Tourism in Mexico
Tourism in Mexico is a very important industry. Since the 1960s, it has been heavily promoted by the Mexican government as "an industry without smokestacks".
The majority of tourists come to Mexico from the United States and Canada. Other visitors come from other
History of tourism
19th century
Tourism in Mexico developed following the establishment of the Mexican republic, with writings by
20th and 21st centuries
The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) interrupted tourism in Mexico, but by the 1930s, the Mexican government began promoting tourism again with posters of light-skinned young women and lush gardens.[8] In the 1920s and 30s, there was an "enormous vogue of things Mexico" in the United States, resulting in cultural exchanges, temporary and permanent art exhibitions, and patronage of Mexican artists, such as muralists Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco.[9] Starting with the administration of Plutarco Elías Calles (1924–28), the Mexican government became involved in promoting tourism in Mexico, eventually becoming a cabinet position, the Ministry of Tourism in 1975.
In 1929, Mexican president Emilio Portes Gil officially announced the country's entry into the tourism industry.[10] Over the next few years, the industry stayed small because of the ongoing Great Depression, so the government focused its attention on research and was ready after World War II to welcome tourists who could no longer visit Europe instead.[10]
During the Jazz Age and the era of Prohibition of alcohol in the U.S., border towns in Mexico, particularly Tijuana became destinations for vice tourism. The song "South of the Border (down Mexico way)" song by Frank Sinatra helped promote the region. It was known for casino gambling, glitzy floor shows, horse- and dog-racing, and other hedonistic pursuits. Chicago gangster Al Capone frequented the Agua Caliente resort, as did big names from Hollywood. "Mafia chic and Hollywood star power fueled the Tijuana mystique and imbued it with ersatz glamour." When Lázaro Cárdenas became president of Mexico, 1934–40, he cracked down on casino gambling in northern Mexico, since it was a source of money and power for Cárdenas's political rivals, former presidents Plutarco Elías Calles and Abelardo L. Rodríguez.[11]
When Cárdenas was governor of his home state of Michoacan (1928–32) and later, when he was president of Mexico (1934–40) and beyond, he promoted tourism to Michoacan and particularly to the historic town of Pátzcuaro. He commissioned murals to show the importance of the region's history to the history of Mexico, promoted indigenous performance in music and dance, and actively had Michoacan advertised as a tourist destination.[12]
The Mexican government developed beach resorts in the 1940s and 1950s in
Starting in the late twentieth century, Mexico has been alert to international venues to both protect tourist destinations such as archeological sites, colonial cities, and natural wonders listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. With the inauguration of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage program, Mexico has certified the cultural importance of Days of the Dead (2003), Mexican cuisine (2010), mariachi music (2011), and charrería (2016), among others. Private philanthropy has played an important role in the preservation and restoration of a number of Mexican sites, most prominently by entrepreneur Carlos Slim, whose Foundation for the Historic Center of the City of Mexico (Fundación del Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México) has made a significant difference in the historic core of the capital, including security concerns.[17]
Violence and political turmoil in Mexico has been a problem which affects travel and tourism. The years of the Porfirio Díaz regime (1876-1911) saw a decrease in violence and the rise of tourism. The Mexican Revolution 1910-20 was a major civil war, but following that the Mexican government achieved a level internal security that saw the rise of tourism and cultural exchanges in the 1920s and 1930s. In recent years, with the drug war in Mexico, U.S. State Department travel advisories have alerted tourists to the dangers of certain areas of the country.[18][19]
Tourist guides and web-based sources
Mexico travel guide from Wikivoyage
There are a number of useful print
Tourism industry competitiveness
In the 2017 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) report, which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to developing business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Mexico was ranked 22nd place in the world's ranking, with tourist service infrastructure rank 43; price competitiveness 63; health and hygiene, 72; safety and security, 113; environmental sustainability, 116.[20]
Statistics
Most visitors arriving to Mexico by air for tourism come from the following countries:[21]
Rank | Country | 2016 | 2017 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | United States | 9,417,601 | 10,340,463 |
2 | Canada | 1,781,469 | 1,985,084 |
3 | United Kingdom | 545,055 | 563,099 |
4 | Colombia | 439,689 | 485,371 |
5 | Argentina | 405,959 | 474,248 |
6 | Spain | 361,498 | 377,349 |
7 | Brazil | 307,439 | 376,520 |
8 | Germany | 255,940 | 277,352 |
9 | France | 233,901 | 260,821 |
10 | Peru | 182,042 | 212,613 |
Total | 35,189,529 | 39,890,442 |
Local effects
Economic effects
The Mexican government has often had a hand in the development of the country's tourist sector.[10] One reason for this was, and still is, tourism's potential to improve the economy, as tourists spend money on accommodations, recreation, food and souvenirs.[10] In the 1920s, the government organized studies of the economy and tourism competitors, collaborated with private companies, and created a national tourism agency in order to capitalize on the economic potential of tourists, especially those from the United States.[10] The tourism industry in 2018 was about 8.7% of Mexico’s GDP and brought the country 215.5 billion Mexican pesos (or 10.8 billion U.S. dollars) in export earnings.[22] That same year, it also provided jobs for over 2.3 million people, which is 6% of the total employment in the nation.[22]
Social effects
In the early 20th century, the development of tourism may have increased a sense of national unity and pride among Mexicans because promoting the industry required them to celebrate the unique environment, history and culture that make the country a desirable place to visit.[10]
Much of the tourist economy is focused on large tourist centers and resort areas, some of which were set up by the government itself, such as Cancún in 1970.[23] People from around Mexico migrate to these centers in search of employment.[23] In many cases, the available jobs have allowed women to gain more economic independence.[23] In other instances, where migrants leave their families to find work outside their towns, the move can disrupt family dynamics and other aspects of life back home, despite an increased income.[24]
In places like Cancún, low-wage workers often live in cities outside of the tourist hotspot, in conditions far from that of the resorts and beaches enjoyed by foreign tourists.[23] These people, who typically work in the service sector or construction, often don't make enough money to be able to access these beaches or participate in any of the recreational activities they make possible through their jobs.[23] Additionally, migrant workers can feel pressure to change their language and their clothing styles to fit in with the more Americanized culture of the areas.[24] However, not everyone working in the tourist industry has these same issues, such as those involved with ownership, investment, and even architecture and engineering.[23]
Environmental effects
The large-scale development of large resorts and other tourist attractions can be detrimental to the environment, as it threatens ecosystems and their biodiversity.[25] As ecotourism becomes more popular and more tourists seek out environmentally friendly experiences in nature, the Mexican government has formulated plans to create a more sustainable industry.[22] One common method of protecting ecosystems that is used by some NGOs and other organizations is designating protected areas.[25] However, creating these can come at the cost of native people's wellbeing, as it sometimes pushes them out of land they have lived off of for generations and eliminates resources previously shared by local communities.[25]
Rural areas
In less populated rural areas, tourism and its impacts take a different shape than in large resort areas. A 2021 study done in Tlaxcala, Mexico, where religious and archaeological tourism have become popular, showed that locals have mixed opinions.[26] 64.5% of people interviewed said that the impact of tourism was positive, and 31.5% said it was "moderately positive," due to economic growth, better transportation and improved public services.[26] Others, however, voiced concerns about traffic, disruptive street vendors catering to tourists, and an increased cost of living.[26] Many people in this area work in the industry, at hotels, restaurants, shops, and archeological sites.[26]
Central Mexico
Mexico City
Gallery
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Palacio de Bellas Artes, construction started under Porfirio Díaz and stalled during the Mexican Revolution
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Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico City
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Aztec ruins of the Templo Mayor adjacent to the cathedral
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Museum of Anthropology in Chapultepec Park
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Teatro de los Insurgentes (Theater of the Insurgents)
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The Angel, a monument to Mexican independence
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Monument to Cuauhtémoc erected during the Porfiriato
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Polanco has one of the most expensive streets in the Americas Avenida Presidente Masaryk.
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El Caballito, equestrian sculpture of King Charles IV of Spain by Manuel Tolsá on the back the Museo Nacional de Arte(National Museum of Art)
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Benito Juárez Hemicycle, Alameda Central inaugurated 1910
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The Casa de los Azulejos, built 1737
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Trajinera boats at the floating gardens of Xochimilco in Mexico City
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Panoramic view of the Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución), Mexico City.
Morelos
Just south of Mexico City is the state of Morelos. Its capital, Cuernavaca, is nicknamed The City of Eternal Spring; its year-round benign climate attracts both national and international visitors. Top tourist attractions in Cuernavaca include the Palace of Cortés (16th-century home of the Conquistador, now a regional museum), the archeological site of Teopanzolco, and the Cuernavaca Cathedral. This latter is one of eleven Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl in the state that are considered World Heritage Sites (three others are in the State of Puebla.[28]
Just east of Cuernavaca are the
Further east is the city of Cuautla, where an important battle took place in 1812 during the Mexican War of Independence. General Emiliano Zapata centered many of his revolutionary activities in and around Cuautla during the Mexican Revolution.[28]
Morelos has a large number of water parks, ranging from small, rustic parks to international attractions. There are also several pre-hispanic pyramid sites, notably that of Xochicalco.[28]
Southern Mexico
Southern Mexico is the home of many surviving indigenous cultures and is a destination for many foreign and domestic tourists in Mexico. The dense indigenous populations in the
Oaxaca
Oaxaca in central southern Mexico has remained highly indigenous into the modern era and the destination for tourists wishing to experience the various indigenous cultures there. The capital of the state is
Places worth visiting outside of the capital include the major archeological site of Monte Albán, as well as Mitla. There are numerous towns with markets and craft production.
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Mitla stone fretwork
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Day of the Dead decorations
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Chapulines (dried grasshoppers) for sale at a market
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An open-air market or tianguis
Yucatan Peninsula and Chiapas
The peninsula has a considerable number of major archeological sites, including
The Mexican state of
Central West Mexico
Tourist destinations include
Guadalajara
Morelia
Morelia, Michoacán is the Capital of the State of Michoacán. Its Historic Downtown Area (Centro Histórico) encompasses approximately 150 city blocks in the city centre, roughly corresponding to the actual area of the city at the end of the 18th century. The Centro Historico contains over 1,000 historical sites, including (but not limited to) the cathedral and the aqueduct.
Northeast Mexico
Monterrey
Northwest Mexico
Northwest Mexico has a few major tourist destinations, including
Beaches
- Acapulco, Guerrero
- Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur
- Cancún, Quintana Roo
- Ensenada, Baja California
- Altamira, Tamaulipas
- Guaymas, Sonora
- Tampico, Tamaulipas
- Puerto Peñasco, Sonora
- Huatulco, Oaxaca
- Ixtapa, Guerrero
- Manzanillo, Colima
- Mazatlán, Sinaloa
- Mazunte, Oaxaca
- Playa del Carmen, Quintana Roo
- Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca
- Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco
- San José del Cabo, Baja California Sur
- Progreso, Yucatan
- Zipolite, Oaxaca
The coastlines of Mexico harbor many stretches of beaches that are frequented by sun bathers and other visitors. On the Yucatán peninsula, one of the most popular beach destinations is the resort town of Cancún, especially among university students during spring break. Just offshore is the beach island of Isla Mujeres, and to the east is the Isla Holbox. To the south of Cancun is the coastal strip called Riviera Maya which includes the beach town of Playa del Carmen and the ecological parks of Xcaret and Xel-Há. A day trip to the south of Cancún is the historic port of Tulum. In addition to its beaches, the town of Tulum is notable for its cliff-side Mayan ruins.
On the
Along the coast to the south of Acapulco are the surfing beaches of
Along the central and north Pacific coast, the biggest draws are beaches of
At the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula is the resort town of Cabo San Lucas, a town noted for its beaches and marlin fishing.[30] Further north along the Gulf of California is the Bahía de La Concepción, another beach town known for its sports fishing. Closer to the United States border is the weekend draw of San Felipe, Baja California.
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Ixtapa - Zihuatanejo.
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La Paz.
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Puerto Escondido.
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Rosarito.
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San Francisco de Campeche.
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Loreto.
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Stranda and Playa del Carmen and Quintana Roo and Mexico.
Archeological sites
- Teotihuacan
- Tula
- Monte Albán
- Chichen-Itzá
- Uxmal
- Palenque
- Tulum
- Edzná
- Xochicalco
- Malinalco
- El Tajín
- Cholula
- Casas Grandes
- Chalcatzingo
The central and southern parts of Mexico was where a number of pre-
The Yucatán peninsula was home to the Mayan people, and many of the indigenous people still speak the language. The area also contains many sites where ruins of the Maya civilization can be visited. The richest of these are located in the eastern half of the peninsula and are collectively known as La Ruta Puuc (or La Ruta Maya). The largest of the Ruta Puuc sites is Uxmal, which was abandoned in the 12th century.
A one-hour drive to the northeast of Ruta Puuc are the surviving remains of the city of
To the west, the state of Chiapas includes the temples and ruins of
Along the gulf coast area in the state of
contains the Museo de Antropología, a notable museum featuring a collection of massive Olmec head sculptures.In the state of Oaxaca along the Pacific coast are the ruins of Mitla, known as the "City of Death" and of Monte Albán, the remains of the once extensive Zapotec capital and religious center.
Moving to the north, the central region around Mexico City contains several archaeological sites. To the southwest are the massive ruins of
Finally, less visited than the major sites are the mysterious ruins of
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The primary ballcourt at Xochicalco.
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Tula.
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Paquimé.
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Cobá.
Ethnic cultural tourism
Tourists often also seek destinations with living indigenous cultures, such as in
- San Pablito, Puebla (amate paper)
- Santa María Atzompa, Oaxaca (pottery)
- San Bartolo Coyotepec Oaxaca (pottery)
- Ocotlán, Oaxaca (pottery, blades)
- San Martín Tilcajete, Oaxaca (alebrijes)
- Michoacan(copper crafts)
- Teotitlán del Valle, Oaxaca (rugs)
- Temoaya, State of Mexico (rugs)
- Michoacan(Christmas ornaments)
- Tlaquepaque, Jalisco (pottery)
- Tonalá, Jalisco (pottery, glass, etc.)
- Tenancingo, State of Mexico (rebozos, basketry, furniture)
Gallery of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage in Mexico
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Mariachi with guitarrón
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Charreria, Charro with the Mexican flag
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Danza de los Voladores (Flying Men) starting their dance, Teotihuacan
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Parachico dancers, Chiapas
Gallery of Crafts in Mexico
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Amate paper, San Pablito, Puebla
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Tlalpujahua, Christmas ornaments
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Coppersmith in Santa Clara del Cobre
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Teotitlan del Vallerugs
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Large alebrije in San Martín Tilcajete
Festivals and Celebrations
Mexico has many religious and civic festivals as well as cultural festivals of various kinds.
Since the
Food and drink festivals include the
A major gathering of Spanish-language booksellers is the annual Guadalajara International Book Fair. The International Cervantes Festival is held annually in Guanajuato. In Oaxaca, the Oaxaca International Literary Competition and the Oaxaca Independent Film Festival[36] are events.
About 225 cities and towns celebrate carnvales before Lent in late February or early March. The largest are in Mazatlán and the city of Veracruz, but such celebrations can be found all across the country: Morelos, Oaxaca, Tlaxcala, Chiapas, Campeche, and Puebla. The larger city "carnavales" employ costumes, elected queens, and parades with floats, but Carnaval celebrations in smaller and rural areas vary widely depending on the level of European influence during Mexico's colonial period.[37]
Historic colonial cities
- UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Cuernavaca, Morelos. Historic architecture, including the Palace of Hernán Cortés.
- Durango, Durango. The most important northern colonial capital city in Mexico. Dubbed the Pearl of the Guadiana Valley, has many colonial mansions, one of these is the Count of Suchil Palace.
- UNESCO World Heritage Site.
- Mérida, Yucatán. Dubbed the white city, with Mayan tradition has many coloniansions of impressive beauty.
- Morelia, Michoacán. Excellent colonial architecture; a World Heritage Site
- Oaxaca, Oaxaca. Colonial architecture and Indigenous traditions are mixed here; it is a World Heritage Site
- Querétaro. The state capital has a baroque downtown, declared a World Heritage Site.
- San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí. This colonial city was the capital of Mexico twice.
- Taxco, Guerrero. Has a very famous baroque church is located here, its interior is the most admired since the baroqueornamentations are all covered in gold.
- Zacatecas, Zacatecas. The city was built during colonial Mexico's silver mining boom, its historic center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Historic independence war sites
- Mexican Independence War from Spainbegan.
- War of Mexican Independence.
- Veracruz, Veracruz. The first City Hall in the Americas was settled here, as well as the historic fort of San Juan de Ulúa. The city was twice occupied by U.S. invaders (1847 and 1914).
Ecotourism
In Latin America, Costa Rica is considered a model for ecotourism, and Mexico is seeking to develop this sector. Aims for what is considered success in the sector is the proportion of tourist dollars that remain in the locality rather than those outside and prevention of large numbers of ecotourists that could undermine tourists' experience of the natural wonders.[38][39] Mexico has a significant number of sites designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, some of which are tourist destinations.[40]
- El Cielo Biosphere
- Barranca del Cobre
- Cascada de Texolo
- Durango
- El Nevado
- El Rosario – in the last two months of the year, a mass migration of monarch butterflies reaches the El Rosario sanctuary near Zitácuaro, Michoacán.
- Isla Mujeres
- Pinacate Peaks
- La Bufadora
- Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo
- Sian Ka'an
- Gulf of California
- Parque Nacional Sierra de Organos (Sombrerete, Zacatecas)
- Parque Nacional Sierra San Pedro Mártir
- Real de Catorce
- Ría Lagartos Biosphere Reserve, Yucatan
- Tzararecuita
- Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
Medical Tourism
According to a 2018 survey by the Medical Tourism Association, Mexico is among the top medical destinations for Americans. The Medical Tourism Index ranks Mexico as the 29th most popular destination for medical tourism.[41] Mexico been a destination for medical tourism due to its proximity to the United States. Border towns like Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez attracted Americans seeking affordable healthcare, especially for procedures such as dental work, cosmetic surgery, and prescription medications. In recent years, Los Algodones, Baja California, a settlement of fewer than 6,000 people located on the US border near Yuma, Arizona, has become a major destination for Americans and Canadians seeking dental services. Roughly 600 dentists practice in the community, catering mainly to tourists, leading the community to be nicknamed "Molar City".[42][43]
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Legend: World Cultural Heritage Site; World Natural Heritage Site; World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site (Mixed)
General tourism
- Monterrey, Nuevo León
- Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas
- León, Guanajuato
- Guadalajara, Jalisco – and nearby Lake Chapala
- Papantla, Veracruz– vanilla
- Piedras Negras, Coahuila
- San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas
- San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí
- Saltillo, Coahuila
- Tequila, Jalisco
- Tijuana, Baja California
- Torreón, Coahuila
- Puerto Vallarta festival
- San Sebastián del Oeste, Jalisco [1]
See also
- List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico
- Cenote
- Pueblos Mágicos
- Visa policy of Mexico
- Secretariat of Tourism
- Architecture of Mexico
- Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
Further reading
- Berger, Dina. The Development of Mexico's Tourism Industry: Pyramids by Day, Martinis by Night (2006) excerpt and text search
- Berger, Dina, and Andrew Grant Wood, eds. Holiday in Mexico: Critical Reflections on Tourism and Tourist Encounters (Duke University Press; 393 pages; 2010) . Essays on the history of tourism and related realms in Mexico; topics include the marketing of carnival in Veracruz.
- Castañeda, Quetzil. In the Museum of Maya Culture: Touring Chichen Itza. Minneapolis 1996.
- Cole, Garold. American Travelers in Mexico, 1821-1972: A Descriptive Bibliography. Troy NY 1978.
- Hellier-Tinoco, Ruth. Embodying Mexico: Tourism, Nationalism, and Performance. New York: Oxford University Press 2011.
- Honey, Martha. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, D.C. 1998.
- Johnston, Barbara R., ed. "Breaking out of the Tourist Trap," Cultural Survival Quarterly 12(1990), 1-64.
- Jolly, Jennifer. Creating Pátzcuaro, Creating Mexico: Art, Tourism, and Nation Building under Lázaro Cárdenas. Austin: University of Texas Press 2018.
- Kemper, Robert V. and A. Lynn Bolles, eds. "Circum-Caribbean Tourism" in Urban Anthropology 25 (1996), 221-310.
- Nash, Dennison. Anthropology of Tourism. Oxford 1996.
- Núñez, Theron. "Tourism, Tradition, and Acculturation: Weekendismo in a Mexican Village," Ethnology 2 (1963), 347-352.
- Romero, Héctor. Enciclopedia Mexicana del Tourismo. 7 vols. Mexico City 1986.
- Ruiz, Jason, Americans in the Treasure House: Travel to Porfirian Mexico and the Cultural Politics of Empire. Austin: University of Texas Press 2014.
- Smith, Valene L., ed. Hosts and Ghosts: The Anthropology of Tourism. 2nd ed. Philadelphia 1989.
- van den Berghe, Pierre L. The Quest for the Other: Ethnic Tourism in San Cristóbal, Mexico. Seattle 1994.
References
- ^ Robert V. Kemper, "Tourism" in Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture, vol. 3, p. 250. New York: Oxford University Press 2001.
- ^ a b Kemper, "Tourism" p. 250.
- ^ SECTUR (2006). "Turismo de internación 2001–2005, Visitantes internacionales hacia México" (in Spanish). Secretaría de Turismo (SECTUR). Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2008. pp. 5
- ^ Kemper, "Tourism", p. 250.
- ^ Jason Ruiz, Americans in the Treasure House: Travel to Porfirian Mexico and the Cultural Politics of Empire. Austin: University of Texas Press 2014, pp. 6-10.
- ^ Christina Bueno, The Pursuit of Ruins: Archeology, History, and the Making of Modern Mexico. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2016, pp. 35-36,188-89. 205-6
- ^ "Xcaret Park - Top 5 Tips for the Xcaret Eco Park Tour". Playadelcarmen.com. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ Ruiz, Americans in the Treasure House p. 222.
- ^ Delpar, Helen. The Enormous Vogue of Things Mexican: Cultural Relations between the United States and Mexico, 1920-1935. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1992.
- ^ )
- ^ Shantz, Eric M. "behind the Noir Border: Tourism, the Vice Racket, and Power Relations in Baja California's Border Zone, 1938-65" in Holiday in Mexico: Critical Reflections on Tourism and Tourist Encounters, Berger, Dina and Andrew Grant Wood, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 2010, pp. 131-32
- ISBN 978-1477-314203
- ^ Andrew Sackett, "Fun in Acapulco? The Politics of Development on the Mexican Riviera," in Holiday in Mexico pp. 161-182.
- ^ M. Bianet Castellanos, "Cancún and the Campo: Indigenous Migration and Tourism Development in the Yucatán Peninsula," in Holiday in Mexico, pp. 241-264.
- ^ Kemper "Tourism" p. 250.
- ^ Pinley Covert, Lisa "Colonial Outpost to Artists' Mecca: Conflict and Collaboration in the Development of San Miguel de Allende's Tourist Industry," in Holiday in Mexico, pp. 183-220.
- ^ "Archived". Archived from the original on 22 March 2002. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)[dead link] - ^ Ruiz, Americans in the Treasure House, p. 223
- ^ U.S. State Department travel warnings, accessed 9 December 2016 "Mexico Travel Warning". Archived from the original on 1 June 2016. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
- ^ "The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report" (PDF). www3.weforum.org. World Economic Forum. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
- ^ "Visitantes internacionales por vía aérea por principal nacionalidad".
- ^ a b c "OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2020: Mexico". OECD iLibrary. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
- ^ S2CID 154829385.
- ^ S2CID 144813654.
- ^ S2CID 144412992.
- ^ S2CID 237829310– via EBSCO Host.
- ^ Nancy Mikula, Top 10 Mexico City, London: DK Eyewitness Travel 2012, p. 6.
- ^ a b c d "Morelos". Visit Mexico.com. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ^ "Guadalajara International Book Fair: General Information". Archived from the original on 23 October 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Who owns Mexican archaeological sites and pyramids?". mexicanroutes.com. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
- ^ a b Kemper, "Tourism", p. 251.
- ^ Nelson H. H. Graburn, ed. Ethnic Tourist Arts: Cultural Expressions from the Fourth World. Berkeley 1976.
- ^ Anya Peterson Royce, "Music, Dance, and Fiesta: Definitions of Isthmus Zapotec Community", Latin American Anthropology Review 3 (1991), 51-60.
- ^ Shawn D. Haley; Fukuda, Curt. Day of the Dead: When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca. Berhahn Books, 2004.
- ^ "Oaxacafilmfest". oaxacafilmfest.com.
- ^ "10 carnavales en México a los que debes asistir" [10 carnivals in Mexico that you should attend]. Mexico Desconocido (in Spanish). 24 February 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
- ^ Kemper, "Tourism" p. 251.
- Martha Honey. Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington, D.C. 1998.
- ^ "Latin America and the Caribbean (109 biosphere reserves in 20 countries)". www.unesco.org. UNESCO. July 2011. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
- ^ "Medical Tourism Is Booming in Mexico". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
- ^ "This tiny Mexican town has more than 350 dentists". Business Insider. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ^ Young, Jeffrey (14 November 2019). "Welcome to Molar City, Mexico, The Dental Mecca America's Health Care Costs Built". HuffPost. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
Sources
- "UNWTO Annual Report." World Tourism Organization. Accessed 20 November 2013.
- "Cultura Turistica." Secretaria de Turismo. Accessed 20 November 2013.
- "Tourist Destinations in Mexico."
- Hernandez, Alejandra. (August 2010) "Mexicana de Aviacion se Clausura." El Universal. Accessed 20 November 2013.
- ISBN 9780742553057.
External links
- Mexico travel guide from Wikivoyage
- https://www.visitmexico.com/en/ The official tourism site of the government of Mexico
- https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/410/ UNESCO World Heritage Center page for Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve