Atlantic horse mackerel

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Trachurus trachurus
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Atlantic horse mackerel
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Carangiformes
Family: Carangidae
Genus: Trachurus
Species:
T. trachurus
Binomial name
Trachurus trachurus
Synonyms[3]
  • Scomber trachurus Linnaeus, 1758
  • Caranx trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  • Trachurus vulgaris Fleming, 1828
  • Trachurus europaeus Gronow, 1854

The Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), also known as the European horse mackerel or common scad, is a species of

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
.

Description

The Atlantic horse mackerel has quite a slender, quite compressed body with a large head in which the rear of the upper jaw reaches the front of the eye and the lower jaw projects beyond the upper jaw. The eye has a well developed

scutes runs from the head to the tail, each having a small spine which increase in size and become bonier towards the tail.[7] The lateral line has a total of 66–67 scales, of which 31–36 are scutes.[5][6] It is dark blue in colour with silvery flanks and a white belly, there is a dark spot on the operculum. This species attains a maximum fork length of 60 centimetres (24 in),[6] although they are normally around 25 cm (10 in) and a weight of 1.5 kg (3 lb).[5]

Distribution

The Atlantic horse mackerel occurs in the north and eastern

Trachurus capensis is considered to be a valid species then this species is restricted to the north east Atlantic.[8] It has been recorded in Cape Verde but is thought to occur there only as a vagrant.[1]

Habitat and biology

The Atlantic horse mackerel is a

pelagic.[4]

The juveniles of thus species frequently often shoal with the juveniles of other fish species, mainly Atlantic herring (Clupea clupea) and with other species of horse mackerels such as the Mediterranean horse mackerel (T. mediterraneus) and blue jack mackerel (T. picturatus).[4] Juveniles are also often encountered sheltering in the tentacles of jellyfish. In South Africa the maximum recorded age is 24 years while 40 years of age has been recorded in the northeast Atlantic. They are thought to breed from two to four years old for females. Off Mauritania, the juveniles are caught at depths of 200–300 m (110–160 fathoms; 660–980 ft) while mature fish are taken in shallower waters of less than 100 m (55 fathoms; 330 ft).The age and growth of the Atlantic horse mackerel vary across its extensive range and are affected by the levels to which stocks are exploited.[1]

The diet of this species, in both juveniles and adults, is

Mysids made up the highest percentage of food eaten. Bony fish were the secondmost numerous food ingested, while polychaeta and arrow worms were infrequently recorded food items. The diet showed very little seasonal variation with copepods and mysids making up the largest proportion of prey throughout the year, with fishes being most frequent prey except in the spring. Larger fish – those over 16.9 cm (6+5⁄8 in) – feed largely on the larvae of bony fishes. No less than 45 species of copeopod were identified in this study, and Acartia clausi and Oncea media were numerous and important throughout the year. Crustaceans were the most important prey to be eaten by this species in all seasons, however, bony fish were the most important prey items for larger fish.[9]

Taxonomy and naming

The Atlantic horse mackerel is the

Scomber saurus and had already described Scomber trachurus so Rafinesque's name was invalid.[10] The genus Trachurus is part of the subfamily Caranginae of the family Carangidae, which is the largest family in the order Carangiformes.[11] The generic and specific names are a compound of the Greek trachys meaning "rough" and oura meaning "tail", this appears to be an ancient name for horse mackerels, presumably in reference to the spiny scutes on the caudal peduncle.[12]

The common name horse mackerel has been said to derive from the belief that other fishes rode on its back but it may derive from the old Dutch word Horsmakreel which means a mackerel which spawns over a shallow or bank, a hors, and this was taken into English as "horse mackerel".[13]

The Cape horse mackerel (Trachurus capensis) is considered to be the subspecies T. trachurus capensis of the Atlantic horse mackerel by some authorities and it is thought that there is no adequate series of these specimens of this taxa along the coast of Africa available to confirm the validity of this taxon.[8]

Fisheries

Trachurus trachurus catch

The Atlantic horse mackerel is fished for commercially using trawls, longlines, purse seines (using artificial light), traps and on line gear. In 1999 the Food and Agriculture Organization stated that the total catch reported to it was 322 207 tonnes with the largest catches being in the Netherlands and in Ireland.[4] There is a total allowable catch (TAC) in the North Sea for this species and landings have consistently been below this level[14] but the TAC is not in line with the scientific advice. There have been calls to create a management plan for the Atlantic horse mackerel in the North Sea but currently there are no specific management objectives for it. The stock needs to be assessed and management objectives should be set before the fishery can be shown to be sustainable.[15]

Conservation

The

IUCN classify the Atlantic horse mackerel as Vulnerable because even if there has been no decline in the population in European waters there have been greater than ninety percent declines off the West African coast which means that this species will have undergone a decline of at least 35-40% over the past three generation lengths, which are estimated at 30–35 years.[1] The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) classifies the population of this species as below the safe biological limit for exploitation.[7] The populations are experiencing a slow decline with increased fishing pressure at the maximum sustainable yield since 2006 with low recruitment since 2004.[7]

Human uses

The Atlantic horse mackerel is consumed fresh. It may be preserved by freezing, salting and drying, smoking and canning. It can be prepared by frying, broiling or baking.[4] The flesh is said to have a pleasant flavour with an oily delicate texture which is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids.[16] Nutritionally 100g of the flesh of the Atlantic horse mackerel provides 97 kcal of energy and is made up of:[17]

Chicharros en escabeche

In Iberia it may be prepared as an escabeche while some are exported to Japan as aji to be used in sushi.[18] They are also an important ingredient in Sicilian cuisine.[17]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198647A43157137.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Scomber trachurus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Trachurus trachurus" in FishBase. August 2019 version.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Species Fact Sheets Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)". FAO Fish Finder. Food and Agriculture Organization.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1855853645
    .
  6. ^ a b c d J.C. Hureau (ed.). "Atlantic horse-mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)". Fishes of the NE Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Marine Species Identification Forum. ETI Bioinformatics. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Trachurus trachurus – horse mackerel". Northern Ireland Priority Species. National Museums Northern Ireland. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  8. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21113101A43156455.en
    .
  9. S2CID 84595326
    . Abstract
  10. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Trachurus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  11. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original
    on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
  12. ^ Christopher Scharpf; Kenneth J. Lazara (10 August 2019). "Order CARANGIFORMES (Jacks)". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  13. ^ "Horse Mackerel". Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  14. ^ "Atlantic horse mackerel North Sea". Sustainable Fisheries Partnership. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  15. ^ "Scad, Horse Mackerel". Good Fish Guide Online. Marine Conservation Society. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Horse mackerel in marinade". Food and Wine from Spain. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  17. ^ a b "Horse mackerel". Pescato di Sicilia. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  18. ^ "Horse Mackerel". Soleshare. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
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