sold the island for 15,000 livres to the French West India Company after having tried to sell it to the English for 6,000 pounds following an initial offer of 10,000 pounds by the French.[9] In the same year, 400 French colonists came to Tortuga from Anjou, and they established Hispaniola's first sugar plantations since the first wave of European colonization. This group of colonists spread to the coast of the mainland and became the nexus of the French colony of Saint-Domingue.[7]

By 1670, the buccaneer era was in decline, and many of the pirates turned to log cutting and wood trading as a new income source. At this time, Welsh privateer Henry Morgan started to promote himself and invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. Morgan and some 2,000 privateers then attacked and sacked Panama the following year. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates never really controlled the island and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout for pirate booty.

In 1680, the

Treaty of Ratisbon of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired by European powers to suppress their former buccaneer allies. The capital of Saint-Domingue was moved from Tortuga to Port-de-Paix
on the mainland of Hispaniola in 1676.

Geography

Tortuga Lighthouse (east point)
Map
LocationTortuga, Haiti Edit this at Wikidata
Coordinates19°59′49″N 72°37′17″W / 19.9969°N 72.6214°W / 19.9969; -72.6214
Tower
Constructed1924 Edit this on Wikidata
Constructionconcrete tower
Height14 m (46 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Shapetapered cylindrical tower with light[10][11]
Markingswhite and red horizontal band tower
Light
Focal height23.5 m (77 ft) Edit this on Wikidata
Range14 nmi (26 km; 16 mi) Edit this on Wikidata
CharacteristicFl(2) W 6s Edit this on Wikidata

The island of Tortuga stands off the northern coast of Haiti. It is very mountainous and rocky; the rocks are especially abundant on the northern part of the island. At the beginning of the 17th century, the population lived on the southern coast of the island, where there was a port for ships to enter. The northern shore was described as inaccessible via both land and sea.

The inhabited area was divided into four parts; the first of these was called "Low Land" or "Low Country". This region contained the island's port and was therefore considered the most important. The town was called Cayona, and the richest planters of the island lived there. The second region was called the "Middle Plantation"; the farmers of this region were unfamiliar with the soil and it was only used to grow tobacco. The third part was named "La Ringot", and was positioned on the western portion of the island. The fourth region was called the "La Montagne" (the Mountain); it is there that the first cultivated plantations were established upon the island.

This 17th century geography is known largely from Alexandre-Olivier Exquemelin's detailed description in his book Zeerovers,[12] where he describes a 1666 journey to the island.

Tortuga has been portrayed in many works depicting piracy in the Caribbean in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Films

Tortuga has been featured in numerous films, including

Main article: List of locations in Pirates of the Caribbean § Tortuga

Literature

Books featuring the island include:

Music

Tortuga is mentioned in multiple songs, including:

Video games

Rafael Sabatini's works

Captain Blood

Tortuga is featured in

Letter of Marque
from Tortuga's governor, D'Ogeron, and the island becomes his main base for the next four years. He starts his raids from Cayona, and several events in the books take place on Tortuga itself or on ships anchoring in the harbour of Cayona.

Sabatini used

prostitutes, and other dubious professions operate, but the French West India Company
, which rules Tortuga, makes profit off of those affairs.

The Black Swan

Tortuga also features in Sabatini's novel The Black Swan and the 1942 movie based on it.[13]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ United States, Hydrographic Office (1891). "Catalogue of Charts, Plans, Sailing Directions, and Other Publications of the Office, July 1, 1891". p. 34. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  2. ^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain); Shaw, Norton; Greenfield, Hume; Bates, Henry Walter (1834). "The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society". p. 130. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  3. ISBN 0-9638599-0-0
    .
  4. ^ "Ile de la tortue, Histoire. Petite histoire de l'île de la tortue". Villa Camp Mandingue. Haiti. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  5. ^ "Cristóbal Colón en La Española". Amautacuna de Historia. 2010-10-24.
  6. ^ "Diario de a bordo del primer viaje de Cristóbal Colón: texto completo. 6 de Diciembre". Wikisource. 1492. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  7. ^
    OCLC 663393691
    .
  8. ^ The Buccaneers In The West Indies In The XVII Century – Chapter IV
  9. ^ The Buccaneers In The West Indies In The XVII Century – Chapter IV
  10. ^ Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of Haiti". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  11. List of Lights. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
    . 2016.
  12. ISBN 90-5848-044-5
    .
  13. ^ "Movie Review -- At the Roxy - NYTimes.com". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-10-27.
  • (2003) Pancorbo, Luis: "El Canal de la Tortuga" en "Río de América". pp. 321–333. Laertes, Barcelona.
    ISBN 84-7584-506-1
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