Tracy Philipps
Tracy Philipps | |
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Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK | |
Burial place | St Kenelm's Church, Enstone |
Alma mater |
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Spouse | First World War
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Awards | Military Cross Knight of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) |
James Erasmus Tracy Philipps
He worked as a foreign correspondent for
In the final years of his life he led efforts to create African National Parks as Secretary-General of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The product of an old, upper-class family, Philipps possessed determination and high self-esteem as well as a great deal of ambition – though his personal eccentricity sometimes undermined his goals.[5]
Early life
Tracy Philipps was the only child of the Rev. John Erasmus Philipps, originally from Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire, and Margaret Louisa Everard (née ffolkes). The elder Philipps had been vicar of Wiston in Pembrokeshire, and later held curacies in Enstone in Oxfordshire and Staindrop in County Durham, where he was domestic chaplain to the 9th Baron Barnard.[6][7] After his death in 1923 his widow Margaret married Harold Dillon, 17th Viscount Dillon.[7] Tracy was born in Hillington, Norfolk, the traditional home of his wife's family.[7]
The younger Philipps enrolled at
According to the Christmas 1907 edition of The Abingdonian magazine Philipps was still undecided about which university he would attend but was nonetheless 'endeavouring to obtain a scholarship at
As the President of the Union during the seventieth anniversary of its foundation, he chaired an inter-varsity debate held on Saturday 16 March 1912 at the Great Hall of
Early career
First World War
After his time in the Officers' Training Corps at Durham, Philipps made his position in the
A September 1917 entry in
At some time either shortly before or shortly after the conclusion of the war, he left the Bureau to serve on attachment to the
Aftermath
Philipps returned to Africa and served as Acting District Commissioner in Kigezi District in Uganda from 1919 through 1920. One of his challenges was the threat posed by the Nyabinghi cult, popular with the Kiga people of Southern Uganda, and highly resistant to British rule. After cult leader Ntokibiri was killed by a posse, Philipps ordered that the head of Ntokibiri be sent to Entebbe as proof that the threat had been eliminated.[34] Philipps worked to end the use of Baganda agents in areas populated by the Kiga and discouraged the use of the Luganda language in courts, instead introducing the Swahili language, which the Baganda people could not speak.[34] In February 1920 Philipps briefly returned to Durham where he gave a public lecture on 'The Pygmies of East Central Africa', illustrated with slides, at Durham Town Hall.[19]
The following year he travelled on foot across
Detouring into Abyssinia, Philipps stumbled upon a
Philipps was assigned by
With the
Colonial Service
1923–1930
From 1923 to 1925 Philipps was in Khartoum, occupying a position within the Sudan Political Service.[11] In a letter written from Khartoum in November 1923 to the Labour Party politician Ben Spoor, Philipps related he was on a posting with the Colonial Office, arranged 'through the War Office', for a two-year period.[43] Historian Bohdan S. Kordan described this job as being 'deputy director of intelligence' for Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.[44]
In the same letter to Spoor, Philipps reports a journey to Europe that may also be connected to intelligence gathering. He describes being on leave in the
Following his experience in Sudan he pursued a full-time career in the Colonial Service in East Africa, where as a 'self-appointed scourge of the wicked' according to John Tosh, he exposed abuses and advocated for reform.[45] He spent much of this period back in the Kigezi District of Uganda, where he was known for his energy as an administrator – attempting to develop native industries in iron smelting and using the sisal plant to make rope – and paying for many supplies out of his own pocket.[46]
During his time in Africa he was fond of exploring the tropical forests and writing his observations on the wildlife he encountered.[35] In 1930, he met Julian Huxley in the forests of Western Uganda whilst accompanying entomologists on a scientific mission.[47] His experiences led him to become an early advocate of the creation of large national parks in Equatorial Africa, believing that human encroachment on gorilla habitats engendered aggressive behaviour.[47]
1931–1935
Philipps' career in the Colonial Service began to be interrupted by health problems. He had already spent part of 1931 back in England recuperating at
Despite thoughts about going elsewhere, Philipps returned to Africa. His last assignment was as District Commissioner of the
He was replaced as District Commissioner in March 1934 and, under protest, forcibly retired from the Colonial Office the following year.
Diplomatic Correspondent, 1936–1939
In 1936 Philipps began working as a foreign correspondent in Eastern Europe and Turkey.[11] He is known to have spent at least part of 1936 in Berlin, where he wrote a letter to the historian Arnold J. Toynbee concerning the local response to Toynbee's controversial private interview with Adolf Hitler, noting that it was "an eager topic of discussion everywhere".[53]
That decade he also married the pianist
In 1938 Philipps travelled to South America with Kolessa, where he acted as manager for his wife's concert tour.
Visits to Rome
By October 1938 Philipps was in
Philipps was once again in Rome
'The Members of the Institut have lived to see the Pontine Marshes thick with corn. Love for the peasant people of Italy has been felt by every Englishman who has lived among them. Whatever our views, few will wish to deny that
Journal of the Royal African Society, 1940, p. 18
The Ukrainian Question
During the 1930s Philipps became friendly with the Ukrainian Bureau, a lobbying centre formed in 1931 in London by Ukrainian-American
Officials in the Foreign Office during this period were not as sympathetic as Philipps to the claims of Ukrainian nationalists, owing to a desire to avoid offending
While the British government was not motivated to intervene itself, it was still concerned with the designs of other European powers. British officials worried that Germany might strengthen itself by aligning with Ukrainian national aspirations before launching a conflict with the Soviet Union.
In 1939, in the aftermath of the
Mission to Canada, 1940–1944
With the outbreak of the
Philipps disembarked in
He soon began travelling across Canada on a mission to gauge the loyalty of the foreign-born labour force, in the process sending various unsolicited reports to the mystified Canadian Deputy Minister of War Services
Philipps' travels across Canada have been described as a "frenetic itinerary of public speaking and factory inspections".[77] Towards the public he maintained the pretense that he was in North America purely to go on a public speaking tour that had been arranged in advance under the auspices of the National Council of Education. He spoke to business clubs, local clubs, and the Canadian Institute of International Affairs and lectured on the Near East and Eastern Europe in the aftermath of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[29] While on this tour he was invited by organisers to give lectures to local immigrant groups on current events in Europe, and used this tour to relay information on the views of the European immigrant population in Canada to the British government.[29] Ukrainians were of particular concern: they were divided into multiple organisations and did not agree on the political future of their homeland.[29] Philipps himself was pleased with the reception he received from immigrant communities in the more remote parts of Canada, comparing it to what he had witnessed with Lawrence of Arabia among the Arab rebels during the Great War.[77] Officials, perhaps sensitive to the hidden purpose of his "public speaking tour", denied Philipps had any connection with the Foreign Office.[80]
In April 1941, Davis offered Philipps the role of Director of the European Section the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) on a temporary basis, tasked with him helping to build unity behind the war effort amongst Canadian immigrant communities.
In Atlanta he briefly interrupted his duties with the RCMP to attend W. E. B. Du Bois' First Phylon Conference at
On his return journey to Canada he briefly visited New York and met with Michael Huxley at the Inter-Allied Information Committee on the fifth floor of the
Nationalities Branch
After completing his work with the RCMP, he continued as an adviser to the Canadian Government on immigrant European communities, working to increase the loyalty of "new Canadians" at the newly formed Nationalities Branch.[82] Also joining him was Vladimir Kysilewsky – the old Director of the Ukrainian Bureau in London – who would continue to be a close confidant in Ottawa.[77] He became friendly with Oliver Mowat Biggar, the Director of Censorship.[86] Philipps also received intelligence from Bermuda, where his cousin Charles des Graz was Director of Imperial Censorship.[86]
Nevertheless, his period with the Canadian Government was less successful than his spell with the RCMP.[77] The Ukrainian Canadian Committee (UCC) – an attempt at bringing ethnic Ukrainians in Canada under a single body (which later developed into the Ukrainian Canadian Congress) – was successfully established after two days of intense negotiations in Winnipeg.[77] However, its anti-communist nature, achieved by sidelining the communist elements during the negotiations, proved to be less useful once the Germans launched Operation Barbarossa in the summer of 1941 and Canada, alongside the rest of the British Empire, was allied with the Soviet Union.[77][h] Philipps had, by the time of the formation of the UCC, already become known in Canada for his sympathy towards the idea of Ukrainian independence, earning him the permanent distrust of Ukrainian-Canadians with communist leanings.[82]
Beyond assuring the loyalties of ethnic Ukrainians in Canada he also hoped his efforts would help cement a British-Ukrainian alliance that would stand against Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.[88] As far as he was concerned, Ukrainian nationhood was not only morally right, but, given the guarantee that the British government had previously made to Poland, politically fair and logical.[89]
For Philipps, the key principle of the Allies was a belief in political self-determination, which made a failure to support Ukraine inconceivable. Such support, he argued, would surely reflect well on both Britain's war aims and her moral reputation:
"From the day of the British guarantee to Poland, it has been clear that the Ukrainians are the main key to the relations between the Russians' and the Prussians' empires who are allied against us. The reality of these relations is vital to us. If our declarations are true, then no new promise is necessary for Ukrainians. If we have the courage to be clear and to dissipate doubts of the clarity and sincerity of our declarations, which in the last war did our reputation so much deadly damage among the peoples of the Near East, such as the Jews and Arabs, Bulgars (Neuilly) and Turks (Sevres), we shall not have to make voluminous reports about Ukrainians as potential enemies or at least as doubtful friends."[90]
He thought it wrong for Britain to make any guarantees of Ukrainian sovereignty it could not keep, but, as the war was apparently being fought for the right of nations to organise themselves, believed the Allies would eventually have to face up to this principle.
"a Danish-type independence" ... something far more advanced than their present political serfdom under Moscow. If he were successful, he could draw from fifty million Ukrainians labourers and soldiers both to develop and protect Ukraine. So far there has been no response. For the British peoples, the logical development would spell misfortune ... If, in Europe, Ukrainians have no hope of any other support, it is not unreasonable to suppose that the German proposition will at least receive careful consideration."[91]
This belief in the self-determination of Ukraine was not shared by the government in London, who wished to maintain normal relations with the Soviet Union, and had shown no appetite to prejudice relations even at the height of the state-sponsored Great Famine in 1933.[92]
While working at the Nationalities Branch Philipps gravitated towards his old contacts in the RCMP for information and, turning towards the United States, cultivated counterparts in the
Criticism
Philipps and his wife had acrimoniously separated shortly after arriving in Ottawa, which hurt his reputation in the capital.
Problems soon emerged for Philipps outside of politics. He suffered a painful back injury after being struck by a
Exit
This episode forced him to retire from lecturing members of the public, but his distaste for communism continued to interrupt his work. In May 1943 he made a series of anti-Soviet speeches, which drew the ire of John Grierson, the new chairman of the Wartime Information Board.[100] Grierson, determined to undermine both Philipps and the activities of the renegade Nationalities Branch, then started to meet with the Canadian Unity Council, an alliance of ethnic organisations that opposed Philipps. They argued Philipps saw himself as a "guardian" of "helpless and divided" ethnic communities that depended upon him to lead them towards Canadian identity – an attitude they regarded as patronising.[101]
Grierson's efforts would come to nought however, as General LaFleche refused to have Philipps removed despite his personal dislike for the man, or to transfer the Nationalities Branch to Grierson's control. LaFleche felt this would hurt ethnic minority outreach efforts and create an opening that "communist agitators" would take advantage of.[102]
UNRRA, 1944–1945
In 1944 Philipps successfully lobbied for a role at the United Nations. He was appointed Chief of Planning Resettlement of Displaced Persons with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), working initially from New York, and later Germany.[11]
Philipps quickly became disillusioned by the forced repatriations of Soviet citizens at the conclusion of the war, which came as a consequence of the
"I have had a good deal to do with
camps of Soviet subjects, and eventually with the Soviet officers who are gradually sent to 'take care' of them...Those repatriated from Normandy via British ports had often to be battened down below hatches, like the ships plying between Africa and the USA at a certain period."[103]
Writing in his memoirs, Kirkconnell revealed that Philipps was suspicious of the eagerness with which some Allied officials carried out this policy and believed that the "officialdom" of the western Allies was "honeycombed with Communists and fellow-travellers" more than willing to help along the programme.[104] In the same text he stressed how uneasy Philipps was with the ramifications of Yalta, revealing the contents of a 1948 letter from Philipps where he argued the following:
"One of the main dangers of our modern world issues from a common belief that it is right for an individual to approve action by his country (that is, his nation) which, for himself, he would know to be wrong. This nationalist doctrine is dignified as 'a sense of realism'. Call it 'realism' and any dastardy will pass."[104]
Philipps was also critical of certain aspects in how the United Nations was organised, which he felt could "paralyze its actions and effectiveness", namely: the recruitment of staff according to a nationality quota, the use of multiple languages in all its operations, and the veto power of some states, including the Soviet Union.[68]
Post-war
Advocacy
In 1948 Philipps wrote to the
Press officer 'J. Cahill' of the Home Office replied a week later.[107] Cahill stated that most Ukrainian prisoners would probably be deported somewhere at a later date (though no final decision had been taken), while a few currently working in agriculture could be given "civilian status" if found to be suitably qualified.[107] He mentioned the difficulty of determining who had volunteered to fight with the Germans and who had done so through coercion.[107] Regarding Philipps' account, Cahill claimed the "story of sixty sick men having been selected for removal to Germany is a canard", that a different set of prisoners had been selected for 12 June, and there was no intention to send the sixty men "on that occasion".[107] Philipps rejected Cahill's reply, which he called "naturally bureaucratic", and reiterated his earlier point that no written assurance had been provided that the affected men would not eventually be deported.[108]
Information Research Department
In the aftermath of the Second World War Philipps joined the
Philipps' work in the IRD was intertwined with his membership of the Church of England Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), an anti-communist outfit whom the IRD collaborated with. Philipps was a member of both organisations.[110] He argued in a 1949 CFR meeting that the persecution of Christians by other Christians (giving one example as the treatment of Protestants in Francoist Spain) should be downplayed, as all Christian groups and regimes needed to be enlisted in the propaganda war against Communism.[111] On 1 December 1952 Philipps was appointed to a "Special Sub-Committee on Information about the Treatment of the Churches in Communist Countries", which explored methods of bringing to public attention the treatment of churches in Eastern Europe by communist authorities.[111]
Alongside journalist Ralph Murray, British Council founder Reg Leeper, Anglican priest Arthur Duncan-Jones, and George Bell, the Bishop of Chichester, he was one of the men behind the 1953 publication of Communist Faith, Christian Faith – a book, edited by Donald Mackinnon, intended to nurture Anglican opposition to Communism.[109][j] He doubted churches in Britain could ever engage constructively with churches in the Soviet bloc during the Cold War, believing that the nature of the Soviet system rendered such efforts a waste of time. Drawing this conclusion in an article for the Quarterly Review, he wrote that "the British Christian can only pray and prepare to be able eventually to appeal in Russia to a more democratically sober civil authority less drunk with power".[112]
Conservation
Philipps devoted his later years to conservation, and was keen to ensure that
In 1955 he was elected to succeed
Personal
Philipps claimed to be descended from
With his frequent travelling, Philipps did not own any property in London and Pall Mall clubs like the Army and Navy and the Travellers were effectively his 'residence' in the city.[29]
In 1937 he received the
A skilled linguist, he was conversant in up to 14 African languages and also fluent in Russian and Turkish.[46]
Views
Politics
Philipps was a member of the Conservative Party, and pessimistic regarding what became known in Britain as the Post-war consensus, feeling that while each country should be "a community of participant wills", there were signs that British society was denigrating toward "unparticipant obedience".[11][123][124]
According to friend and comrade from the Great War Richard Meinertzhagen, Philipps was sceptical of
Philipps was uncomfortable with casual antisemitism. He wondered "whether it has not become a public duty of citizens of our free countries, each time we hear Jews as a whole indiscriminately reviled, to not let the occasion pass without question".[126] In 1947 he wrote a letter to The Spectator arguing that dispossessed Jews should be settled in England.[127]
Colonialism
Philipps supported Frederick Lugard and his 'dual mandate' concept, that on the one hand the European powers should develop the economic resources of the lands they had conquered, but also had a moral responsibility to improve the lot of the native population and adapt them to the modern world.[29] On the subject of race and intelligence he was reluctant to ascribe the technological backwardness of Africa to lack of intelligence, and cautioned Europeans not to "handicap ourselves collectively with too great a condescension or superiority-complex"[128]
Writing in 1922, Philipps noted a growing racial consciousness in Africa, which he blamed on propaganda spread by the Soviet Union and American black intellectuals.[29] He declared that "the coloured peoples are awakening or re-awakening from an age-long sleep".[29][129] Nonetheless, he felt what he regarded as the economic interdependence of Africa and the European powers made a retreat from imperialism unthinkable.
"Europe needs Africa and Africa needs Europe. The clock cannot be put back."
— "The Tide of Colour: I.--Pan-Africa and Anti-White",Journal of the Royal African Society, 1922, p. 135
By the following decade, he was willing to concede the possibility of decolonisation, but argued that the sudden application of European-style administration and democratic modes of government might be too much of a culture shock.[29][130]
"Only moral education and European instruction can hope to help the still undiscriminating peoples to attain such stature as to reach up, pick up and distinguish the poisonous from the life-giving fruits of the tree of knowledge-of-good-and-evil of European ways."
— "The New Africa - II", The Nineteenth Century and After, 1938, p. 353
In essence, Philipps believed that Africa's "inexperience in political terms" meant the imposition of full democracy was unwise, instead advocating a hybrid form of government built on partial endorsement of pre-colonial sources of authority; and crucially, implemented from a position of strength to ensure what was left behind was sympathetic to European interests.[131]
Death
At the time of his death he was living in the country at East Hagbourne, Berkshire (now in Oxfordshire), with a second address in Brussels.[132]
He died on 21 July 1959 at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, and is buried in Enstone, Oxfordshire.[7] His funeral was held in East Hagbourne at St Andrew's parish church on 27 July.[133]
Selected publications
- "'Mufúmbiro': The Birunga Volcanoes of Kigezi-Ruanda-Kivu." JSTOR 1781253
- "The Azande: Vongara: Note on the Vongara Ruling Caste of the Zande (Niam-Niam) People." JSTOR 716803
- "Observations on Some Aspects of Religion Among the Azande ('Niam-Niam') of Equatorial Africa." JSTOR 2843607
- "La nécessité d'une collaboration internationale pour la civilisation des peuples d'Afrique." English translation: "The need for international collaboration for the civilization of the peoples of Africa" Politique Étrangère, vol. 2, no. 1, 56–64 (1937) PDF
- "The Natural Sciences in Africa: The Belgian National Parks." The Geographical Journal, vol. 115, no. 1/3, 58–62 (1950) JSTOR 1789019
Honours
- Military Cross, 1917
- Knight of the Order of Leopold, 1922
See also
Archives
There is a Tracy Philipps fonds at Library and Archives Canada.[134] The archival reference number is R2128.[135]
Notes
- ^ Philipps' name was inconsistently recorded during his life. He was known as Edward John Tracy Philipps as a schoolboy at Abingdon and Marlborough, while his birthname was apparently James Edward Tracy Philipps. He seems to have adopted the middle name Erasmus (common among men of the Philipps family) at a later date, and was using it by the time he graduated from Durham University in 1910.[1]
- ^ A birth year of 1890 is what Philipps himself claimed in later Who's Who entries, which is repeated in some secondary sources. However, there is evidence to suggest Philipps, for whatever reason, began to state a different date regarding his date of birth. In earlier editions of Who's Who Philipps insisted he was born in 1888 (example: the 1926 Who's Who[2]), which is supported by the 1905[3] and 1952[4] editions of the Marlborough College Register – a publication that recorded the biographical details of all those who entered the school
- ^ Primary sources, such as the obituaries that appeared in The Times and The Geographical Journal, only refer to his education at Durham University. Accounts of his life (e.g. Caccia 2006) mention an Oxford degree (a BLitt when specified) but base this claim on the (self-reported) entry in Who's Who
- imperial unit of mass used commonly in Britain and Ireland to denote body weight. 1 stone is equal to 14 pounds, or 6.35 kg
- ^ Ivana Caccia (2006) notes that 'Half of Philipps' family was apparently Catholics and he had relatives living in Rome where he stayed with them occasionally'[64]
- ^ Translated from French: 'this parcel of love without which nothing great can be achieved'
- ^ Watson Kirkconnell, an ally of Philipps, would later justify this decision by arguing that the sidelining of the Communist faction was both inevitable and politically sound given they were a "seditious organization" with no real loyalty or gratitude to Canada.[87]
- ^ Poole, a former American spy in Bolshevik Russia, managed day-to-day operations at the Foreign Nationalities Branch of the OSS[94]
- ^ Essays were contributed by "distinguished British Anglican intellectuals" who had no idea they were part of a propaganda exercise.[109]
References
- ^ a b c "Marlburian Club" (PDF). The Marlburian (635): 17. 28 February 1907. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ Who's Who 1926. A & C Black. 1926. pp. 2300–2301.
- ^ "Marlborough College Register: From 1843 to 1904 Inclusive". Internet Archive (5 ed.). Oxford: Horace Hart. 1905. p. 619. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ Marlborough College Register: 1843-1952 (9 ed.). Marlborough College. 1952. p. 489.
- ISBN 9780660127491. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ "Rev. John Erasmus Philipps". Geni. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Roll of Honour". Staindrop Remembers WW1. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ "School Notes" (PDF). The Abingdonian. 16 (2): 243. December 1899. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ "Lower League House Match" (PDF). The Marlburian (630): 149. 24 October 1906. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ Cantab (December 1907). "Cambridge Letter" (PDF). The Abingdonian. 4 (8): 145. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-954089-1. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "Calendar 1912–13". Durham University Archive. Retrieved 12 March 2018.
- ^ "The Varsity". The Sphinx. 5 (5): 8. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ Campbell, P. D. A. (1952). A Short History of the Durham Union Society. Durham County Press. p. 16.
- ^ "School Notes" (PDF). The Abingdonian. 5 (4): 81. December 1912. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
News reaches us of J. E. T. Philipps from Hatfield Hall, Durham. He has been Editor of "The Sphinx" and "The University Magazine," and was President of "The Union" last Spring, when the Society celebrated the seventieth anniversary of its foundation
- ^ a b "25 February 1913" (PDF). The London Gazette. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ a b "Durham Union Society". Durham University Journal. 20. Durham University: 201–202. 5 June 1912. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ISBN 978-3319582405. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ^ a b c "Lecture by Captain J. E. T. Philipps". Durham University Journal. 22: 502. 1920.
- ^ Mayfair, London. 2007. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "Military and Naval Appointments and Promotions (Supplement)" (PDF). The Marlburian (674): 3. 1916. Retrieved 1 January 2020.
- ^ "Military Honours and Decorations". Durham University Journal. 21: 480. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ "Supplement to the London Gazette, 1 February, 1917" (PDF). The London Gazette. 1 February 1917. p. 1145. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ Philipps, Tracy (16 July 1917). "SAD.126/5/3". Reginald Wingate Papers. Durham University Library. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ Philipps, Tracy (16 July 1917). "SAD.126/5/2". Reginald Wingate Papers. Durhan University Library. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ "Supplement to the London Gazette, 26 September, 1917" (PDF). The London Gazette. 26 September 1917. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ Who's Who 1951. London: A & C Black. 1951. p. 2250.
- ^ SAD.126/5/3, Reginald Wingate Papers
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Caccia, Ivana (2006). "The Making of a Specialist" (PDF). Managing the Canadian Mosaic: Dealing with the Cultural Diversity during the WWII Years. University of Ottawa. pp. 158–203. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
- ^ "Professor Arthur Robinson presented Mr J. E. Tracy Philipps". Durham University Journal. 30: 248. 1936.
- ^ ISBN 9780802042453.
- ^ Robert O. Collins (1961). The Turkana Patrol, 1918. Uganda Society.
- ^ "Supplement to the London Gazette, 6 February, 1922" (PDF). The London Gazette. p. 1062. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ JSTOR 24520290.
- ^ ISBN 978-0773536586.
- ^ "Englishman's journey across Africa". Evening Star. No. 18, 206. Dunedin, New Zealand. 21 February 1923. p. 7.
- ^ a b "Adventures of Explorer". The Morning Bulletin. Rockhampton, Queensland: 9. 11 November 1921. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
- ^ The Daily News. 24 April 1923. p. 6. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
- ^ ISBN 1442623152.
- ^ Philipps, Tracy (30 September 1921). "Letter from J. E. T. Philipps to W. E. B. Du Bois, September 30, 1921". Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. London. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ Du Bois, W. E. B. (15 October 1921). "Letter from W. E. B. Du Bois to J. E. T. Philipps, October 15, 1921". Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. New York. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ "Fridtjof Nansen Biography". Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ^ a b c Philipps, Tracy. "Letter from J. E. T. Philipps to Ben Spoor, November 13, 1923". Special Collections and University Archives, University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries. Khartoum. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ISBN 0773523081.
- ^ S2CID 163037517.
- ^ a b de Ganahl, Charles Francis (1949). The life and letters of Charles Francis de Ganahl, vol. 1. New York: Richard R. Smith. p. 294.
- ^ a b Caccia, 2010, p. 77
- ^ de Ganahl, p. 466
- ^ de Ganahl, vol. 2, 1949, p. 531
- ^ de Ganahl, p. 531
- ^ de Ganahl, pp. 574–577
- ^ a b Tosh, John Andrew (1973). "Political Authority Among The Langi Of Northern Uganda, Circa 1800 to 1939" (PDF). SOAS. School of Oriental and African Studies. p. 343. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
- ISBN 978-3030318277.
- ^ "Marriages". The Times. 1 July 1939. p. 1.
- ^ Millicent C. Kavanagh; Elaine Keillor; Betty Nygaard King; Helmut Kallmann (10 July 2007). "Lubka Kolessa". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ISBN 978-0773535817.
- Jersey City. 22 November 1940. p. 2. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
- ^ "Settlements in Latin America". The Times. 25 January 1939. p. 8.
- The National Archives
- Journal of the Royal African Society. 38 (150): 19–32.
- ^ Philipps, 1939, p. 21
- ^ Philipps, 1939, pp. 23–32
- ^ Philipps, p. 30
- ^ Caccia, 2006, p. 201
- ^ a b Philipps, Tracy (1940). "The XXIVth Biennial Session of the Institut Colonial International, Rome, June 1939". Journal of the Royal African Society. 39 (154): 17–21.
- ^ Philipps, 1940, p. 18
- ^ a b c Martynowych, Orest T. (2010). "Vladimir J. (Kaye) Kysilewsky and the Ukrainian Bureau in London 1931–1940" (PDF). Manitoba: Centre for Ukrainian Canadian Studies. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ^ a b c Caccia, 2010, p. 74
- ^ Luciuk, 2000, p. 113
- ^ 'Position of the Ukraine in the International Situation,' 17 November 1938, FO 371/22295, The National Archives
- ^ Luciuk, pp. 113–114
- ^ p. 115
- ^ 'German Aspirations in the Ukraine', 8 December 1938, FO 371/21676, The National Archives
- ^ 'Situation in the Ukrainian Provinces of Poland', FO 371/21810, The National Archives (See 'minutes')
- ^ 10 January 1939, Letter from the British embassy in Warsaw to the Right Honourable Viscount Halifax, 'Ukrainian Question', FO 371/22461, The National Archives
- ^ 14 January 1939, 'Ukrainian Question', FO 371/22461, The National Archives (See 'most secret' comments)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kristmanson, Mark (May 1999). "Characterizations of Tracy Philipps" (PDF). Plateaus of Freedom: Nationality, Culture and State Security in Canada, 1927-1957. Montreal, Quebec: Concordia University. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
- ^ ISBN 0773522301.
- ^ a b Kristmanson, 1999, p. 180
- ^ Luciuk, 2000, pp. 329–330
- ^ a b Hillmer, p. 16
- ^ ISBN 0802082351.
- ^ Kristmanson, 1999, p. 191.
- ^ a b c d e f Kristmanson, 1999, pp. 194–195.
- ^ Nicholas J. Cull (1995). Selling War: The British Propaganda Campaign Against American "Neutrality" in World War II. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 117–118.
- ^ a b Kristmanson, 1999, pp. 205–206
- ^ Luciuk, 2000, p. 328
- ISBN 0802059783.
- ^ Kordan, p. 47
- ^ a b Kordan, p. 51
- ^ a b Kordan, pp. 42–43
- ^ Luciuk, 2000, p. 330
- ^ a b Kristmanson, 1999, p. 194.
- ^ Simkin, John (September 1997). "DeWitt Clinton Poole". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
- ^ a b Kristmanson, 1999, p. 196.
- ^ a b c Kristmanson, 1999, p. 192.
- ^ Luciuk, 2000, p. 334
- ^ Hillmer, p. 39
- ^ Hillmer, p. 40
- ^ Hillmer, p. 43
- ^ Hillmer, p. 43–44
- ^ Hillmer, p. 45
- ^ Kirkconnell, Watson (1967). A slice of Canada : memoirs. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 356. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
- ^ a b Kirkconnell, 1967, p. 357
- ^ Manchester Guardian, "Ukrainians Workers in Britain", 4 June 1948, p. 4
- ^ Manchester Guardian, "Ukrainian Workers", 3 July 1948, p. 4
- ^ a b c d Manchester Guardian, "Ukrainian Workers", 10 July 1948, p. 4
- ^ Manchester Guardian, "Ukrainian Workers", 28 July 1948, p. 4
- ^ JSTOR 43750890.
- ^ Kirby, p. 228
- ^ a b Kirby, p. 238
- ^ Philipps, Tracy (1953). "British Churches and Foreign Affairs: Relations with Churches in Communist-Controlled Countries". Quarterly Review: 42.
- ^ JSTOR 1791186.
- ^ "Gorillas at Home. Central African Groups. A British Sanctuary Groups". The Times. 8 February 1930. p. 13.
- ^ "Wildfowl in Europe". The Times. 23 February 1938. p. 10.
- ^ a b c Hurcomb, Cyril (27 July 1959). "Mr Tracy Philipps: Nature Conservation in Tropics". The Times: 10.
- ^ Withrington, David (2012). "An account of the involvement of young people in conservation from 1950 to 2010" (PDF). NNA Berichte: 14. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ISBN 1853835951. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
- ^ International Classical Record Collector: ICRC., Volumes 5-6. Gramophone Publications Limited. 1999. p. 40.
- ^ Helmer, 2014, p. 156
- ^ The Yearbook Of The Universities Of The Empire 1938. G. Bell And Sons. 1938. p. 79.
- ^ Evans, Luther (13 August 1959). "Mr Tracy Philipps". The Times: 10.
- ^ Koshiw, J. V. (1997). "British Foreign Office Files on Ukraine and Ukrainians, 1917–1948". Edmonton : Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, University of Alberta. p. 273.
- JSTOR 2145748.
- ^ Meinertzhagen, Richard (1959). Middle East Diary, 1917-1956. London: The Cresset Press. p. 165.
- ^ a b Caccia, 2010, p. 73
- ^ "Letter: Uprooted Humanity – 21 Mar 1947". The Spectator Archive. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ Philipps, Tracy (1938). "The New Africa – II". The Nineteenth Century and After (123): 358.
- Journal of the Royal African Society. 21 (82): 134.
- ^ Philipps, Tracy (1938). "The New Africa – II": 353.
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(help) - ^ Kristmanson, 1999, p. 190
- ^ "The London Gazette" (42736). 20 July 1962: 5885.
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: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "To-days Arrangements". The Times. 27 July 1959. p. 7.
- ^ "Tracy Philipps fonds description at Library and Archives Canada". Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ "Finding Aid of Tracy Philipps fonds" (PDF). Retrieved 24 November 2022.
External links