Totoposte Wars
Totoposte Wars | |||||||
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Guatemalan soldiers in Guatemala City in 1903. | |||||||
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Strength | |||||||
Unknown | 55,000 |
The Totoposte Wars were three military conflicts fought in
Background, 1890
On June 22, 1890, Salvadoran president
First War
Guatemalan soldiers were mobilized to the border with El Salvador. Camilo Álvarez, a Salvadoran exile, was one of the army's commanders. The Guatemalan soldiers halted their advance when they arrived at the border. Meanwhile, Ezeta's army was busy crushing a rebellion in San Salvador, the nation's capital. After months of no combat and effective stalemate, diplomats signed a peace treaty on August 21, 1890.[2][5][6]
Guatemalans called this the "Totoposte War", since it only served to mobilize ground corn grain (totoposte) to feed troops that never fought, which damaged the economy of the country.[2]
Interlude, 1895–1903
In 1895, the leaders of
Second and Third Wars
In 1902, the three nations again wished to reform the Greater Republic. The nation was supported by Mexican President Porfirio Díaz.[1] Guatemala was invited to join, but President Manuel Estrada Cabrera refused.[7] Many Guatemalans opposed Estrada Cabrera's presidency and had gone into exile in the three nations, notably former President Barillas Bercián.[5]
In 1903, determined to create the nation by force, Salvadoran President Tomás Regalado declared war on Guatemala. Estrada Cabrera responded by mobilizing 55,000 soldiers, 40,000 to El Salvador and 15,000 to Mexico. After 84 days, the war ended with no military action being taken.[5]
In 1906, Tomás Regalado declared war on Guatemala again with the consent of then President
See also
- Greater Republic of Central America
- 1907 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity
- 1923 Central American Treaty of Peace and Amity
References
- ^ a b Buchenau, Jürgen (1996). In the shadow of the giant: the making of Mexico's Central America policy, 1876–1930. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 1–316 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ a b c d e Hernández de León, Federico (1930). El libro de las efemérides: capítulos de la historia de América Central. Vol. 3. Tipografía Nacional.
- ^ "Biography of Carlos Ezeta (1855–1903)". Retrieved 14 August 2020.
- ^ JSTOR 29738239.
- ^ a b c Aceña, Ramón (1899). Efemérides militares (in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional. pp. 1–359.
- ^ Report of the secretary of foreign relations of the republic of Guatemala to the national legislative assembly concerning the capture and death of General J. Martín Barrundia (Report) (in Spanish and English). Guatemala: Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1891. pp. 1–106.
- ^ a b c Bulletin. 1897.
- ^ "Pacto de Amapala (1895)". Retrieved 7 August 2020.
- ^ Walker, Thomas W. Nicaragua, the Land of Sandino. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981., p. 17.