Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
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1922–1936 | |||||||||||||||||||
Anthem: Интернационал " | |||||||||||||||||||
Demonym(s) | Transcaucasian | ||||||||||||||||||
Government | Federal Soviet socialist republic | ||||||||||||||||||
Legislature | All-Caucasian Congress of Soviets | ||||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 12 March 1922 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 5 December 1936 | ||||||||||||||||||
Area | |||||||||||||||||||
• Total | 186,043 km2 (71,832 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||
• Water | 2,785 km2 (1,075 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||||
• Water (%) | 1,49 | ||||||||||||||||||
Currency | Soviet rouble | ||||||||||||||||||
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Today part of |
The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Transcaucasian SFSR or TSFSR), also known as the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, or simply Transcaucasia, was a republic of the Soviet Union that existed from 1922 to 1936.
The TSFSR comprised Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, traditionally known as the "Transcaucasian Republics" as they were separated from Russia by the Caucasus Mountains. The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics establishing the Soviet Union in 1922. The TSFSR was created ostensibly to consolidate the economic situation and Bolshevik control over the region. The TSFSR was dissolved upon the adoption of the 1936 Soviet Constitution and its constituent republics were elevated individually to republics of the Soviet Union.
History
The roots of a Transcaucasian condominium state trace back to the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1918, following the October Revolution, when the provinces of the Caucasus seceded and formed their own state called the Transcaucasian Federation. Competing ethno-national interests and confrontation with the Ottoman Empire in World War I led to the dissolution of the Transcaucasian Federation only two months later, in April 1918.[2]
The three successor states—the
The republic became a founding member of the
Autonomous republics within the TSFSR
After the
The
Another autonomous republic was established in July 1920 in
Heads of state
This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2013) |
Name | Dates | Party |
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Nariman Narimanov | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan
|
Polikarp Mdivani | March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Georgia
|
Aleksandr Myasnikyan |
March–December 1922 | Communist Party of Armenia |
Name | Dates | Party |
---|---|---|
Nariman Narimanov | 1922–1925 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan
|
Gazanfar Musabekov | 1925–1938 | Communist Party of Azerbaijan
|
Name | Period | For |
---|---|---|
Mikhail Tskhakaya (1st time) | 1922–1927 | Georgia |
Samad aga Aliyev |
1922–1929 | Azerbaijan |
Sarkis Hambartsumyan |
1922–1925 | Armenia |
Sarkis Kasyan | 1927–1931 | Armenia |
Filipp Makharadze (1st time) | 1927–1928 | Georgia |
Mikhail Tskhakaya (2nd time) | 1928–1931 | Georgia |
Gazanfar Musabekov | 1929–1931 | Azerbaijan |
Filipp Makharadze (2nd time) | 1931–1935 | Georgia |
Armenak Ananyan | 1931–1935 | Armenia |
Sultan Majid Afandiyev | 1931–1936 | Azerbaijan |
Sergo Martikyan | 1935–1936 | Armenia |
Avel Enukidze |
March–May 1935 | Georgia |
Filipp Makharadze (3rd time) | 1935–1936 | Georgia |
Stamps and postal history
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2011) |
Before 1923,
The first issues consisted of some of the stamps of Russia and Armenia
-
A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Russian Empire
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A 1923 stamp overprinted on the stamp of the Democratic Republic of Armenia
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1923 40,000-roublestamp
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1923 two-kopeck stamp
Most of the stamps of the Federation are not especially rare today, with 1998 prices in the US$1–2 range, although the overprints on Armenian stamps range up to US$200.[citation needed] As might be expected from a short period of usage, used stamps are less common than unused and covers are not often seen.
See also
- Kars Republic
- Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
- Far Eastern Republic
- Don Republic
- Kuban People's Republic
- Bavarian Soviet Republic
- Republics of the Soviet Union
- Komancza Republic
Notes
- ^ http://www.vexillographia.ru/zsfsr/zsfsr.htm
- ^ Suny 1994, pp. 191–192
- ^ Suny 1994, p. 245
- ^ Закавказская федерация Archived 2015-09-25 at the Wayback Machine. Большая советская энциклопедия, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 (A. M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). "Transcaucasian Federation". Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 9. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.)
- ^ Saparov 2015, pp. 50–57
- ^ Hewitt 1993, p. 271
- ^ Blauvelt 2007, p. 212
- ^ Text of the Treaty of Kars
- ^ "Transcaucasia | Stamps and postal history | StampWorldHistory". Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 12 August 2018.[title missing]
Bibliography
- Blauvelt, Timothy (May 2007), "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era", Nationalities Papers, 35 (2): 203–232, S2CID 128803263
- Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne (January 2018), "Soviet Federalism at Work: Lessons from the History of the Transcaucasian Federation, 1922–1936", Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 65 (4): 529–559, S2CID 252457317
- Hewitt, B.G. (1993), "Abkhazia: a problem of identity and ownership", Central Asian Survey, 12 (3): 267–323,
- Lang, David Marshall (1962), A History of Modern Georgia, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson
- Saparov, Arsène (2015), From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-41-565802-7
- Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994), The Making of the Georgian Nation (Second ed.), Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press