Tourism in Cuba
Tourism in Cuba is an industry that generates over 4.7 million arrivals as of 2018[update],[1] and is one of the main sources of revenue for the island.[2] With its favorable climate, beaches, colonial architecture and distinct cultural history, Cuba has long been an attractive destination for tourists. "Cuba treasures 253 protected areas, 257 national monuments, 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 7 Natural Biosphere Reserves and 13 Fauna Refuge among other non-tourist zones."[3]
Having been
Unlike the US,
Overview
Until 1997, contacts between tourists and Cubans were de facto outlawed by the Communist regime.
History
Early tourism
A combination of the
Decline after Cuban Revolution
Immediately upon becoming
In January 1961, relations between the nations sharply deteriorated as a result of bank and business expropriations, mass exodus,
Reforms and revitalization
The collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe in 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a crisis in the Cuban economy. The Soviets were Cuba's chief trading partner, and had effectively sheltered Cuba's sugar industry with large subsidies for 30 years. The lack of economic diversification during this period, and the sudden loss of key markets such as the Eastern Bloc, sent the country into a deep economic depression euphemistically known in Cuba as the Special Period. The crisis precipitated the communist regime to find new avenues of income.
Policies were drawn up to satisfy the growing tourist markets of Canada and Europe with an aim to replace Cuba's reliance on the sugar industry and gain much needed foreign currency rapidly. A new Ministry of Tourism was created in 1994, and the Cuban state invested heavily in tourist facilities. Between 1990 and 2000, more than $3.5 billion was invested in the tourist industry. The number of rooms available to international tourists grew from 12,000 to 35,000,[11] and the country received a total of 10 million visitors over that period.[8] By 1995 tourism had surpassed sugar as Cuba's chief income source.
Today, travelers from around the world visit Cuba, arriving by a mixture of scheduled and
Until 2015, all visitors paid a $25 exit tax at the airport prior to departure but this is now included in the costs of the flight.
Visitors
Country | 2010[17] | 2015[18] | 2016[18] | 2017[19] | 2018[1] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canada | 945,248 | 1,300,405 | 1,205,809 | 1,133,824 | 1,109,339 |
US | 63,046 | 162,972 | 284,552 | 618,346 | 637,907 |
Overseas Cubans | 390,111 | 427,747 | 517,561 | 600,306 | |
Italy | 112,298 | 137,970 | 191,585 | 227,829 | 208,257 |
Germany | 93,136 | 175,507 | 242,355 | 243,172 | 197,122 |
Russia | 56,245 | 44,208 | 65,386 | 105,258 | 189,813 |
France | 80,470 | 138,972 | 187,468 | 209,239 | 177,652 |
Mexico | 66,650 | 105,767 | 131,353 | 141,540 | 171,555 |
UK | 174,343 | 156,052 | 194,815 | 205,562 | 167,370 |
Spain | 104,948 | 107,903 | 153,340 | 168,949 | 136,613 |
Argentina | 58,612 | 85,367 | 94,727 | 99,435 | 97,358 |
Philippines | 11,236 | 18,227 | 47,866 | 73,864 |
Foreign investment
Foreign investment in the Cuban tourism sector has increased steadily since the tourism drive. This has been made possible due to constitutional changes to Cuba's socialist
The influx of foreign capital, and associated capitalist management methods, led outside observers to question whether Cuba's socialist system could survive the resulting transformation. Fidel Castro responded in 1991,
"In the conditions of a small country like Cuba... It is very difficult to develop... relying on one's own resources. It is for this reason that we have no alternative but to associate ourselves with those foreign enterprises that can supply capital, technology, and markets."
Castro was also of the belief that despite the undeniable influence of "capitalist ideology", socialism would prevail both in Cuba and the wider "battle of ideas".[21]
One of the most notable developments in recent years has been China's investment in Cuba's tourism sector. As of 2018, Chinese companies had invested over 700 million U.S. dollars in the construction of hotels other tourism projects.[22]
Tourism and the environment
The Cuban government has established safeguards designed to ensure that tourism and other development do not result in significant environmental impacts. The development of new tourist facilities and related infrastructure in Cuba must, among other things, proceed in accordance with Cuban environmental laws and policies. In 1995 the Cuban government established the Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (CITMA) and in 1997 the National Assembly has enacted Law 81 of the Environment, one of the most comprehensive "framework" environmental laws in the region. Pursuant to that Law, the government adopted a number of decree laws and resolutions aimed at ensuring that future development (including tourism development) is sustainable. Of particular importance to tourism development is Decree Law 212, Coastal Zone Management, which establishes setbacks and other siting requirements for new facilities in coastal areas. CITMA Resolution 77/99 requires a thorough environmental assessment of major new construction projects and requires that project developers obtain an environmental license from CITMA.[23]
Tourism by sector
Health tourism
As well as receiving traditional tourism revenues, Cuba attracts
Some complaints have arisen that foreign "health tourists" paying with dollars receive a higher quality of care than do Cuban citizens. Former leading Cuban
Mountain tourism
The recent studies shows that Cuba has a huge potential for mountaineering activity, however, it is not utilized properly. The mountaineering in Cuba should be considered to be one of the key contributors (as well as other forms of active tourism e.g. biking, diving, caving) to the development, prosperity, and well-being of all stakeholders, and especially for the communities outside the tourism enclaves.[27] Furthermore, mountaineering regions mostly lie outside the enclaves, so no conflict will exist between active and all-inclusive tourism. And what is most important is that tourism product diversification (both product and spatial) can be achieved.[28] Furthermore, by creating spatial and thematic product links as well as synergies (also with all-inclusive tourism), mountaineering, as well as other forms of active tourism (e.g. biking, diving, caving) often develop in destinations.[29]
Sex tourism
Although Fidel Castro sought to eliminate prostitution after taking power, the discrepancy between typical Cuban wages (less than one US dollar per day) and the spending power of foreign tourists lures some Cubans, including minors,[30] into prostitution. However, allegations of widespread sex tourism have been downplayed by Cuban justice minister Maria Esther Reus.[31] According to the Miami Herald, prostitution is not illegal in Cuba, but procuring a prostitute for others is outlawed. The age of sexual consent on the island is 16.[31] According to a travel advice website by the government of Canada, "Cuba is actively working to prevent child sex tourism, and a number of tourists, including Canadians, have been convicted of offences related to the corruption of minors aged 16 and under. Prison sentences range from 7 to 25 years."[32] It is illegal to import or produce pornography in Cuba.[citation needed]
While the growth of tourism has benefited the city of Havana economically, there have been several negative side effects. One such side effect is the revival of sex tourism in the city. Sex tourism was a central part of the tourism industry before the Revolution. However, after 1960, prostitution was essentially eradicated on the island due to government initiatives and a significant drop in demand as tourism was minimized.[33] With tourism becoming more prevalent in the 1990s, however, so did the practice of prostitution. The demographic profile of tourists (the overwhelming majority being men between ages 25–60) is a key indicator of the existence of prostitution. Additionally, websites and magazines, such as Playboy, have outlined the opportunities for both heterosexual and homosexual sex tourism.[33] According to Trumbull, many prostitutes engage in the practice out of economic necessity, but they do not work in oppressive conditions and a large number of prostitutes in contemporary Havana see the work as a way to earn a better living than if they were to work in open jobs throughout the city.[33] Therefore, contemporary prostitution is different than the sex tourism of the 1950s in this regard.
Tourism: Economic Reform
This section possibly contains original research. (December 2017) |
Cuba remains one of the few countries with an economy established by a centralized government. Among those countries, only Cuba possesses a large international tourism sector.[34] The fall of the USSR and the U.S embargo imposed in 1961 affected Cuba's tourism sector. Cuba was dependent on the USSR and after its collapse saw tourism as an option to reduce the effects of the crisis. Cuba's touring numbers began to decrease during the 1960s through the 1980s due to the U.S embargo during the Cold War. Additionally, almost 62,000 tourists traveled to Cuba in 1960, 4180 tourists in 1961 and then almost zero over the next 20 years.[35] Also, new hotels were built and old hotels were renovated to draw more international visitors.[36] When Raul Castro rose to power in 2008, he implemented infrastructure reform to help reduce the effects of the Cuban revolution. The Cuban government built beach resorts in order to further expand tourism. Castro's reform policies led to increased tourism and large economic success in Cuba. In fact 2.7 million people visited Cuba in 2011, while only 340,000 people toured Cuba in 1990.[37] The National GDP increased from 30.69 billion in 2002 to 114.10 billion in 2010.[37] While infrastructure reform benefitted Cuba's GDP and tourism numbers, average spending decreased from $1,310 in 1995 to $876 in 2015. Furthermore, Cuba ranks one of the lowest for returns in the travel industry.[citation needed] Contributing to the low rank: low quality food, poor customer service, and low affordability. These issues must be resolved in order to maintain Cuba's tourism economically in the long-term.[37]
Casas particulares
In the context of tourism, a private residence in Cuba which has been converted to allow paid lodging, usually on a short-term basis, akin to bed and breakfast residences elsewhere, is usually referred to as a "casa particular", which simply means "private house". These are typically single-family residences, and are a very popular choice for tourists. Prices can range from 15 to 30 euros per night or less for longer stays. The casas provide an inexpensive option for young or independent tourists. A stay in a private casa allows tourists more opportunity to mix with local Cubans, and engage in Cuban cultural life.
Social impacts of tourism
As tourism played an increasing role in the economy, a large percentage of young people migrate to resort towns seeking employment in the tourism industry.[38] Many of them working in menial jobs can earn more through tips than they can employed as professionals. Thus, there is an economic and social divide emerging in Cuba between those employed in the tourist industry and others.
Researchers find that the flocking of citizens to tourist regions such as Havana creates ‘tourist bubbles.’ This means that the isolated areas of the country visible to tourists are well maintained and developed to meet expectations of an ‘authentic’ experience while residents of surrounding areas continue to struggle with poverty, crime, and general deterioration of living conditions. Since jobs in the tourist sector are so lucrative, these areas experience an incredible influx of residents which cannot possibly be supported by the number of opportunities in the legal job market. As such, many of the citizens who flood tourist areas turn to illicit alternatives such as prostitution or unlicensed self-employment (often offer taxi services, currency exchange, host casas particulares, etc.)[39]
Tourist vs Cuban hotels
Between 1992 and 2008, in order to gain the much-needed hard currency, some hotels and resorts were opened only to foreign tourists, leading to accusations of "tourism apartheid". The policy was reversed by the Cuban government in 2008.
Cuba's tourism policies of the early 1990s, which were driven by the government's pressing need to earn hard currency,
To ensure the isolation of international tourism from Cuban society, tourism was to be promoted in enclave resorts where, as much as possible, tourists would be segregated from Cuban society. This was not lost on the average Cuban citizen, and the government tourism policy soon began to be referred to as "enclave tourism" and "tourism apartheid".[45]
In 1992, as Cuba entered a period of severe economic austerity, Fidel Castro defended the newly instituted policies in a speech to the
Until 1997, contact between tourists and Cubans was de facto outlawed, and Cubans seen in contact with tourists were regarded as potential thieves by police.[4][5] Global human-rights groups' complaints, and the upcoming visit of Pope John Paul II, helped cause an about-face, although such contact was still frowned upon. Police often demanded identification checks of any Cubans seen in contact with tourists.[4] Tourist identification was usually not checked unless the tourist has dark skin and was mistaken for Cuban.[4] Despite the restrictions, average Cubans thrive on Cuba's tourist industry,[4][46] and many simply see the policy as inevitable.[40]
The policy of restricting certain hotels and services to tourists was ended by the government of Raúl Castro in March 2008.[47] As well as officially allowing Cubans to stay in any hotel, the change also opened access to previously restricted areas such as Cayo Coco. Government-run tour agencies began special offers aimed at the general population, allowing them to spend a few days in beach resorts.
See also
References
- Miguel Alejandro Figueras, International Tourism and the Formation of Productive Clusters in the Cuban Economy
- Hugh Thomas, Cuba the Pursuit of Freedom
- Richard Gott, Cuba a new history
Footnotes
- ^ a b http://www.one.cu/aec2018/15%20Turismo.pdf[dead link]
- ^ "One Caribbean - 2004 Cuban tourism statistics". onecaribbean.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2006-10-24.
- ^ cubanew/ain. "Cuba as a Destination: Ready for the Tsunami? - ACN". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8133-3826-2.
- ^ a b Rennie, David. Cuba 'apartheid' as Castro pulls in the tourists, The Daily Telegraph, 08/06/2002.
- ^ Espinoza, Maria Dolores. "Cuban Tourism During the Special Period" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-07-06. Retrieved 2008-06-05. (234 KB), Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Volume 10, August 3–5, 2000.
- ^ "Caribbean Islands List - Caribbean Sea Islands Travel and Tourist Information". Archived from the original on 2010-01-16. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ a b c d e Figueras, Miguel Alejandro (September 2001). International Tourism and the Formation of Productive Clusters in the Cuban Economy (PDF). Latin American Studies Association, 22nd Congress. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-08-05. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
- ^ History of Cuba written and compiled by J.A. Sierra
- ^ Revolution to revolution: why is tourism booming in Cuba? Chandana Jayawardena
- ^ Tourism Development for the Cuban Economy Archived 2006-09-15 at the Wayback Machine. Rockefeller center online.
- ^ "Cuba News". Archived from the original on 2013-02-08. Retrieved 2012-11-22.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ "Trump recasts Cuba policy, takes harder line than Obama on military, travel". miamiherald. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ "OFAC License Application Page". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ e-CFR:§515.574 Support for the Cuban People, retrieved 2019-01-04
- ^ http://www.one.cu/aec2010/esp/15_tabla_cuadro.htm Cuba National Office of Statistics
- ^ a b http://www.one.cu/aec2016/15%20Turismo.pdf[dead link]
- ^ http://www.one.cu/aec2017/15%20Turismo.pdf[dead link]
- ^ Hotel and the enormous tourism developments in Cuba Cornell University.
- KiB), Georgetown UniversityCuba Briefing Paper Series, "Tourist Apartheid", January 1993.
- ^ "Cuba welcomes more Chinese investment, visitors to boost tourism - Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
- ^ Daniel J. Whittle, et al., International Tourism and the Protection of Cuba's Coastal and Marine Environments, in Tulane Environmental Law Journal, Volume 16, Summer 2003.
- ^ A Novel Tourism Concept Archived 2010-01-28 at the Wayback Machine Caribbean News Net
- ^ Cuba sells its medical expertise BBC News
- ^ Cuban Medicine Today by Dr Hilda Molina Archived 2006-05-29 at the Wayback Machine Center for a free Cuba - link fails 16.9.06
- S2CID 158535778.)
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ISBN 978-1-4438-9218-6.
- ^ Benur, A. M. & Bramwell, B. (2015). Tourism product development and product diversification in destinations. Tourism Management, 50, 213–224. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.02.005
- ^ Taylor, Jacqueline (1995). "Child Prostitution and Sex Tourism CUBA" (PDF). Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, UK. ECPAT International.
In Cuba, the link between tourism and prostitution is perhaps more direct than in any other country which hosts sex tourists
- ^ a b Tamayo, Juan O. (16 October 2013). "Cuba's Justice Minister says the government fights prostitution". Miami Herald. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- ^ "Travel Advice and Advisories for Cuba: Sex tourism". Government of Canada. 2012-11-16. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
- ^ a b c Trumbull, C. (2001). "Prostitution and Sex Tourism in Cuba". Cuba in Transition. American Society for the Study of the Cuban Economy.
- doi:10.1002/jtr.685.
- S2CID 153754361.
- .
- ^ .
- ^ "Tourism In Cuba Threatens To Drive Up Income Inequality, Regional Disparities, Risk". 11 August 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- S2CID 53760094– via Sage Journals.
- ^ a b Cave, Damien. Tourism apartheid in Cuba Archived 2008-06-20 at the Wayback Machine, Salon.com, February 6, 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2006.
- ^ a b Ternto, Angelo : Castro and Cuba : From Revolution To The Present p114
- University of ColoradoDepartment of Ethnic Studies.
- ^ Washington PostForeign Service Sunday, August 9, 1992.
- ^ http://www.miami.com/mld/elnuevo/news/world/cuba/16032860.htm Cuba: dólares ahondan las diferencias de clase El Nuevo Herald
- KiB), Proceedings of the Annual Meetings of the Association for the Study of the Cuban Economy (ASCE), Volume 10, August 3–5, 2000.
- St. Petersburg Times, May 12, 2002.
- ^ Cuba travel guide inlovelyblue - August 25, 2022
Further reading
- Austen, Ian. Cuba's Fans in Canada Anxiously Picture an Island Awash in Americans (December 2014), The New York Times
- Traveling to Cuba is like Going Back in Time by Peter Coyote, San Francisco Chronicle, February 26, 2009
- The Next Vacation Hot Spot: Cuba? by Rick Seaney, ABC News, March 11, 2009
- Cuba's Revolutionary Mountains by Zoë Barnes, The Sunday Times, March 15, 2009
- New Resort Area a Touch of Paradise by Monica Zurowski, Canwest News, March 17, 2009
- American Tourists at Home in Cuba by Tracy Wilkinson, Los Angeles Times, April 12, 2009
- Looking for the Real Cuba by Matthew D. LaPlante, The Salt Lake Tribune, May 2, 2009
- Warming to Cuba by Catherine Watson, The Philadelphia Inquirer, June 7, 2009
- Cuba's so Hot it's Cool: Island's Look Ranges from Quaint Retro to New and Upscale by Damien Jaques, Journal Sentinel, June 6, 2009
- My Seductive Cuba - A Unique Travel Guide by Chen Lizra.
- A five-part series of travel reports by Conor Kennedy: Gardens of the Queen: Caribbean's Last Pristine Coral Reefs (2014-06-21), Preserving Cuba's Oceans (2014-09-30), Crossing Cuba in a Chinese Bus (2014-10-08), 500 Years After Columbus, Cuba's Gardens of the Queen Still Pristine (2014-10-16), Cuba and the Embargo (2014-10-29)