Trade war

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v t e

A trade war is an

One example of a modern tariff war occurred in the 1920s and 1930s between the Weimar Republic and Poland, in the German–Polish customs war. The Weimar Republic, led by Gustav Stresemann wanted to force Poland, by creating an economic crisis by increasing the tolls for coal and steel products developed there, to give up its territory.^{[citation needed]} As a reprisal, the Poles increased toll rates for many German products. This led to fast development of the port of Gdynia, which was the only way Poland could export its goods to Western Europe without having to transport them through Germany.

In September 1922, the

Trading partners complained immediately. Those injured by World War I said that, without access by their exports to the American market, they would not be able to make payments to America on war loans. But others saw that this tariff increase would have broader deleterious effects. Democratic Representative Cordell Hull said, "Our foreign markets depend both on the efficiency of our production and the tariffs of countries in which we would sell. Our own [high] tariffs are an important factor in each. They injure the former and invite the latter."

Five years after the passage of the tariff, American trading partners had raised their own tariffs by a significant degree.

• Compromis
• Economic integration
  • European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union
  • EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (post-Brexit)
• Free trade agreements
  • Free-trade areas
  • List of multilateral free-trade agreements
• GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) (1947–present; modified by WTO formation in 1994–1995)
• World Trade Organization, created in the 1990s to avoid customs wars, which are counterproductive in net effect
  • History of the World Trade Organization (1990s-present, after decades of efforts to fill the vacuum of the absence of such an institution)
  • Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization
    • Dispute Settlement Body of the WTO
  • List of WTO dispute settlement cases
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
• Investor-state dispute settlement
• Trade and Investment Framework Agreement
• TRIPS Agreement
• United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

List of trade wars or trade disputes

Pre-20th century

• Anglo-Dutch Wars (1652–1784)
• Opium Wars (1839–1860)

20th century

• Japan–Korea disputes (1876–1945)
• Banana Wars (1898–1934)
• Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (1930), a United States Act implementing protectionist trade policies
• Anglo-Irish trade war (1932–1938)
• Chicken War (1960s), U.S. versus European Economic Community

21st century

• Beef hormone controversy (Beef War) (1989–2008)
• Canada–Australia salmon trade dispute (1995–2000)
• Japanese Sound Recording Trade Disputes (1996–1997)
• Broomcorn brooms dispute (1996–2014)
• Brazil–United States cotton dispute (2002–2014)
• US Mexico Trade Dispute - Stainless Steel Sheets and Coils dumping (2006–2009)
• EC-IT product dispute (2008–2010)
• Milk War (2009)
• Trade war over genetically modified food
  (2010–2011)
• South Africa–Brazil Frozen Chicken Trade Dispute (2012)
• Argentina–United States lemon dispute (2012)
• Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods (2013-present)
• Mexico–United States sugarcane trade dispute (2014)
• Rare earths trade dispute (2012–2015)
• Trump tariffs (2018 U.S.-Canada trade dispute)
• Japan–South Korea trade dispute (2019–2023)
• Tuna-Dolphin GATT Case (I and II), part of a larger tuna trade war (1970s-present)
• Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute (1982–present)
• Catfish Dispute U.S. versus Vietnam (2001–present)
• Australia–China trade war, (2017/18–present)
• China–United States trade war (2018–present)

See also

• Balance of trade
• Currency war
• Economic sanctions
• Economic warfare
• Trade barrier
• Water conflict

References

Bibliography

• Rothgeb, John (2001). U.S. Trade Policy. Washington D.C.: CQ Press.
  ISBN 1-56802-522-X
  .
• Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. (2005). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online
• Perju, Genoveva Elena, Retaliatory Disagreement Point with Asymmetric Countries: Evidence from European Wine Sector During Enlargement (June 15, 2009). Available at SSRN:
  SSRN 1435993
  or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1435993