Toruń

Coordinates: 53°01′20″N 18°36′40″E / 53.02222°N 18.61111°E / 53.02222; 18.61111
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Toruń
defensive walls
  • Park Miejski (Municipal Park)
  • Car plates
    CT
    Highways
    Websitehttp://www.torun.pl/
    Europe

    Toruń

    Bydgoszcz–Toruń
    twin city metropolitan area.

    Toruń is one of the oldest cities in Poland; it was first settled in the 8th century and in 1233 was expanded by the

    Teutonic Knights.[7] For centuries it was home to people of diverse backgrounds and religions. From 1264 until 1411, Toruń was part of the Hanseatic League and by the 17th century a leading trading point, which greatly affected the city's architecture, ranging from Brick Gothic to Mannerist and Baroque
    .

    In the Early Modern period, Toruń was a

    Second World War, Toruń was spared bombing and destruction; its Old Town and iconic central marketplace have been entirely preserved.[10]

    Toruń is renowned for its

    World Heritage Site. In 2007 the Old Town of Toruń was added to the list of Seven Wonders of Poland
    .

    History

    Middle Ages

    The first settlement in the vicinity of Toruń is dated by

    Slavonic settlement,[13] at a ford of the Vistula. In the 10th century it became part of the emerging Polish state ruled by the Piast dynasty
    .

    The Gothic Old Town Hall (Ratusz Staromiejski) dates back to the 13th century

    In spring 1231 the

    Franciscan friars settled in the city, followed in 1263 by Dominicans. In 1264 the adjacent New Town was founded, predominantly to house Torun's growing population of craftsmen and artisans, who predominantly came from German-speaking lands.[16]
    In 1280, the city (or as it was then, both cities) joined the mercantile Hanseatic League, and thus became an important medieval trade centre.

    In the 14th century, papal verdicts ordered the restoration of the area to Poland, however, the Teutonic Knights did not comply and continued to occupy the region.[17] The city was recaptured by Poland in 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War however, after the First Peace of Thorn was signed in the city in February 1411, the city fell back to the Teutonic Order. In 1411, the city left the Hanseatic League. In the 1420s, Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło built the Dybów Castle, located in present-day left-bank Toruń, which he visited numerous times.[18] During the next big Polish–Teutonic War, Dybów Castle was occupied by the Teutonic Knights from 1431 to 1435.[18]

    Second Peace of Toruń, 19th-century painting by Toruń-born painter Marian Jaroczyński, exhibited in the local District Museum

    In 1440, the gentry of Toruń co-founded the

    Thirteen Years' War. The citizens of the city, enraged by the Order's ruthless exploitation, conquered the Teutonic castle, and dismantled the fortifications brick by brick, except for the Gdanisko tower which was used until the 18th century to store gunpowder.[20][21] The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish king during the incorporation in March 1454 in Kraków,[22] and then in May 1454, an official ceremony was held in Toruń, in which the nobility, knights, landowners, mayors and local officials from Chełmno Land, including Toruń, again solemnly swore allegiance to the Polish king and the Kingdom of Poland.[23] Since 1454, the city has been authorized by King Casimir IV to mint Polish coins.[24] During the war, Casimir IV often stayed at the Dybów Castle[25] and Toruń financially supported the Polish Army. The New Town and Old Towns amalgamated in 1454. The Thirteen Years' War ended in 1466, with the Second Peace of Thorn, in which the Teutonic Order renounced any claims to the city and recognised it as part of Poland.[26] The Polish king granted the town great privileges, similar to those of Gdańsk. Also in 1454 at Dybów Castle, the King issued the famous Statutes of Nieszawa, covering a set of privileges for the Polish nobility; an event that is regarded as the birth of the noble democracy in Poland, which lasted until the country's demise
    in 1795.

    Copernicus
    ' House, currently a museum

    Early modern period

    In 1473,

    royal city of Poland. In 1528, the royal mint started operating in Toruń. In 1568, a gymnasium was founded, which after 1594 became one of the leading schools of northern Poland for centuries to come.[27] Also in 1594, the Toruń's first museum (Musaeum) was established at the school, beginning the city's museal traditions. A city of great wealth and influence, it enjoyed voting rights during the royal election period.[28] Sejms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were held in Toruń in 1576 and 1626.[29]

    Toruń in 1641

    In 1557, during the

    Protestant Reformation, the city adopted Protestantism. Under Mayor Henryk Stroband (1586–1609), the city became centralized. Administrative power passed into the hands of the city council. In 1595, Jesuits arrived to promote the Counter-Reformation, taking control of St John's Church. Protestant city officials tried to limit the influx of Catholics into the city, as Catholics (Jesuits and Dominican friars) already controlled most of the churches, leaving only St Mary's for Protestant citizens. In 1645, at a time when religious conflicts occurred in many other European countries and the disastrous Thirty Years' War was fought west of Poland, in Toruń, on the initiative of King Władysław IV Vasa, a three-month congress of European Catholics, Lutherans and Calvinists was held, known as Colloquium Charitativum; an important event in the history of interreligious dialogue.[30]

    During the

    Tumult of Thorn
    of 1724.

    Fryderyk Chopin
    in 1825

    Late modern period (from 1793)

    After the

    Polish resistance against such policies. The city's first synagogue was inaugurated in 1847.[32] New Polish institutions were established, such as Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu (Toruń Scientific Society), a major Polish institution in the Prussian Partition of Poland, founded in 1875. After World War I, Poland declared independence and regained control over the city. In interwar Poland, Toruń was the capital of the Pomeranian Voivodeship
    .

    World War II

    Arrested Poles and German guards at the gate of Fort VII in 1939

    During World War II, Germany occupied the city from 7 September 1939 to 1 February 1945. Einsatzkommando 16 entered the city to commit various crimes against Poles.[33] Under German occupation, local people were subjected to arrests, expulsions, slave labor, deportations to concentration camps and executions, especially the Polish elites as part of the Intelligenzaktion.

    A group of Polish railwaymen and policemen from Toruń were murdered by the German

    Lwów).[39]

    During the occupation, Germany established and operated Stalag XX-A prisoner-of-war camp in the city, with multiple forced labour subcamps in the region, in which Polish, British, French, Australian and Soviet POWs were held. From 1940 to 1943, in the northern part of the city the German transit camp Umsiedlungslager Thorn [pl] for Poles expelled from Toruń and the surrounding area, became infamous for inhuman sanitary conditions.[40] Over 12,000 Poles passed through the camp, and around 1,000 died there, including about 400 children.[40] From 1941 to 1945, a German forced labour camp was located in the city.[41] In the spring of 1942, the Germans murdered 30 Polish scouts aged 13–16 in Fort VII.[42]

    While the city's population suffered many atrocities, as described, there were no battles or bombings that damaged its buildings. Thus, the city avoided damage during both World Wars, and retained its historic architecture,ranging from Gothic through Renaissance and Baroque to 19th and 20th century styles.

    Sights

    Listed on the UNESCO list of

    World Heritage Sites since 1997, Toruń has many monuments of architecture dating back to the Middle Ages. The city is famous for having preserved almost intact its medieval spatial layout and many Gothic buildings, all built from brick
    , including monumental churches, the Town Hall and many burgher houses.

    Gothic architecture

    Gothic sights of Toruń (examples)
    St. James the Greater Church
    St. George Guildhall
    City walls and the Leaning Tower
    Brama Mostowa (Bridge Gate)
    Assumption of Mary church

    Toruń has the largest number of preserved Gothic houses in Poland, many with Gothic wall paintings or wood-beam ceilings from the 16th to the 18th centuries.

    Toruń, unlike many other historic cities in Poland, escaped substantial destruction in World War II. Particularly left intact was the Old Town, all of whose important architectural monuments are originals, not reconstructions.

    Major renovation projects have been undertaken in recent years to improve the condition and external presentation of the Old Town. Besides the renovation of various buildings, projects such as the reconstruction of the pavement of the streets and squares (reversing them to their historical appearance), and the introduction of new plants, trees and objects of 'small architecture', are underway.

    Numerous buildings and other constructions, including the city walls along the boulevard, are illuminated at night, creating an impressive effect - probably unique among Polish cities with respect to the size of Toruń's Old Town and the scale of the illumination project itself.

    Toruń is also home to the Zoo and Botanical Garden opened in 1965 and 1797 respectively and is one of the city's popular tourist attractions.

    Districts

    Districts of Toruń

    Toruń is divided into 24 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government. The Districts include: Barbarka, Bielany, Bielawy, Bydgoskie Przedmieście, Chełmińskie Przedmieście, Czerniewice, Glinki, Grębocin nad Strugą, Jakubskie Przedmieście, Kaszczorek, Katarzynka, Koniuchy, Mokre, Na Skarpie, Piaski, Podgórz, Rubinkowo, Rudak, Rybaki, Stare Miasto (Old Town), Starotoruńskie Przedmieście, Stawki, Winnica, Wrzosy.

    Symbols

    The colors of Toruń are white and blue in the horizontal arrangement, white top, blue bottom, equal in size. The flag of the city of Toruń is a bipartite sheet. The upper field is white, the lower field is blue. If the flag is hung vertically, the upper edge of the flag must be on the left.[43]

    The flag with the coat of arms is also in use. The ratio of the height of the coat of arms to the width of the flag is 1:2.[44]

    Climate

    The climate can be described as humid continental (Köppen: Dfb) if the isotherm of 0 °C (32 °F) is used or an oceanic climate (Cfb) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is adopted. Back in 1930s, the city passed close to the original boundary and dividing line of climates C and D groups in the north–south direction proposed by climatologist Wladimir Köppen.[45] Toruń is in the transition between the milder climates of the west and north of the Poland and the more extreme ones like the south (warmer summer) and the east (colder winter). It is not much different from the climates of more southerly Kraków[46] and easterly Warsaw,[47] though it has slightly milder winters and more moderate summers.[48][49]

    Being close to definitely continental climates, it has a high variability caused by the contact of eastern continental air masses and western oceanic ones. This is influenced by the geographical location of the city – the Toruń Basin to the south, and the Vistula Valley to the north.[50]

    Climate data for Toruń (St. Joseph), elevation: 69 m, 1991-2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
    Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
    Record high °C (°F) 12.8
    (55.0)
    17.1
    (62.8)
    23.4
    (74.1)
    31.2
    (88.2)
    32.3
    (90.1)
    36.6
    (97.9)
    38.2
    (100.8)
    37.5
    (99.5)
    35.1
    (95.2)
    28.2
    (82.8)
    19.9
    (67.8)
    15.6
    (60.1)
    38.2
    (100.8)
    Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.4
    (34.5)
    3.2
    (37.8)
    7.6
    (45.7)
    14.6
    (58.3)
    19.8
    (67.6)
    23.0
    (73.4)
    25.1
    (77.2)
    24.9
    (76.8)
    19.3
    (66.7)
    13.1
    (55.6)
    6.6
    (43.9)
    2.7
    (36.9)
    13.4
    (56.1)
    Daily mean °C (°F) −1.1
    (30.0)
    −0.1
    (31.8)
    3.2
    (37.8)
    8.8
    (47.8)
    13.8
    (56.8)
    17.1
    (62.8)
    19.3
    (66.7)
    18.9
    (66.0)
    13.9
    (57.0)
    8.7
    (47.7)
    4.0
    (39.2)
    0.4
    (32.7)
    8.9
    (48.0)
    Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.8
    (25.2)
    −3.1
    (26.4)
    −0.9
    (30.4)
    3.1
    (37.6)
    7.8
    (46.0)
    11.3
    (52.3)
    13.6
    (56.5)
    13.2
    (55.8)
    9.1
    (48.4)
    5.0
    (41.0)
    1.5
    (34.7)
    −2.1
    (28.2)
    4.6
    (40.3)
    Record low °C (°F) −32.4
    (−26.3)
    −29.3
    (−20.7)
    −26.5
    (−15.7)
    −8.6
    (16.5)
    −7.2
    (19.0)
    −1.4
    (29.5)
    3.1
    (37.6)
    1.4
    (34.5)
    −3.7
    (25.3)
    −10.1
    (13.8)
    −22.8
    (−9.0)
    −24.5
    (−12.1)
    −32.4
    (−26.3)
    Average precipitation mm (inches) 32.7
    (1.29)
    27.3
    (1.07)
    32.2
    (1.27)
    29.6
    (1.17)
    51.2
    (2.02)
    55.7
    (2.19)
    90.6
    (3.57)
    63.9
    (2.52)
    55.8
    (2.20)
    37.9
    (1.49)
    33.5
    (1.32)
    38.5
    (1.52)
    548.8
    (21.61)
    Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 6.1
    (2.4)
    5.7
    (2.2)
    3.0
    (1.2)
    1.1
    (0.4)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    0.0
    (0.0)
    1.5
    (0.6)
    4.2
    (1.7)
    6.1
    (2.4)
    Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.07 13.30 13.33 10.73 12.83 13.47 13.63 12.53 11.63 12.73 14.27 16.27 160.80
    Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 14.8 12.1 5.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.3 9.1 44.2
    Average
    relative humidity
    (%)
    87.1 83.2 76.7 68.3 67.8 68.9 70.2 70.7 77.8 83.1 89.0 88.9 77.6
    Mean monthly sunshine hours 44.7 68.2 124.0 196.1 244.0 237.4 239.2 233.5 157.3 106.7 44.2 34.9 1,730.1
    Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]
    Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[59][60][61]

    Demographics

    Historical population
    YearPop.±%
    195075,734—    
    1960104,800+38.4%
    1970129,400+23.5%
    1980174,400+34.8%
    1990199,600+14.4%
    2000210,194+5.3%
    2010205,312−2.3%
    2020198,613−3.3%
    source [62]
    Dąmbski Palace - a baroque residence located on Żeglarska Street

    The most recent statistics show a decrease in the population of the city, from 211,169 in 2001 (highest) to 202,562 in 2018. Among the demographic trends influencing this decline, are: suburbanisation, migration to larger urban centres, and wider trends observed in the whole of Poland such as general population decline, slowed down by immigration in 2017. The birth rate in the city in 2017 was 0.75. Low birthrates have been consistent in the city for the first two decades of 21st Century.

    The official forecasts from Statistics Poland state that by 2050 the city population will have declined to 157,949.

    Inside the city itself, most of the population is concentrated on the right (northern) bank of the Vistula river. Two of the most densely populated areas are Rubinkowo and Na Skarpie, housing projects built mostly in the 1970s and 1980s, located between the central and easternmost districts; their total population is about 70,000.

    The

    Bydgoszcz–Toruń metro area of Toruń and Bydgoszcz, their counties, and a number of smaller towns, may in total have a population of as much as 800,000. Thus the area contains about one third of the population of the Kuyavia-Pomerania region (which has about 2.1 million inhabitants).[citation needed
    ]

    Transport

    The transport network in the city has undergone major development in recent years. The partial completion of ring road (East and South), the completion of the second bridge (2013) and various road, and cycling lane improvements, including construction of Trasa Średnicowa, have decidedly improved the traffic in the city. However, noise barriers that have been erected along the new or refurbished roads have been criticised as not conducive to a beautiful urban landscape. The extensive roadworks have also drawn attention to the declining population numbers, casting doubt that the city might over-delivered for the future number of road users, as the demographic trends forecast from Statistics Poland predicts a reduction of population by almost 1/4 by year 2050.[63]

    Toruń Główny railway station (main railway station)
    Main Bus Station

    The city's public transport system comprises five tram lines and about 40 bus routes, covering the city and some of the neighboring communities.

    Toruń is situated at a major road junction, one of the most important in Poland. The

    beltway surrounds the city. Besides these, the European route E75
    and a number of domestic roads (numbered 10, 15, and 80) run through the city.

    With three main railway stations (

    WarszawaBydgoszcz and WrocławOlsztyn). Two other lines stem from Toruń, toward Malbork and Sierpc
    .

    Vistula river
    - the older of the two road bridges in Toruń

    The rail connection with

    Bydgoszcz-Toruń
    metropolitan area. A major modernization of BiT City railroute, as well as a purchase of completely new vehicles to serve the line, is planned for 2008 and 2009. Technically, it will allow to travel between Toruń-East and Bydgoszcz-Airport stations at a speed of 120 km/h (75 mph) in a time of approximately half an hour. In a few years' time "BiT City" will be integrated with local transportation systems of Toruń and Bydgoszcz, thus creating a uniform metropolitan transportation network – with all necessary funds having been secured in 2008.

    Since September 2008, the "one-ticket" solution has been introduced also as regards a rail connection with Włocławek, as a "regional ticket". The same is planned for connection with Grudziądz.

    Two bus depots serve to connect the city with other towns and cities in Poland.

    As of 2008, a

    Bydgoszcz-Toruń
    metropolitan area, with a number of regular flights to European cities.

    Economy

    Toruń's Technology Park

    Although a medium-sized city, Toruń is the site of the headquarters of some of the largest companies in Poland, or at least of their subsidiaries. The official unemployment rate, as of September 2008, is 5.4%.

    In 2006, construction of new plants owned by

    Łysomice - about 10 kilometres (6 miles) from city centre. The facilities under construction are located in a newly created special economic zone. As a result of cooperation of the companies mentioned above, a vast high-tech complex is to be constructed in the next few years, providing as many as 10,000 jobs (a prediction for [needs update]) at the cost of about 450 million euros. As of 2008
    , the creation of another special economic zone is being considered, this time inside city limits.

    Toruń's city centre incorporates a large commercial district

    Thanks to its architectural heritage Toruń is visited by more than 1.5 million tourists a year (1.6 million in 2007). This makes tourism an important branch of the local economy, although time spent in the city by individual tourists or the number of hotels, which can serve them, are still not considered satisfactory. Major investments in renovation of the city's monuments, building new hotels (including high-standard ones), improvement in promotion, as well as launching new cultural and scientific events and facilities, give very good prospects for Toruń's tourism.

    Małe Garbary, a typical street in the Old Town of Toruń

    In recent years Toruń has been a site of intense building construction investments, mainly residential and in its transportation network. The latter has been possible partly due to the use of European Union funds assigned for new member states. Toruń city county generates by far the highest number of new dwellings built each year among all Kuyavian-Pomeranian counties, both relative to its population as well as in absolute values. It has led to almost complete rebuilding of some districts. As of 2008, many major constructions are either under development or are to be launched soon - the value of some of them exceeding 100 million euros. They include a new speedway stadium, major shopping and entertainment centres, a commercial complex popularly called a "New Centre of Toruń", a music theater, a centre of contemporary art, hotels, office buildings, facilities for the

    e BiT City fast metropolitan railway also directly affects the city. About 25,000 local firms are registered[when?
    ] in Toruń.

    Culture

    Toruń's main stage, the Wilam Horzyca Theatre

    Toruń has two drama theatres (Teatr im. Wilama Horzycy with three stages and Teatr Wiczy), two children's theatres (

    Baj Pomorski
    and Zaczarowany Świat), two music theatres (Mała Rewia, Studencki Teatr Tańca), and numerous other theatre groups. The city hosts, among others events, the international theatre festival, "Kontakt", annually in May.

    A building called Baj Pomorski has recently been completely reconstructed. It is now one of the most modern cultural facilities in the city, with its front elevation in the shape of a gigantic chest of drawers. It is located at the south-east edge of the Old Town. Toruń has two cinemas including a Cinema City, which has over 2,000 seats.

    Over ten major museums document the history of Toruń and the region. Among others, the "House of Kopernik" and the accompanying museum commemorate Nicolaus Copernicus and his revolutionary work, the university museum reveals the history of the city's academic past.

    Toruń planetarium
    Toruń gingerbread

    The Tony Halik Travelers' Museum (Muzeum Podróżników im. Tony Halika) was established in 2003 after Elżbieta Dzikowska donated to citizens of Toruń a collection of objects from various countries and cultures following the death of her husband, famous explorer and writer, Toruń native, Tony Halik. It is managed by the District Museum in Toruń.

    The Centre of Contemporary Art (Centrum Sztuki Współczesnej - CSW) opened in June 2008 and is one of the most important cultural facilities of this kind in Poland. The modern building is located in the very centre of the city, adjacent to the Old Town. The Toruń Symphonic Orchestra (formerly the Toruń Chamber Orchestra) is well-rooted in the Toruń cultural landscape.

    Toruń is home to a

    Effelsberg
    100 m (328.08 ft) radio telescope.

    Toruń is well known for

    Fryderyk Chopin was smitten with Toruń gingerbread when he visited his godfather, Fryderyk Skarbek
    , there in the summer of 1825.

    Toruń is a center of conservative Roman Catholic culture.

    Redemptorist Tadeusz Rydzyk has organized here Radio Maryja, Telewizja Trwam, a college whose students contribute to the mentioned media.[65] Now[when?
    ] a museum is being constructed.

    The 12999 Toruń asteroid is named after the city.

    Education

    Miasteczko uniwersyteckie (University City)

    Over thirty elementary and primary schools and over ten high schools make up the educational base of Toruń. Besides these, students can also attend a handful of private schools.

    Collegium Maximum of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń

    The largest institution of higher education in Toruń,

    Stefan Batory University in Wilno, and Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów
    . The existence of a high-ranked and high-profiled university with so many students plays a great role the city's position and importance in general, as well as in creating an image of Toruń's streets and clubs filled with crowds of young people. It also has a serious influence on local economy.

    Other public institutions of higher education:

    I Liceum Ogólnokształcące, one of the oldest high schools in Poland

    There are also a number of private higher education facilities:

    • WSB Merito Universities - WSB Merito University in Toruń[66]
    • The University of Social & Medial Culture in Toruń - Wyższa Szkoła Kultury Społecznej i Medialnej (affiliate to the Radio Maryja)
    • Toruńska Szkoła Wyższa
    • Wyższa Szkoła Filologii Hebrajskiej (Higher School of Hebrew Philology)
    • Toruń School of Entrepreneurship - Toruńska Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości

    Also located in Toruń is one of the oldest

    high schools in Poland, I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Mikołaja Kopernika, which dates back to a gymnasium founded in 1568.[27]

    Healthcare

    Municipal children's hospital

    Six hospitals of various specializations provide medical service for Toruń itself, its surrounding area and to the region in general. The two largest of these hospitals, recently run by the voivodeship, are to be taken over by Nicolaus Copernicus University and run as its clinical units. At least one of them is to change its status in 2008, with the formal procedures being very advanced.

    In addition, there are a number of other healthcare facilities in the city.

    Media

    Sports

    Toruń's MotoArena is one of world's newest speedway stadia and the host of the Speedway Grand Prix of Poland
    Arena Toruń

    Notable people

    Nicolaus Copernicus Monument at the Old Market Square (Rynek Staromiejski)
    Samuel Linde Monument

    Notable residents of Toruń include:

    Sport

    International relations

    Honouring Toruń's sister relationship with

    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
    , the Bulwar Filadelfijski (Philadelphia Boulevard), a 2 km (1.2 mi) long street running mostly between Vistula River and walls of the Old Town and the boulevard itself, bears its name.

    Toruń's twin cities

    The Ślimak Getyński is one of the lanes connecting Piłsudski Bridge / John Paul II Avenue with Philadelphia Boulevard at their downtown interchange. It honours the relationship with Göttingen, its name derived from the street's half-circular shape (Polish word ślimak meaning "snail").

    Twin towns – Sister cities

    Toruń is

    twinned with:[71]

    Former twin towns:

    Gallery

    • Old Town Hall
      Old Town Hall
    • House Under the Star
      House Under the Star
    • Holy Spirit Church
      Holy Spirit Church
    • Artus Court
      Artus Court
    • Caesar's Arch Tenement House
      Caesar's Arch Tenement House
    • Brama Klasztorna (Convent Gate)
      Brama Klasztorna (Convent Gate)
    • Saint Catherine of Alexandria church
      Saint Catherine of Alexandria church
    • Historic tenement houses along Warszawska Street
      Historic tenement houses along Warszawska Street
    • Former Police Station Building
      Former Police Station Building
    • City tram line
    • Main Post Office
      Main Post Office
    • Baj Pomorski Theatre
    • Szeroka Street
      Szeroka Street
    • Memorial to the victims of Intelligenzaktion Pommern
      Memorial to the victims of Intelligenzaktion Pommern
    • Collegium Maius of the Nicolaus Copernicus University
      Collegium Maius of the Nicolaus Copernicus University
    • City panorama
      City panorama
    • Dybów Castle
    • Old granaries in the Old Town
      Old granaries in the Old Town
    • Diocesan Museum
      Diocesan Museum
    • Tony Halik Travelers' Museum
      Tony Halik Travelers' Museum
    • Gen. Elżbieta Zawacka Bridge
      Gen. Elżbieta Zawacka Bridge
    • Józef Piłsudski Bridge over the Vistula River
      Vistula River
    • Historic prison building
      Historic prison building
    • Leaning Tower of Toruń
    • Mostowa Gate
      Mostowa Gate
    • St. Mary's Church
      St. Mary's Church

    In popular culture

    • Thorn (Toruń) is one of the starting towns of the State of the Teutonic Order in the turn-based strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms.[75]
    • Toruń also makes an appearance in the alternate history RTS
      Command and Conquer: Red Alert
      ; in the Soviet campaign of the game, the player is tasked on liquidating the city's inhabitants after the Soviet leadership discover resistance fighters had aided escaped test subjects.

    See also

    Notes

    1. ^

    References

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    31. .
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    35. ^ a b c d Wardzyńska, p. 161
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    38. ^ Wardzyńska, p. 180-181
    39. ISSN 1641-9561
      .
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    42. Biblioteka Jagiellońska
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    45. OCLC 928803921.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
      )
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    External links

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