Toyota Camry

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Toyota Camry
Toyota Avensis
(Europe, for XV30 model)

The Toyota Camry (

mid-size classification (wide-body)—although the two widths co-existed in that decade. Since the release of the wide-bodied versions, Camry has been extolled by Toyota as the firm's second "world car" after the Corolla. As of 2022, the Camry is positioned above the Corolla and below the Avalon or Crown
in several markets.

In Japan, Camry was once exclusive to

Toyota Diesel Store. The Vista Ardeo was a wagon version of the Vista V50.[1]

Etymology

The name "Camry" derives from the Japanese word

Toyota Tiara (1960) named after the "tiara" form of crown.[4] The Atara trim level name used on the Camry in Australia since 2011 means "crown" in Hebrew.[5] The rebadged Camry variant for Japan, the Toyota Scepter (1991)—took its name from "scepter
", a royal accessory to a crown.

History

Between 1979 and 1982, the Camry nameplate was delegated to a four-door

coupé in 1993 that was spun off in 1998 as an independent model line, titled Camry Solara
.

When the Japanese market received a new narrow-body V40 series in 1994 to replace V30, the wide-body XV10 continued unchanged. Its replacement, the XV20, arrived in 1996—named Camry Gracia in Japan. It was not until the narrow V40 ended manufacture in 1998 that the Camry in Japan was to again mirror the cars sold internationally. Japanese sedans dropped the Gracia suffix in 1999, although it was retained by the wagon until its 2001 demise. From 1998, the Vista ended its Camry alignment, and instead branched into an independent model line with the V50 series for an extra generation before the nameplate was withdrawn in 2003.

The next wide-body model, the XV30, came in 2001. Now sold only as a sedan, it now offered two different front- and rear-end design treatments. Japan and most global markets received one style; a separate, more conservative version covered markets in East and Southeast Asia. With the XV40 of 2006, the Camry-derived Aurion become the donor model for the more conservative Camry sold in this region. The subsequent XV50 series, sold from 2011 until 2019, has resulted in even more markets adopting the alternative body panels, such as Japan and Eastern Europe. The current generation is called the XV70.

When Toyota launched their luxury

badge engineered Camry as the Daihatsu Altis (ダイハツ・アルティス) sold only in Japan. Badge engineering has also occurred in Australia with the Holden Apollo between 1989 and 1996. From 1993, Toyota Australia badged V6-engined
versions as Camry Vienta, becoming Toyota Vienta in 1995 until the badge's departure in 2000. Between 2006 and 2017, the Toyota Aurion model from Australia was derived from the V6 Camry, but with revised front-end and rear-end styling treatment and a partially refurbished cabin.

Sales of the Camry ended in late 2023 for the Japanese market after 43 years as the result of poor sales.[6]

Timeline

Toyota Camry timeline, 1979–present
Class 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s
9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4
Narrow-body Celica Camry Camry/Vista (V10) Camry/Vista (V20) Camry/Vista (V30) Camry/Vista (V40) Vista (V50)
Wide-body Camry/Scepter (XV10) Camry (XV20) Camry (XV30) Camry (XV40) Camry (XV50) Camry (XV70) Camry (XV80)

Narrow-body

Celica Camry (A40/A50; 1979–1982)

See also: Toyota Carina
Toyota Celica Camry
Curb weight
980–1,060 kg (2,161–2,337 lb)
Rear view of Toyota Celica Camry (Japan)

The "Camry" nameplate originated on a four-door

grille motif that resembled the Celica XX/Supra (A40)
. Strictly speaking, Celica Camry is not the first generation of Camry, but rather its predecessor.

Celica Camry uses the

semi-trailing arm setup; four-wheel disc brakes).[11][13][14] For the TA57 series 1800 SX, Toyota fitted the 1.8-liter 3T-EU engine.[13][14] Toyota designated the new 2.0-liter grades, the 21R-U powered 2000 SE and 18R-GEU-based 2000 GT as RA56 and RA55, respectively.[13][14]

V10 (1982–1986)

V10
Curb weight
990–1,130 kg (2,180–2,490 lb)

Toyota started production of the first generation series Camry in March 1982 at the Tsutsumi plant.

Toyota Vista Store locations.[17] Five-door liftback versions of the Vista came to the market in August 1982,[18] although outside of export markets the Camry remained exclusively a sedan. These cars served above the comparably sized Toyota Carina and Corona in the Toyota hierarchy. Unlike the preceding Celica Camry, exports were achieved with the first generation Camry to Australia, Europe and North America.[19]

Camry ZX sedan (Japan; pre-facelift)
Camry GLi liftback (Australia; pre-facelift)
Camry GLi liftback (Australia; pre-facelift)
Vista liftback (Japan; facelift)
Vista VF-II sedan (Japan; facelift)
Camry LE liftback (US; facelift)

Development of the V10 series Camry and Vista began in August 1977 following the

air dam to direct air flow.[31] Drag coefficient is quoted at Cd=0.38 for the sedan and Cd=0.36 for the liftback.[31]

Coil spring independent suspension features by way of a MacPherson strut type with stabilizer and strut bar up front, and a MacPherson rear setup with parallel lower arms.[30] Steering uses a rack and pinion design; braking hardware is made up of front ventilated discs and rear drums with a double proportioning valve to suppress lock-up.[30] Innovatively, a sensor is fitted to detect worn-out brake pads, alerted by use of an audible chime.[30]

Powertrain design was reassessed for front-wheel-drive and this generated a foundation for which other models were developed.

twin-cam 2.0-liter 3S-GELU engine offered on higher trims with 140 or 160 PS (103 or 118 kW) depending on the version.[18][29][34][35] For lower trims, the 85 PS (63 kW) "Ci" 1.8-liter 1S-iLU arrived.[15] The diesel was upgraded to the 2.0-liter 2C-TL specification in August 1985 (88 PS or 65 kW).[18][29]

Japanese trims levels initially comprised LT, XT, SE, and ZX for Camry sedan.

Wing mirrors became door-mounted as opposed to fender-mounted in May 1983.[37] Facelifted models arrived in June 1984[36] featuring a new grille, redesigned bumpers,[38] revised tail-lamps, updated dashboard, enlarged glovebox, and general trim alterations.[39]

The shift to smaller cars amid the oil crises doubled Japanese automobile market share from 10 to 20 percent in the United States between 1970 and 1980; thus, causing economic tensions between the two nations.

Nissan, respectively, to manufacture automobiles locally.[20] As investigations proceeded, Toyota proposed entering a joint venture with Ford in May 1980 to produce a compact car.[20] Toyota advocated that its Camry be manufactured at a Ford factory and sold through the sales channels of both brands, but Ford deemed Camry to be in competition with a model it was developing, which became the Ford Tempo, leading to an impasse and then the cessation of negotiations in July 1981.[20] Increasing Japan–United States unease culminated with the Japanese government, at the urging of its US counterpart, imposing a voluntary cartel in May 1981 with a threshold for the export of motor vehicles to the US.[41] Toyota would eventually pursue circumvention; firstly by entering into venture by forming NUMMI with General Motors in 1984 to manufacture the Toyota Corolla,[42] and then by setting up its own facility at Georgetown, Kentucky in 1988 for the next generation Camry.[43]

Sales of the V10 Camry in the US began in March 1983 after exports commenced in January, and by 1985 it had sold 128,000 units.

electronic instrument cluster.[39] For 1986, a replacement diesel engine, the automatic-only 2.0-liter 2C-TLC arrived for the DX and LE (79 hp or 59 kW), and the gasoline model increased power by around 3 hp (2 kW).[39] Other revisions for this model year were a revised powered brake system and new cloth seat and door trim for LEs.[39]

For Australia, the Camry range—based on the Vista front styling—was limited to a single-grade GLi liftback variant between April 1983 and April 1987.

Toyota Corona (T140), the sole powertrain offered was the gasoline 2.0-liter 2S-EL engine with 77 kW (103 hp) coupled with the five-speed manual or four-speed automatic transmission.[38] Optional extras included powering steering, air conditioning, electric moonroof, power doors and windows, plus an upgraded stereo.[30] Facelifted models with more standard appointments arrived in August 1984, and the unleaded version from early 1986 reduced power output by 2 kW (3 hp).[38]

Europe and the United Kingdom received both body variants when released there in mid 1984—these were available in the gasoline DX trim (1.8- 1S-L) and 2.0-liter GLi (2S-EL) or the GLD turbo diesel (1.8- 1C-TL in early models; later models upgraded to the 2.0-liter 2C-TL).

Powertrains (V10)
Model Fuel Engine Power Torque Transmission
SV10 Gasoline 1.8 L I4 1S-LU 74 kW (100 PS) at 5,400 rpm (JP) 152 N⋅m (112 lb⋅ft) at 3,400 rpm (JP) 5-speed manual (S51)
4-speed automatic (A140E)
1S-L 66 kW (90 PS) at 5,200 rpm (EU) 142 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) at 3,400 rpm (EU)
1S-iLU 63 kW (85 PS) at 5,200 rpm (JP) 142 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm (JP)
SV11 2.0 L I4 2S-ELU 88 kW (120 PS) at 5,400 rpm (JP) 173 N⋅m (127 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm (JP)
2S-EL 77 kW (105 PS; 103 hp) at 4,800 rpm (AU/EU)
1986–1987: 75 kW (102 PS; 101 hp) (AU)		 162 N⋅m (119 lb⋅ft) at 3,600 rpm (AU/EU)
2S-ELC MY 1983–1985: 69 kW (92 hp) at 4,200 rpm (NA)
MY 1986: 71 kW (95 hp) at 4,400 rpm (NA)		 MY 1983–1985: 153 N⋅m (113 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (NA)
MY 1986: 160 N⋅m (118 lb⋅ft) at 4,000 rpm (NA)
SV12 2.0 L DOHC 16V I4 3S-GELU 103 or 118 kW (140 or 160 PS) (JP) 172 or 186 N⋅m (127 or 137 lb⋅ft) (JP)
CV10 Diesel 1.8 L turbo I4 1C-TL 59 kW (80 PS) at 4,500 rpm (JP) 152 N⋅m (112 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (JP) 5-speed manual (S50)
4-speed automatic (A140L)
54 kW (73 PS) at 4,500 rpm (EU) 145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (EU)
1C-TLC 54 kW (73 hp) at 4,500 rpm (NA) 141 N⋅m (104 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (NA)
CV11 2.0 L turbo I4 2C-TL 65 kW (88 PS) at 4,500 rpm (JP) 167 N⋅m (123 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (JP)
2C-TLC 59 kW (79 hp) at 4,500 rpm (NA) 159 N⋅m (117 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm (NA) 4-speed automatic (A140L)

V20 (1986–1992)

V20
Curb weight
1,080–1,295 kg (2,381–2,855 lb)

The second generation, V20 series Camry went on sale during August 1986 in Japan.[49] As with the previous series, there was again a parallel Vista model for the home market that Toyota released simultaneously.[50] V20 Camry and Vista sedans continued with the four-door sedan configuration.[49] For overseas markets, Toyota issued a station wagon for the first time.[51] The Vista also launched with a four-door pillared hardtop sedan with unique body panels all-round in lieu of the liftback offered with the previous car—a body extended to the Camry in August 1988.[49][50] To attain a sportier appearance with lower and wider proportions, Toyota reduced the height of the hardtop by 25 mm (1 in) over the sedan.[50] Not intended for export, this hardtop body with few changes would later form the basis of the upscale but hastily conceived Lexus ES 250 produced for North American customers[52][53][54][55] from June 1989 through to 1991.[10] Toyota rushed the ES 250 as a stopgap measure to flesh out the fledgling Lexus lineup so as not to launch the flagship LS 400 as a stand-alone model.[56]

Camry Prominent hardtop (Japan)
Camry ZX sedan (Japan; pre-facelift)
Camry CS sedan (Australia; pre-facelift)
Camry LE V6 sedan (US; pre-facelift)
Camry LE V6 sedan (US; facelift)
Lexus ES 250 (US; facelift)
Camry Spirit wagon (Australia; first facelift)
Camry Ultima sedan (Australia; second facelift)

The V20 Camry originated from a time at Toyota when considerable cost and attention to detail was engineered into its cars such as high-quality materials and build quality to transcend the competition.

hydraulic circuits.[69] Wagons receive a load-sensing proportioning valve that grants greater braking pressure when laden and prevents wheel lockup under light payloads.[70] Entry-level V20 wheel size increases from 13 to 14 inches.[62]

All engines now use

electronic instrument cluster.[49][71] Full-time four-wheel-drive became an option in October 1987 with select 3S-FE manual variants (VL Extra, VR); automatics equipped with an electronic front- and rear-wheel torque distribution optimizer followed in August 1988.[71][72][73] The Vista was not available with the V6, but in April 1987, the special edition Vista VL Extra sedan and hardtop arrived, followed by the Etoile in August and again in January 1989; limited edition Etoile V cars were offered in September 1989 and January 1990.[72][74] Toyota discontinued the Vista VC in December 1989 and released a special edition VX Limited in May 1989 and then again for January 1990.[73][74] When the Camry Prominent hardtop variant arrived in August 1988,[75] it offered base, G, and E-Type levels of trim alongside a new sedan-only Camry Lumière.[73] Also in August 1988, a diesel version of the Vista hardtop made its debut, and the 1.8-liter gasoline engine was upgraded to the twin-cam 4S-Fi specification.[71][72] Special editions for the Camry comprised: Lumière S sedan (January 1989), Prominent X hardtop (May 1989), Lumière G sedan (June 1989), and XT Saloon Special sedan (January 1990).[73]

North American market V20 series Camry sedan and wagons came to the market in late 1986 for the 1987 model year.

dual overhead camshafts. The 1989 model year saw the Camry's mid-life update which included new front and rear bumper covers that were one piece instead of two, new taillight design, along with a few interior styling updates. The 1990 model year saw a slight upgrade in horsepower for V6 models, from 153 to 156. North American 1990 Camrys built from February 1990-August 1990 also saw another refresh that included Toyota's new logo introduced that year onto the front grille. Color-keyed door handles and grille also appeared on DX and LE models, along with a new ignition chime. In 1989, anti-lock brakes
became optional on the LE V6 sedan and wagon, and LE All-Trac.

1991 model year Camrys began production in August 1990, and can be identified by a newly redesigned front valence panel under the front bumper. In addition, the DX model gains new standard color keyed bumpers, new interior cloth that replaces the older tweed, and new hubcap designs on both DX and LE models.

safety protection in the event of an accident.[90]

  • Camry Executive sedan (Australia; pre-facelift)
    Camry Executive sedan (Australia; pre-facelift)
  • Camry Lumière sedan (Japan; facelift)
    Camry Lumière sedan (Japan; facelift)
  • Camry LE V6 sedan (US; facelift)
    Camry LE V6 sedan (US; facelift)
  • Camry Spirit wagon (Australia; first facelift)
    Camry Spirit wagon (Australia; first facelift)
  • Camry CSi Limited sedan (Australia; second facelift)
    Camry CSi Limited sedan (Australia; second facelift)

Holden Apollo (JK, JL)
Holden Apollo (JK) SLE sedan
Holden Apollo (JL) SLX sedan
Holden Apollo (JK) SL sedan
Holden Apollo (JL) GS sedan

The Holden Apollo, a rebadged variant to the Toyota Camry, retailed in Australia alongside the facelifted Camry V20 series from August 1989.[91][92] Production had started in July.[78] This model sharing occurred due to the United Australian Automobile Industries (UAAI) joint venture between Toyota Australia and General Motors-Holden's starting in 1987 that resulted in model sharing between both automakers from August 1989.[93][94] Known as the JK series, the Apollo differentiated itself by way of a redesigned grille, rehashed tail lamps and other minor trim items.[94] This rebranding scheme was the result of the Button car plan, introduced in May 1984 to rationalise and make the Australian automotive industry more competitive on a global scale by means of reducing import tariffs.[95] Offered in sedan and wagon guises, Apollo replaced the Camira.[92]

Powertrains were verbatim of the Camry, with the 3S-FC for the entry-level SL, and higher-end SLX and SLE models graced with the 3S-FE engine.

wheel covers, as opposed to the SL model's steel wheels with center caps.[99] The Executive variant was not a stand-alone model, but an option pack for the SLX, adding power steering and automatic transmission.[97] SLE equipment included the four-wheel disc brakes, variable intermittent windshield wipers, a four-speaker stereo, body-colored bumpers, dual odometers, automatic headlamp cut-off system, velour seat upholstery, center back-seat armrest, power antenna, central locking with illuminated driver's door lock and front map lamps.[98][100] As per the Camry, in May 1991, the EFI version of the engine was made standard.[86]

In August 1991, there was a small Apollo facelift, given the designation JL, with an altered model range.[91][101] The SL and SLX continued, with the SLE now available only as a sedan. The Executive pack was now no longer offered, and a sports version, dubbed GS was introduced in both body variants. Equipment levels mostly mirrored the previous JK, although the SLX was now similar in specification to the discontinued Executive and the GS to the JK SLE, albeit without standard automatic transmission.[102] GS specification cars also added body stripes, red highlights, a tachometer and upgraded audio.[101] Appearance-wise, the JK and JL are very similar, with the JL's grille treated with bolder chrome highlighting and slightly altered tail lamps on sedans.[103] The XV10 Camry-based JM Apollo replaced the JL in March 1993.[91]

Model codes

Powertrains (V20)
Model Drive Fuel Engine Power Torque Transmission
SV20 FWD Gasoline 1.8 L
I4 (1S-i
)		 63 kW (85 PS) at 5,200 rpm (JP)
64 kW (86 hp) (AU)		 142 N⋅m (105 lb⋅ft) at 3,000 rpm (JP)
145 N⋅m (107 lb⋅ft) (AU)		 5-speed manual
4-speed automatic (A140E)
SV22 1.8 L I4 (4S-Fi) 77 kW (105 PS) (JP) 149 N⋅m (110 lb⋅ft) (JP) 5-speed manual
4-speed automatic (A140E)
SV21 2.0 L I4 (3S-FC) 82 kW (110 hp) (AU) 166 N⋅m (122 lb⋅ft) (AU) 5-speed manual
4-speed automatic (A140E)
2.0 L I4 (3S-GE) 103 kW (140 PS) at 6,200 rpm (JP) 172 N⋅m (127 lb⋅ft) at 4,800 rpm (JP) 5-speed manual
4-speed automatic (A140E)
2.0 L I4 (3S-FE) 88 kW (120 PS) at 5,600 rpm (JP)
88 kW (118 hp) (AU)
86 kW (115 hp) at 5,200 rpm (NA)		 169 N⋅m (124 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm (JP)
171 N⋅m (126 lb⋅ft) (AU)
168 N⋅m (124 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm (NA)		 5-speed manual (S51, S53)
4-speed automatic (A140E)
SV25 4WD 5-speed manual (
E56F5)
4-speed automatic (A540H
)
VZV20 FWD 2.0 L V6 (1VZ-FE) 103 kW (140 PS) at 6,000 rpm (JP) 174 N⋅m (128 lb⋅ft) at 4,600 rpm (JP) 5-speed manual (
E53)
4-speed automatic (A540E
)
VZV21 2.5 L V6 (2VZ-FE) 117 kW (157 hp) (AU)
1987–1989: 114 kW (153 hp) at 5,600 rpm (NA)
1990–1991: 116 kW (156 hp) at 5,600 rpm (NA)		 215 N⋅m (159 lb⋅ft) (AU)
1987–1989: 210 N⋅m (155 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm (NA)
1990–1991: 217 N⋅m (160 lb⋅ft) at 4,400 rpm (NA)		 5-speed manual (
E52)
4-speed automatic (A540E
)
CV20 Diesel 2.0 L I4-T (2C-T) 60 kW (82 PS) at 4,500 rpm (JP) 160 N⋅m (118 lb⋅ft) at 2,400 rpm (JP) 5-speed manual (S50)
4-speed automatic (A140L)

V30 (1990–1994)

V30
Curb weight
1,180–1,360 kg (2,600–3,000 lb)

Introduced exclusively to Japan in July 1990, the Camry V30 carried forward the four-door sedan and a differently styled hardtop sedan.[105] Like before, either shape could be had in a Vista branded variety with revised styling.[105] Both bodies would also form the basis of enlarged wide-body XV10 versions from September 1991, aimed primarily at international markets.[106][107] The V30 remained smaller than the XV10 to offer buyers a vehicle within the "five-number" registration category concerning exterior dimensions and engine displacement for Japanese vehicle size regulations.[108] The rules required a body width under 1.7 m (5.6 ft), length under 4.7 m (15.4 ft), and engines at or below 2,000 cc.[109] Sedans in the wide-body format would sell overseas as the Camry XV10—identical to the smaller V30 in most respects except for the front- and rear-end styling grafted to an otherwise unchanged body and interior.[110] Hardtop sedans would engender the luxury Lexus ES 300 (XV10), which again would couple the existing side profile with rehashed front, rear, and interior designs.[111] The export-oriented ES 300 would sell as the Toyota Windom in Japan.[112]

Dimensions grew slightly with sedan body length extended to 4,600 mm (181.1 in), and for the Vista and Camry hardtops to 4,630 and 4,670 mm (182.3 and 183.9 in), respectively.

C-pillar is raked more sharply.[105] Base cars gain full body-color coding of peripheral exterior components.[113]

The four-wheel strut/coil suspension carried over from the V20, although as option on high-end front-drive trims, Toyota added a wheel-stroke-sensitive

four-wheel steering.[116] The available powerplants were three twin-cam inline-four engines—the 1.8-liter 4S-FE, plus the 3S-FE and higher-performance 3S-GE 2.0-liter units.[116] Toyota also offered the 2.0-liter 2C-T turbo-diesel inline-four known from the previous generations, and for the flagship Camry Prominent only, the 2.0-liter 1VZ-FE gasoline V6.[116]
In May 1991 a 2.5-liter V6 engine also became available on the Camry Prominent, while the earlier 2-liter V6 became the "Prominent E".

An updated model appeared in July 1992.[113] The scope of changes ranged from a new, larger grille and a revised air conditioning unit. At the same time the ZX Touring package appeared in place of the GT, which Toyota discontinued in conjunction with the sporting 3S-GE engine option.[113] The 2.0 V6 engine was removed from the lineup at the same time, leaving the 2.5-liter unit as the only offering in the Camry Prominent.

  • Camry sedan (pre-facelift)
    Camry sedan (pre-facelift)
  • Camry sedan (facelift)
    Camry sedan (facelift)
  • Camry sedan (facelift)
    Camry sedan (facelift)
  • Vista hardtop
    Vista hardtop

V40 (1994–1998)

V40
I4 gasoline 4S-FE
  • 2.0 L I4 gasoline 3S-FE
  • 2.2 L I4-T diesel 3C-T
    • Dimensions
    Wheelbase2,650 mm (104.3 in)
    Length4,625 mm (182.1 in)
    Width1,695 mm (66.7 in)
    Height1,410–1,435 mm (55.5–56.5 in)

    The Camry V40 appeared in July 1994 exclusively for the Japanese market. The Toyota Vista twin continued on, although the Camry Prominent hardtop was no longer offered; only the Vista was available as a hardtop. As before in previous generations, the Camry was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store, while the Vista was only available at Toyota Vista Store locations.

    V40 continued to be built around the 4,700 mm (185.0 in) x 1,700 mm (66.9 in) length-width bracket, legacy of a Japanese taxation law. The car is 15 mm (0.6 in) taller[117] than its predecessor.[116]

    Engines for the V40 were a 1.8-liter (4S-FE type) and 2.0-liter (3S-FE type), and a 2.2-liter turbo-diesel (3C-T type). At launch only the 2.0-liter model was available in all-wheel drive mode, although afterwards the 2.2-liter turbodiesel could be optioned with this system.

    Toyota updated the V40 in June 1996. In the update

    air bags
    became standard equipment. After 1998, the Japanese market Camry and international Camry became in-line with each other, with the Vista taking over the V30 and V40 Camry roles.

    • Camry sedan (pre-facelift)
      Camry sedan (pre-facelift)
    • Camry 2.0 Lumière G (facelift)
      Camry 2.0 Lumière G (facelift)
    • Vista hardtop (pre-facelift)
      Vista hardtop (pre-facelift)
    • Vista hardtop (pre-facelift)
      Vista hardtop (pre-facelift)
    • Vista hardtop (facelift)
      Vista hardtop (facelift)

    V50 (1998–2003)

    V50
    Toyota Avensis (T250)

    The V50 generation was not available as a Camry—only as a Vista—as a sedan, plus a station wagon called Vista Ardeo. 1.8 L and 2.0 L engines were available. The interior features a center instrument panel/navigation display.

    Vista V50 is significant because it's one of the first fruits of Toyota's company-wide platform renewal efforts known as the MC. Studies for new front-wheel drive (FWD) platform and packaging layout began in 1993 and appeared on market in December 1997 in the Toyota Prius, but the Vista is the first mass-production, FWD Toyota with a new platform. Toyota claims this is the first true redesign and rethink of its FWD platforms since the 1982 Camry/Vista. With this platform, Toyota trades the rear MacPherson struts for a torsion beam axle setup. A double-wishbone setup is available for all-wheel drive. Toyota also flipped the engine orientation so that the intake manifold is in front, improving space efficiency.

    Vista production ended in September 2003, as Toyota prepared to rename the Vista dealership network as

    second generation Avensis. The move to simplify Toyota's dealership organization came in light of the pending (August 2005) launch of Lexus
    in Japan. In April 2005 the process was complete and all Vista dealers became Netz dealers.

    • Vista sedan (pre-facelift)
      Vista sedan (pre-facelift)
    • Vista sedan (facelift)
      Vista sedan (facelift)
    • Vista Ardeo wagon (pre-facelift)
      Vista Ardeo wagon (pre-facelift)

    Wide-body

    XV10 (1991–1996)

    XV10
    coupé
  • 4-door sedan
  • 5-door station wagon
    • Main article: Toyota Camry (XV10)

    Toyota replaced the compact V20 Camry with the Japanese market-only V30 series in 1990. However, international markets such as Australia and North America received a widened version of the V30, known as the XV10 series. While marginally larger than the V20, the V30 had to comply with Japanese dimension regulations, which restricted the car's width to 1,700 mm (67 in) and length to 4,700 mm (190 in) for a lower tax obligation. Particularly in the United States, this narrower model was seen as compromised, thus limiting its sales potential.[118] As a result, the "wide-body" mid-size Camry (XV10) released to North America in 1991 was developed from early 1988 and the final design frozen later that year.[119] It was with the XV10 that Toyota upgraded the Camry's status to its second "world car" after the Corolla, with exports starting from Australia to Southeast Asia.[107] Japan also received the wider XV10 model, although it was sold under the Toyota Scepter name there.[120][121] Toyota chose the name "Scepter" as a reference to the Camry/Crown naming tradition, as a "scepter" is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling monarch, a prominent item of royal regalia.

    A notable point of the "Wide body" SXV10 Camry is the influence of engineering developed from the launch of

    GD&T development standards) and tolerances on the SXV10 is often perceived to be closer than any prior or latter iterations of the Camry. In an interview with Automotive News, Chris Hostetter, group vice president for Toyota NA, admitted that the 1992 Camry was considered by many company insiders to be more of a "Lexus product" than most Toyota badge cars, going on to mention that it borrowed technologies such as hydraulically powered cooling fans directly developed from the ES300.[122]
    However, the Lexus standards of the SXV10 created a division in product development philosophies in the company. Also according to Automotive News, some company insiders considered it too upscale for its price point and the market segment it was set to compete within (mid-sized, mid-segment).

    It was Robert McCurry in conjunction with Dave Illingworth and Jim Press, who, with great initial opposition from the Japanese executives, convinced the Japanese company that the 1992 Camry be re-designed, enlarged, and shaped to resemble a scaled-down LS400 with a more affordable FWD format, to help establish the reputation of

    suspension. However, the LS400 and the SXV10 Camry featured no sharing of powertrain layout nor design. Many insiders of Toyota argued even after critical acclaim that the SXV10 Camry overlapped too greatly with Lexus, even though Chris Hostetter, current vice president of advanced technology research at Toyota, believed the model had to be developed to develop buyers who would become interested in Lexus.[123][124] This division as well as cost-cutting led to the Camry and Lexus line to become more distinctive, as the Camry became a more economical, affordable, spacious sedan
    typical of the segment.

    The smaller V30 Camry varied in other areas besides the size. Although the

    doors and fenders, and overall basic design cues were common between the two cars, the smaller Camry sported harder, more angular front- and rear-end styling treatment, with the wide-body model presenting a more curvaceous silhouette. This was a departure from the V20 generation Camry which, although had many more rounded panels than the V10 series, was nevertheless generally slab-sided in shape. A two-door Camry coupé was added to compete with the Honda Accord coupé. However, the Camry Coupé was never popular and was dropped in 1996. A two-door Camry would not be reintroduced until 1999, with the Toyota Camry Solara
    .

    The Japanese V30 model was replaced by the Camry V40 in 1994, however, this was also a Japan-only model. International markets instead retained the wider XV10 until it was replaced by the XV20 in 1996. The V40 and XV20 models were sold alongside one another in the Japanese market until 1998. At this time, the Vista V50 took the place of the V40, ending the period of separate Camrys for the Japanese and international markets.

    The XV10, at its most basic level, offered a 2.2-liter

    four-cylinder engine, up from 2.0 liters in the V20 and V30 Camrys. This unit produced 97 kW (130 hp) of power and 197 N⋅m (145 lb⋅ft) of torque, although the exact figures varied slightly depending on the market. Power and displacement increases were also received for the V6 engine. The 3.0-liter 3VZ-FE unit was rated at 138 kW (185 hp) and 264 N⋅m (195 lb⋅ft). An all-new aluminum 1MZ-FE V6 debuted in North American models from 1993 for the 1994 model year, with other markets retaining the 3VZ-FE V6. Power and torque rose to 140 kW (190 hp) and 275 N⋅m (203 lb⋅ft), respectively.[125]

    In Australia, the V6 engine Camry was badged "Camry Vienta" when launched in 1993, later becoming the Toyota Vienta in 1995.[126] In South Africa, the XV10 Camry was manufactured by Toyota SA in Durban from 1992 to 2002,[127] offering both the 2.2-liter and 3.0-liter engines, as well as a 2.0-liter engine derived from the Celica. Only a sedan configuration was available. These were also marketed and sold into Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe.

    A variant of the UK market V6 model - detuned to run on 91 rather than 95 octane unleaded gasoline - was launched in New Zealand in 1991. These Japanese-built models were replaced with an Australian-made line, with unique New Zealand specification, in 1993 at which point the 2.2-liter I4 was offered as well.

    • Camry sedan (Australia; pre-facelift)
      Camry sedan (Australia; pre-facelift)
    • Camry sedan (US; facelift)
      Camry sedan (US; facelift)
    • Camry sedan (Australia; facelift)
      Camry sedan (Australia; facelift)
    • Vienta wagon (Australia)
      Vienta wagon (Australia)

    XV20 (1996–2002)

    XV20
    V6 1MZ-FE
    Main article: Toyota Camry (XV20)

    In late 1991, development on the XV20 commenced after launch of the XV10 under the 415T program. Design work was frozen in early 1994 and later launched in the United States in September 1996 and Japan in December 1996. It continued as a sedan and station wagon (called the Camry Gracia in Japan), though the wagon was not sold in the United States. This was the first generation where it was sold in Japan as the Daihatsu Altis, replacing the Daihatsu Applause.

    In August 1999 for the 2000 model year, the sedan models received a mid-model upgrade to the front and rear fascias, but remained otherwise similar to the 1997 to 1999 models.

    In the United States, the Camry SE was dropped and the base model was renamed the CE for the 1997 model year. Both the LE and the XLE trims were carried over from the previous series. All trim levels were available with either the 2.2-liter I4 or the 3.0-liter V6 engine except the Solara SLE, which was only available with the V6. TRD offered a supercharger kit for 1997 through to 2000 V6 models raising power to 247 hp (184 kW) and 242 lb⋅ft (328 N⋅m) of torque. A coupe was added in 1999, and then a convertible form in 2000. In contrast to the coupe from the XV10 generation Camrys, the new two-door cars were given a separate nameplate Camry Solara, or simply Solara. They were also a significant styling departure from the sedan. The Solara was available in SE and SLE trims, corresponding roughly to the sedan's LE and XLE trims.

    Power was increased slightly to 133 hp (99 kW)

    E153 manual transmission.[128]

    • Camry sedan (pre-facelift)
      Camry sedan (pre-facelift)
    • Camry sedan (facelift)
      Camry sedan (facelift)
    • Camry sedan (facelift)
      Camry sedan (facelift)
    • Camry wagon (facelift)
      Camry wagon (facelift)

    XV30 (2001–2006)

    XV30
    Toyota Avensis (T250)
    (Europe)
    Main article: Toyota Camry (XV30)
    Regular

    Released in September 2001 for the 2002 model year,

    crossover SUVs
    .

    Toyota redesigned this series from the ground up for the first time since the launch of the Camry nameplate.[132] Through efficiency gains such as increased computerization, and by having the XV30 ride on the K platform introduced with the Toyota Highlander (XU20) of 2000, Toyota expedited the XV30 production development stage to 26 months, down from 36 months with the XV20.[133] As a consequence, Toyota claimed the XV30 to have cost 30 percent less to design and develop than its predecessor.[134] XV30 also had increased parts content over the XV20, but did not cost any more to manufacture.[134]

    Until the 2003 model year, the Camry Solara remained on the XV20 series chassis, and received only minor styling upgrades to the front and rear ends. However, the Solara did receive the same 2.4-liter 2AZ-FE I4 engine that was available on the Camry sedan. The US received three engine options, a 115 kW (154 hp) 2.4-liter inline-four, a 142 kW (190 hp) 3.0-liter V6, and a 157 kW (210 hp) 3.3-liter version of the same. The 3.3-liter was only available for the Camry's sportier "SE" model.

    • Camry (pre-facelift)
      Camry (pre-facelift)
    • Camry (facelift)
      Camry (facelift)
    • Camry Sportivo (facelift)
      Camry Sportivo (facelift)
    • Camry Sportivo (facelift)
      Camry Sportivo (facelift)
    Prestige

    Compared to the international version with a less conservative design (styled by Hiroyuki Metsugi, approved 1999), the Southeast Asian and Taiwanese "prestige" Camry had a different distinctive design with more chrome, larger

    head lamps
    and tail lamps and a general greater emphasis on its width.

    • Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; pre-facelift)
      Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; pre-facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; pre-facelift)
      Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; pre-facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; facelift)
      Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; facelift)
      Prestige Camry (Southeast Asia/Taiwan; facelift)

    XV40 (2006–2012)

    XV40
    Pre-facelift Camry (regular)
    Overview
    Model codeXV40
    Also calledDaihatsu Altis (Japan)
    Production
    • 2006–2011 (regular)
    • 2006–2012 (prestige)
    Model years2007–2011 (North America)
    Body and chassis
    Body style4-door sedan
    PlatformToyota K platform
    RelatedToyota Aurion (XV40)
    Regular
    Main article: Toyota Camry (XV40)

    This generation of Camry saw even greater differentiation between "regular" model sold internationally (including Japan) and the "prestige" Camry sold in the rest of Asia. The regular Camry, fitted with four-cylinder engines sold alongside the V6-engined prestige Camry in Oceania and the Middle East as the Toyota Aurion. Between 2006 and 2010, the regular Camry was also rebadged as the Daihatsu Altis model, which sold alongside the Camry in Japan. The Daihatsu differed only in badging, with no cosmetic changes.

    The XV40 Camry was introduced at the

    hybrid
    version and went on sale in March 2006 for the 2007 model year.

    Power comes from a choice of four and six-cylinder engines. The 2.4-liter

    I4 engine was carried over and produced 158 hp (118 kW). It came with a five-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmission. The 3.5-liter 2GR-FE V6 in contrast came with a new six-speed automatic and produced 268 hp (200 kW).[135]

    The Camry was facelifted in early 2009 for the 2010 model year with a redesigned fascia, taillights, and an all-new 2.5-liter 2AR-FE four-cylinder engine with a new six-speed automatic transmission. The 2.5-liter engine produces 169 hp (126 kW) for the base, LE, XLE models, and 179 hp (133 kW) for the SE. Power locks, stability control, traction control and tires (205–225 mm or 8.1–8.9 in) were also made standard for 2010. A six speed manual transmission was available on the base model.[136]

    The XV40 series Camry is the first in which the Camry has been available as a gasoline/electric

    hybrid. The Camry Hybrid uses Toyota's second-generation Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) and a 2AZ-FXE four-cylinder with 110 kW (148 hp) in conjunction with a 30 kW (40 hp) electric motor for a combined output of 140 kW (188 hp).[137]

    • Camry (pre-facelift)
      Camry (pre-facelift)
    • Camry (facelift)
      Camry (facelift)
    • Camry (facelift)
      Camry (facelift)
    • Camry Hybrid (facelift)
      Camry Hybrid (facelift)
    Prestige
    Main article: Toyota Aurion (XV40)

    The Asian market Camry features different front and rear styling, plus a revised interior. In Asia, the Camry occupied a higher end of the market, priced just below entry-level German luxury models.[138] The Asian Camry lineup includes a 3.5-liter V6 model and is sold as the Toyota Aurion (XV40) in Australia, competing against large Australian sedans like the Ford Falcon and Holden Commodore.

    • Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
      Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
      Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (facelift)
      Prestige Camry (facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (facelift)
      Prestige Camry (facelift)

    XV50 (2011–2019)

    XV50
    Pre-facelift Camry (regular)
    Overview
    Model codeXV50
    Also calledDaihatsu Altis (Japan)
    Production
    • August 2011 – October 2017 (regular)
    • August 2011 – March 2019 (prestige)
    Model years2012–2017
    Body and chassis
    Body style4-door sedan
    PlatformToyota K platform
    Main article: Toyota Camry (XV50)
    Regular

    The XV50 Camry was produced from 21 August 2011, introduced on 23 August 2011, and began U.S. sales in September 2011.[139] The interior received a major restyling, while the exterior received all-new sheet metal and more angular styling.

    The US Camry carried over three different engine choices from the previous model. Starting with a 2.5-liter four-cylinder hybrid model rated at 149 kW (200 hp), a 2.5-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine rated at 133 kW (178 hp) and 230 N⋅m (170 lb⋅ft), and a 3.5-liter V6 rated at 200 kW (268 hp) and 336 N⋅m (248 lb⋅ft). Power output has been increased mostly by switching to electro-hydraulic power steering. The trim levels include the L, LE, SE, XLE, SE V6, XLE V6, Hybrid LE, Hybrid XLE and for 2014 a Hybrid SE model. All models except for the hybrids are standard with six-speed automatic transmissions. For the first time, the manual transmission was not available. Hybrids are equipped with an eCVT transmission. The SE model gets paddle shifters, and a stiffer suspension. The new model has increased fuel economy due to lighter weight, a sleeker body, and low rolling-resistance tires.

    A major facelift released to North America in April 2014 for the 2015 model year updated most of the exterior panels.[140]

    The US-built Toyota Camry took the top spot in 2015 and 2016 as the most American-made car with over 75 percent of its parts and manufacturing coming from the United States.[141]

    • Camry Altise (pre-facelift)
      Camry Altise (pre-facelift)
    • Camry LE (pre-facelift)
      Camry LE (pre-facelift)
    • Camry Atara/SE (pre-facelift)
      Camry Atara/SE (pre-facelift)
    • Camry Hybrid (pre-facelift)
      Camry Hybrid (pre-facelift)
    • Camry Altise (facelift)
      Camry Altise (facelift)
    • Camry Altise (facelift)
      Camry Altise (facelift)
    • Camry Atara/SE (facelift)
      Camry Atara/SE (facelift)
    • Camry Hybrid Atara/SE (facelift)
      Camry Hybrid Atara/SE (facelift)
    Prestige

    In this generation, the Camry line-up for the Japanese domestic market was reduced to being just a single variant (hybrid only). The Japanese market will now share the same Camry model as the Asian market "prestige" Camry—a design also adopted by the

    Toyota Aurion (XV50), albeit with minor visual changes. The Brazilian market also carries the Prestige variant instead of the one sold in North America (only in the 3.5L V6 configuration). Prior to the XV50, the Japanese and Brazilian markets wide-body Camry were similar to the US models.[142][143]
    The "prestige" Camry was discontinued in Southeast Asia and India in late 2018, but continued to be sold in Vietnam until April 2019.

    • Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
      Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
      Prestige Camry (pre-facelift)
    • Prestige Camry (facelift)
      Prestige Camry (facelift)
    • Prestige Camry Hybrid (facelift)
      Prestige Camry Hybrid (facelift)
    • Prestige Camry Hybrid (facelift)
      Prestige Camry Hybrid (facelift)

    XV70 (2017–2024)

    XV70
    Toyota Avensis (T270)
    (Europe)
    Main article: Toyota Camry (XV70)

    The XV70 Camry

    GA-K platform.[146]

    Engine choices include a base 2.5 L inline four-cylinder (I4) that now produces 151 kW (203 hp) in base form (155 kW (208 hp) when equipped with the optional quad exhaust), the same 2.5 L inline four-cylinder (I4) engine with an electric motor (Hybrid) that produces 155 kW (208 hp), or the top-of-the-line 3.5 L V6 that produces 224 kW (301 hp).[150] In some markets the old 2.5 L 2AR-FE engine is carried over from the previous generation which produces 133 kW (178 hp).

    The only major components shared with the previous generation are the Toyota emblem on the front grille and rear trunk lid.[150]

    • Camry Ascent (pre-facelift)
      Camry Ascent (pre-facelift)
    • Camry SX/XSE (pre-facelift)
      Camry SX/XSE (pre-facelift)
    • Camry SX/XSE (pre-facelift)
      Camry SX/XSE (pre-facelift)
    • Camry Hybrid XLE (facelift)
      Camry Hybrid XLE (facelift)
    • Camry Hybrid XLE (facelift)
      Camry Hybrid XLE (facelift)
    • Interior (facelift)
      Interior (facelift)

    XV80 (2023–present)

    XV80
    eCVT
    Hybrid drivetrainPower-split
    Dimensions
    Wheelbase2,825 mm (111.2 in)
    Length4,885–4,905 mm (192.3–193.1 in)
    Width1,840 mm (72.4 in)
    Height1,455 mm (57.3 in)

    The ninth-generation Camry (XV80)[151] was unveiled on 14 November 2023. However, unlike the previous generations, the XV80 Camry is not available with a pure gasoline engine for markets like North America and Europe.[152][153][154]

    The XV80 Camry is underpinned by the same GA-K platform as the XV70, with some changes such as revised

    C-HR, all launched in 2023.[155]

    The XV80 Camry is not available in Japan, due to the declining sales of the previous generations.[156]

    Markets

    North America

    The Camry will be available in four trim levels in North America: LE, SE, XLE and XSE. In the market, for the first time, all grades of the Camry come standard with a hybrid powertrain and an optional all-wheel-drive; a V6 will not be offered.[157]

    The touchscreen sizes for the audio multimedia system have been increased. LE and SE grades comes standard with a 8.0-inch touchscreen, while a 12.3-inch touchscreen is available on SE, and standard on XLE and XSE grades. The vehicle is equipped Toyota's updated audio multimedia system that debuted on the

    advanced driver-assistance systems
    .

    • 2025 Toyota Camry Hybrid XSE (AXVH80; US)
      2025 Toyota Camry Hybrid XSE (AXVH80; US)
    • Rear view
      Rear view
    • Interior
      Interior
    China

    For the Chinese market, the XV80 Camry was unveiled at the November 2023

    Guangzhou Auto Show, with different designs for the front headlights, front bumper for the regular model, dashboard design, and internal center console compared to the North American model. In addition to offering a 2.5-liter hybrid engine in the local market, this model offers a 2.0-liter pure gasoline and hybrid two types of engines.[158]

    • Toyota Camry 2.0H LE (MXVH80; China)
      Toyota Camry 2.0H LE (MXVH80; China)
    Europe

    The new Camry was confirmed to arrive in June 2024 to the Czech market. The design is based on North America's XLE model and will feature the fifth generation hybrid powertrain along with 2.5 L engine, modernized infotainment, improved suspension and upgraded Toyota Teammate and Toyota Safety Sense safety packages.[159] In contrast with the previous generation, the new model was only confirmed to be sold in selected countries within Toyota Central Europe region (Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary), Baltic countries and Israel.[160]

    Sales

    Competing with mainstream and more affordable models in Western markets, for other export markets in Asia and Latin America, the Camry is seen as a luxury car where it sells strongly (and serves as Toyota's flagship vehicle along with the Land Cruiser). In the United States, except for 2001, the Camry was the best-selling passenger car from 1997 through 2020.[161][162] Despite international success, and early success in Japan, the later wide-body models have been a low-volume model in its home market. However, since the introduction of the XV50 Camry in 2011, sales of the wide-body models in Japan have resurged, thanks, in large part, to the inclusion of Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive system.

    The Camry is also a prolific seller within Australia. The Camry has profited within its medium-sized class, where it has been its best selling since 1993, beating traditional competitors including the Mazda 6, as well as contemporary ones in that of the Ford Mondeo and Skoda Superb.[163] The Middle East, as well as Eastern Europe, each have seen the Camry sell well, with Western Europe previously having small amounts exported.[164]

    Year U.S.[165] Australia Canada[166] China[167] Mexico[168] Europe[169] Thailand Malaysia[170]
    1983 52,651
    1984 93,725
    1985 128,143
    1986 151,767
    1987 186,623
    1988 225,322 30,273[171]
    1989 255,252 32,308 [172]
    1990 283,042 31,621[173]
    1991 262,531 27,672[174]
    1992 284,751 25,699[175]
    1993 297,836 32,551[176]
    1994 319,718 35,859[177]
    1995 326,632 33,367[178]
    1996 357,359 31,777[179]
    1997 394,397 30,890[180] 10,434
    1998 427,308 42,031[181] 6,025
    1999 445,696 42,522[182] 3,520
    2000 422,961 33,334[183] 2,927 2,585
    2001 388,512 26,726[184] 2,313 1,452
    2002 434,145 30,952[185] 4,634 3,656
    2003 413,296 38,540[186] 2,401 6,163
    2004 426,990 40,356[187] 5,683
    2005 431,703 36,492[188] 2,646 6,064
    2006 448,445 30,262[189] 60,647 7,121 4,870
    2007 472,808 26,342[190] 169,684 6,863 9,503
    2008 436,617 23,067[191] 153,532 4,979 12,734
    2009 356,824 20,846[192] 154,977 3,836 8,850
    2010 327,553 25,014[193] 161,410 3,717 11,505
    2011 306,510 19,169[193] 143,703 4,167 7,718
    2012 404,885 27,230[194] 18,203 145,402 5,777 9,551
    2013 408,484 24,860[195] 18,245 177,649 3,824 6,019
    2014 428,606 22,044[196] 16,029 150,311 2,754 6,847[197] 5,664
    2015 429,355 27,654[198] 16,805 128,046 3,361 8,087[199] 7,347
    2016 388,616 26,485[200] 15,683 100,611 3,187 5,909[201] 3,918
    2017 387,081 23,620[202] 14,574 75,237 2,481 4,505[203] 3,245
    2018 343,439 15,269[204] 14,588 163,046 2,744 4,589[citation needed] 2,204
    2019 336,978 16,768[205] 13,654 185,245 3,683 7,640 1,881
    2020 294,348 13,727[206] 11,631 185,140 2,491 9,119 845
    2021 313,795 13,081[207] 11,897 216,764 3,016 8,222 884
    2022 295,201[208] 9,538[209] 6,009 261,084 3,143[210] 15,127[211] 6,089[212] 592
    2023 290,649 10,581[213] 1,954

    Hybrid sales

    Camry Hybrid
    Calendar
    year     		US
    2006 31,341[214]
    2007 54,477[214]
    2008 46,272[214]
    2009 22,887[214]
    2010 14,587[214]
    2011 9,241[214]
    2012 45,656[214]
    2013 44,448[214]
    2014 39,515[214]
    2015 30,640[214]
    2016 22,227[214]
    2017 20,985[214]
    2018 22,914[215]
    2019 26,043[215]
    2020 33,826[216]
    2021 46,399[217]
    2022 41,830[208]
    2023 35,445[218]

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    Bibliography

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