Genetically modified mouse
A genetically modified mouse or genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM)
History
In 1974 Beatrice Mintz and Rudolf Jaenisch created the first genetically modified animal by inserting a DNA virus into an early-stage mouse embryo and showing that the inserted genes were present in every cell.[4] However, the mice did not pass the transgene to their offspring, and the impact and applicability of this experiment were, therefore, limited. In 1981 the laboratories of Frank Ruddle[5] from Yale University, Frank Costantini and Elizabeth Lacy from Oxford, and Ralph L. Brinster and Richard Palmiter in collaboration from the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Washington injected purified DNA into a single-cell mouse embryo utilizing techniques developed by Brinster in the 1960s and 1970s, showing transmission of the genetic material to subsequent generations for the first time.[6][7][8] During the 1980s, Palmiter and Brinster developed and led the field of transgenesis, refining methods of germline modification and using these techniques to elucidate the activity and function of genes in a way not possible before their unique approach.[9]
Methods
There are two basic technical approaches to produce genetically modified mice. The first involves
Uses
Genetically modified mice are used extensively in research as models of human disease.
A mouse has been genetically engineered to have increased muscle growth and strength by overexpressing the
Great care should be taken when deciding how to use genetically modified mice in research.[22] Even basic issues like choosing the correct "wild-type" control mouse to use for comparison are sometimes overlooked.[23]
See also
References
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- ^ "Mouse strain C57BL/6-Mcph1Tg(HLA-A2.1)1Enge". The Jackson Laboratory. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ^ "Background: Cloned and Genetically Modified Animals". Center for Genetics and Society. April 14, 2005. Archived from the original on November 23, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
- ^ ISBN 0-89603-915-3.
- ^ "Knockout Mice". Nation Human Genome Research Institute. 2009.
- ^ a b c Julius, David. "How peppers and peppermint identified sensory receptors for temperature and pain". iBiology. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
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- ^ "Genetically engineered super mouse stuns scientists". AAP. November 3, 2007.
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