Orthotospovirus
Orthotospovirus | |
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Transmission electron micrograph of tomato yellow ring virus
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Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Negarnaviricota
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Class: | Ellioviricetes |
Order: | Bunyavirales |
Family: | Tospoviridae |
Genus: | Orthotospovirus |
Species | |
Orthotospovirus is a genus of
Genome
Tospoviruses have a
Transmission
Tospoviruses are
Recent research concludes that thrips can only be infected by tospovirus during the larval phases of development, as pupation and metamorphosis separate the connection between the salivary glands and the infected muscle tissue of the mid-gut.[4] Adults transmit the virus from infected salivary glands, and uninfected adults will not transmit the virus. Obviously, controlling the infection by limiting transmission from infected plants to larval thrips or by preventing adult dispersal from infected plants are key strategies in preventing an epidemic of the disease.[5][6]
Agricultural importance
Infection with these viruses results in spotting and wilting of the plant, reduced vegetative output, and eventually death.[7] No antiviral cures have been developed for plants infected with a Tospovirus, and infected plants should be removed from a field and destroyed in order to prevent the spread of the disease.
A large number of plant families are known to be affected by viruses of the Tospovirus genus. These include both food crops (such as
Diagnosis
Early symptoms of infection are difficult to diagnose. In young infected plants the characteristic symptoms consist of inward cupping of leaves and leaves that develop a bronze cast followed by dark spots. As the infection progresses additional symptoms develop which include dark streaks on the main stem and wilting of the top portion of the plant. Fruit
Serological and molecular tests are commercially available
Epidemiology
Tospoviruses are prevalent in warm climates in regions with a high population of thrips. For instance TSWV is an agricultural pest in Asia, America, Europe and Africa. Over the past 15 years outbreaks of Tomato spotted wilt disease have become more prevalent in these regions. Therefore, TSWV is described as an emerging viral disease of plants. The increased prevalence is largely because of the successful survival of the thrips vector
The success of this virus has also been attributed to the acquisition of a gene in the M segment of the genome which encodes a movement protein. This protein allows the virus to infect a wide range of hosts. The gene encoding this protein was likely acquired by recombination from either a plant host or from another plant virus.
Management
Control of these diseases is difficult. One of the reasons for this is that the wide host range allows the viruses to successfully overseason from one crop to the next. To prevent spread of the virus infected plants should be immediately removed away from neighbouring plants. Control of insects, especially thrips, is important to reduce spread of the virus by vectors.
Taxonomy
The following species are recognized:[12]
- Alstroemeria necrotic streak orthotospovirus
- Alstroemeria yellow spot orthotospovirus
- Bean necrotic mosaic orthotospovirus
- Calla lily chlorotic spot orthotospovirus
- Capsicum chlorosis orthotospovirus
- Chrysanthemum stem necrosis orthotospovirus
- Groundnut bud necrosis orthotospovirus
- Groundnut chlorotic fan spot orthotospovirus
- Groundnut ringspot orthotospovirus
- Groundnut yellow spot orthotospovirus
- Hippeastrum chlorotic ringspot orthotospovirus
- Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus
- Iris yellow spot orthotospovirus
- Melon severe mosaic orthotospovirus
- Melon yellow spot orthotospovirus
- Mulberry vein banding associated orthotospovirus
- Pepper chlorotic spot orthotospovirus
- Polygonum ringspot orthotospovirus
- Soybean vein necrosis orthotospovirus
- Tomato chlorotic spot orthotospovirus
- Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus
- Tomato yellow ring orthotospovirus
- Tomato zonate spot orthotospovirus
- Watermelon bud necrosis orthotospovirus
- Watermelon silver mottle orthotospovirus
- Zucchini lethal chlorosis orthotospovirus
Resources
- The Complete Tospovirus Resource Page at KSU
- Tospoviruses:Bunyaviridae from Plant Viruses online
- Plant Viruses Online – Tomato Spotted Wilt tospovirus
- APSnet A Plant Disease Lesson on Tomato spotted wilt virus
- Raccah. B (2000). Plant Virus Transmission by Insects. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: Chichester. www.els.net
- ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Tomato spotted Cake virus
- Family Groups - The Baltimore Method
- Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Tospovirus) An article by Scott Adkins, Tom Zitter and Tim Momol.
References
- ^ a b "PP-212/PP134: Tospoviruses (Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Tospovirus)". Edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
- ^ Jones, D. R. 2005. Plant viruses transmitted by thrips. European Journal of Plant Pathology 113: 119–157.
- ^ Mound, L. A. 2002. So many thrips – so few tospoviruses?, pp. 15 - 18. In L. A. Mound and R. Marullo [eds.], Thrips and Tospoviruses: Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Thysanoptera. CSIRO Entomology, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
- ^ Moritz, G., S. Kumm, and L. A. Mound. 2004. Tospovirus transmission depends on thrips ontogeny. Virus research 100: 143–149.
- ^ Groves, R. L., J. F. Walgenbach, J. W. Moyer, and G. G. Kennedy. 2003. Seasonal Dispersal Patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Occurrence in Central and Eastern North Carolina. Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1 - 11.
- ^ Nault, B. A., J. Speese III, D. Jolly, and R. L. Groves. 2003. Seasonal patterns of adult thrips dispersal and implications for management in eastern Virginia tomato fields. Crop Protection 22: 505–512.
- ^ "Destructive onion virus evolving, spreading". WSU Insider. Washington State University. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
Iris yellow spot virus is continuing to pose a danger to onion crops …
- ^ "Tospovirus Host List". Archived from the original on 2007-11-22. Retrieved 2007-11-20.
- ^ "Materials and Methods for the Detection of Viral Inclusions". Freshfromflorida.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ "Inclusions of Tomato spotted wilt virus and Impatiens necrotic spot". Freshfromflorida.com. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
- ^ Whitfield AE, Ullman DE, German TL (2005). Tospovirus-thrips interactions. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 43: 459–89.
- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
Further reading
- Oliver, J.E.; Whitfield, A.E. (2016-09-29). "The Genus Tospovirus: Emerging Bunyaviruses that Threaten Food Security". ISSN 2327-056X.