Transport in the United Kingdom

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The West Coast Main Line railway, alongside the M1 motorway in Northamptonshire.

Transport in the United Kingdom is highly facilitated by road, rail, air and water networks. Transport is a devolved matter with each of the countries of the United Kingdom having separate systems under separate governments.

For details of transport in each country, see:

A radial road network totals 29,145 miles (46,904 km) of main roads, 2,173 miles (3,497 km) of motorways and 213,750 miles (344,000 km) of paved roads.

The National Rail network of 10,072 route miles (16,116 km) in Great Britain and 189 route miles (303 route km) in Northern Ireland carries over 18,000 passenger and 1,000 freight trains daily. Urban rail networks exist in all cities and towns with dense bus and light rail networks. There are many regional and international airports, with Heathrow Airport in London being the second busiest in the world and busiest in Europe.[1] The UK also has a network of ports which received over 486 million tons of goods in 2019.[2]

Transport trends

Since 1952 (the earliest date for which comparable figures are available), the United Kingdom saw a growth of car use, which increased its modal share, while the use of buses declined, and railway use has grown.[3][4][5] However, since the 1990s, rail has started increasing its modal share at the expense of cars, increasing from 5% to 10% of passenger-kilometres travelled.[3] This coincided with the privatisation of British Rail. In 1952, 27% of distance travelled was by car or taxi; with 42% being by bus or coach and 18% by rail. A further 11% was by bicycle and 3% by motorcycle. The distance travelled by air was negligible.

Passenger transport continues to grow strongly. Figures from the Department for Transport show in 2018 people made 4.8 billion local bus passenger journeys, 58% of all public transport journeys. There were 1.8 billion rail passenger journeys in the United Kingdom. Light rail and tram travel also continued to grow, to the highest level (0.3 million journeys) since comparable records began in 1983. In 2018/19, there was £18.1bn of public expenditure on railways, an increase of 12% (£1.9bn).[6] The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport in London and Manchester is 10 minutes.[7][8][3]

Freight transport has undergone similar changes, increasing in volume and shifting from railways onto the road. In 1953 89 billion tonne kilometres of goods were moved, with rail accounting for 42%, road 36% and water 22%. By 2010 the volume of freight moved had more than doubled to 222 billion tonne kilometres, of which 9% was moved by rail, 19% by water, 5% by pipeline and 68% by road.[9] Despite the growth in tonne kilometres, the environmental external costs of trucks and lorries in the UK have reportedly decreased. Between 1990 and 2000, there has been a move to heavier goods vehicles due to major changes in the haulage industry including a shift in sales to larger articulated vehicles. A larger than average fleet turnover has ensured a swift introduction of new and cleaner vehicles in the UK.[10]

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles is widely supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives.[11] About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids.[12] In 2019, the UK had the second largest European stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles in use after Norway.[13][14]

Greenhouse gas emissions

A critical issue for the transport sector is its contribution to climate change emissions. Transport became the largest sector of greenhouse gas emissions in 2016.[15] Since 1990 carbon dioxide emissions from transport in the UK have reduced by just 4% compared with an economy-wide reduction of 43%.[15] Emissions from surface transport accounted for 22% of carbon dioxide emissions in the UK in 2019 with cars being responsible for over half of that.[16] The Climate Change Committee has suggested that transport will need to cut its emissions to zero by a mix of demand reduction, the adoption of more efficient combustion engine vehicles, changing to non-car based modes and electrification of the fleet.[17]

Air transport

Main article: Air transport in the United Kingdom
See also: List of busiest airports in the United Kingdom
international passenger traffic.[1]

There are 471 airports and airfields in the UK. There are also 11

Manchester Airport Group
, which also owns various other airports.

Other major airports include

Stansted Airport in Essex and Luton Airport in Bedfordshire, both about 30 miles (48 km) north of London, Birmingham Airport in Solihull, Newcastle Airport, Liverpool Airport, and Bristol Airport
.

Outside England, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast, are the busiest airports serving Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively.

The largest airline in the United Kingdom by passenger traffic is

Jet2, TUI Airways and Virgin Atlantic
.

Rail transport

See also: Rail transport in the Isle of Man and Rail transport in Guernsey
United Kingdom and Ireland railway network

The rail network in the United Kingdom consists of two independent parts, that of Northern Ireland and that of Great Britain. Since 1994, the latter has been connected to

mainland Europe via the Channel Tunnel. The network of Northern Ireland is connected to that of the Republic of Ireland. The National Rail network of 10,072 miles (16,209 km) in Great Britain and 189 route miles (303 route km) in Northern Ireland carries 1.7 billion passengers and 110 million tonnes of freight annually.[18][19]

Urban rail networks are also well developed in London and several other cities. There were once over 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of rail network in the UK. The UK was ranked eighth among national European rail systems in the 2017 European Railway Performance Index assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.[20]

Great Britain

Great Western Railway Hitachi class at London Paddington Station.
Main article: Rail transport in Great Britain

The rail network in Great Britain is the oldest such network in the world. The system consists of five high-speed main lines (the West Coast, East Coast, Midland, Great Western and Great Eastern), which radiate from London and other major cities to the rest of the country, augmented by regional rail lines and dense commuter networks within cities and other high-speed lines. High Speed 1 is operationally separate from the rest of the network, and is built to the same standard as the TGV system in France.

The world's first passenger railway running on steam was the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opened on 27 September 1825. Just under five years later the world's first intercity railway was the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, designed by George Stephenson and opened by the Prime Minister, the Duke of Wellington on 15 September 1830. The network grew rapidly as a patchwork of literally hundreds of separate companies during the Victorian era, which eventually was consolidated into just four by 1922, as the boom in railways ended and they began to lose money.

Eventually, the entire system came under state control in 1948, under the British Transport Commission's Railway Executive. After 1962 it came under the control of the British Railways Board; then British Railways (later British Rail), and the network was reduced to less than half of its original size by the infamous Beeching cuts of the 1960s when many unprofitable branch lines were closed. Several stations and lines have been reopened in England and Wales.[21][22][23]

In 1994 and 1995, British Rail was split into infrastructure, maintenance, rolling stock, passenger and freight companies, which were privatised from 1996 to 1997. The privatisation has delivered very mixed results, with healthy passenger growth, mass refurbishment of infrastructure, investment in new rolling stock, and safety improvements being offset by concerns over network capacity and the overall cost to the taxpayer, which has increased due to growth in passenger numbers. While the price of anytime and off-peak tickets has increased, the price of Advance tickets has dramatically decreased in real terms: the average Advance ticket in 1995 cost £9.14 (in 2014 prices) compared to £5.17 in 2014.[24][25]

In Britain, the infrastructure (track, stations, depots and signalling chiefly) is owned and maintained by

freight operating companies, such as DB Cargo UK, which are commercial operations unsupported by the government. Most train operating companies do not own the locomotives and coaches that they use to operate passenger services. Instead, they are required to lease these from the three rolling stock companies (ROSCOs), with train maintenance carried out by companies such as Bombardier and Alstom
.

Rail passenger revenue in 2018/19 increased in real terms year-on-year. In 2018/19, there was £18.1bn of public expenditure on railways, an increase of 12%.[6] There were 1.8 billion rail passenger journeys in England. Light rail and tram travel also continued to grow, to the highest level (0.3 million journeys) since comparable records began in 1983.[6]

In Great Britain there are 10,274 miles (16,534 km) of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

public body that will oversee rail transport in Great Britain. The Office of Rail and Road is responsible for the economic and safety regulation of the UK's railways.[28]

Northern Ireland

Further information: Rail transport in Ireland

In Northern Ireland,

gauge
. 118 miles (190 km) of it is double track.

International rail services

A Eurostar service at St Pancras station

Northern Ireland Railways/Iarnród Éireann Enterprise trains link Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland as well as one Iarnród Éireann train per weekday in the morning from Dublin to Newry
.

Rapid transit

Main article: Rapid transit in the United Kingdom

Three cities in the United Kingdom have rapid transit systems. The most well known is the London Underground (commonly known as the Tube), the oldest rapid transit system in the world which opened 1863.

Another system also in London is the separate

Tyne & Wear Metro (opened 1980), serves Newcastle, Gateshead, Sunderland, North Tyneside and South Tyneside, and has many similarities to a rapid transit system including underground stations, but is sometimes considered to be light rail.[29]

Urban rail

Main article: Urban rail in the United Kingdom
Lumo high-speed trains provide services from Northern England to Scotland and London.[30]

Urban commuter rail networks are focused on many of the country's major cities:

They consist of several railway lines connecting city centre stations of major cities to suburbs and surrounding towns. Train services and ticketing are fully integrated with the national rail network and are not considered separate. In London, a route for Crossrail 2 has been safeguarded.

Trams and light rail

See also:
Blackpool tramway and the Glasgow Corporation Tramways
remained; the final Glasgow service was withdrawn on 4 September 1962. Recent years have seen a revival the United Kingdom, as in other countries, of trams together with light rail systems.

Since the 1990s, a second generation of tram networks have been built and have started operating in

Sheffield in 1994, the West Midlands in 1999, South London in 2000, Nottingham in 2004 and Edinburgh
in 2014, whilst the original trams in Blackpool were upgraded to second generation vehicles in 2012.

Coventry Very Light Rail is a planned system around the city of Coventry. Four light rapid transit lines are opening in the Welsh Capital of Cardiff as part of the current South Wales Metro plan Phase 1 in 2023, which will reach as far out of the capital as Hirwaun, a town 31 miles (50 km) from Cardiff Bay, as well as three new lines planned to open by 2026.

Tram/Light Rail systems in the United Kingdom
Primary
location 		System Date
opened 		Line(s) Stations System
length 		Passenger
Revenue 		Passengers
(2018/19)[31] 		Change from
previous year
Blackpool Blackpool Tramway 1885 1 38 17 km £6.8M 5.2M 0.3 0.3%
Tyne & Wear
Tyne & Wear Metro
 1980 2 60 74 km £51.9M 36.4M 0.1 0.1%
London (East) Docklands Light Railway 1987 7 45 34 km £176.5M 119.6M -2.2 2.2%
Greater Manchester Manchester Metrolink 1992 8 99 105 km £82.1M 41.2M 9.0 9.0%
Sheffield
Sheffield Supertram
 1994 4 50 34 km £14.0M 11.9M -3.1 3.1%
West Midlands
(Birmingham and Wolverhampton) 		West Midlands Metro 1999 1 26 21 km £10.7M 5.9M 2.5 2.5%
London (South) Tramlink 2000 4 39 28 km £23.5M 28.7M -1.3 1.3%
Nottingham Nottingham Express Transit 2004 2 51 32 km £20.6M 18.8M 5.7 5.7%
Edinburgh Edinburgh Trams 2014 1 16 14 km £5.4M[32] 15.7M[33] 9.0 9.0%

Road transport

Main article: Roads in the United Kingdom
Motorway M1 in Yorkshire is an example of an urban motorway.

The road network in Great Britain, in 2006, consisted of 7,596 miles (12,225 km) of trunk roads (including 2,176 miles (3,502 km) of motorway), 23,658 miles (38,074 km) of principal roads (including 34 miles (55 km) of motorway), 71,244 miles (114,656 km) of "B" and "C" roads, and 145,017 miles (233,382 km) of unclassified roads (mainly local streets and access roads) – totalling 247,523 miles (398,350 km).[34][35]

Road is the most popular method of transport in the United Kingdom, carrying over 90% of motorised passenger travel and 65% of domestic freight.

trunk roads, many of which are dual carriageway, form the trunk network which links all cities and major towns. These carry about one third of the nation's traffic, and occupy about 0.16% of its land area.[35]

The motorway system, which was constructed from the 1950s onwards.

Transport for London Road Network
.

Durham[42] and on the Dartford Crossing
.

Driving is on the left.

UK Supreme Court ruled that the government must take immediate action to cut air pollution,[45] following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth.[46]

Cycle infrastructure

Main article: Cycling in the United Kingdom

The National Cycle Network, created by the charity Sustrans, is the UK's major network of signed routes for cycling. It uses dedicated bike paths as well as roads with minimal traffic, and covers 14,000 miles, passing within a mile of half of all homes.[47] Other cycling routes such as The National Byway, the Sea to Sea Cycle Route and local cycleways can be found across the country.

Segregated cycle paths are being installed in some cities in the UK such as London, Glasgow, Manchester, Bristol, Cardiff for example. In London Transport for London has installed Cycleways.[48]

Road passenger transport

Buses

Main article: Bus transport in the United Kingdom

Bus transport is widespread and local bus services cover the whole country. Since deregulation the majority (80% by the late 1990s[49]) of these local bus companies have been taken over by one of the "Big Five" private transport companies: Arriva, FirstGroup, Go-Ahead Group, Mobico Group and Stagecoach Group. In Northern Ireland coach, bus (and rail) services remain state-owned and are provided by Translink. Cities and regions such as Manchester and Nottingham have publicity owned bus networks and other transport.[50][51]

Coaches

Main article: Coach transport in the United Kingdom

Coaches provide long-distance links throughout the UK: in England and Wales the majority of coach services are provided by

Flixbus and Megabus run no-frills coach services in competition with National Express, the latter's services in Scotland are operated in co-operation with Scottish Citylink. BlaBlaBus
also operate to France and the Low Countries from London.

Road freight transport

In 2014, there were around 285,000 HGV drivers in the UK and in 2013 the trucking industry moved 1.6 billion tonnes of goods, generating £22.9 billion in revenue.[52]

Water transport

Due to the United Kingdom's island location, before the Channel Tunnel the only way to enter or leave the country (apart from air travel) was on water, except at the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Ports and harbours

See also:
Wales
world's busiest maritime passenger ports, with 11.7 million passengers, 2.6 million lorries, 2.2 million cars and motorcycles and 80,000 coaches passing through it yearly.[53]

About 95% of freight enters the United Kingdom by sea (75% by value). Four major ports handle the most freight traffic:

There are many other ports and harbours around the United Kingdom, including the following:

Londonderry, Manchester, Oban, Pembroke Dock, Peterhead, Plymouth, Poole, Port Talbot, Portishead, Portsmouth, Scapa Flow, Stornoway, Stranraer, Sullom Voe, Swansea, Tees (Middlesbrough), Tyne
(Newcastle).

Merchant marine

See also: Maritime history of the United Kingdom

For long periods of recent history, Britain had the largest registered merchant fleet in the world, but it has slipped down the rankings partly due to the use of flags of convenience. There are 429 ships of 1,000 gross tonnage (GT) or over, making a total of 9,181,284 GT (9,566,275 tonnes deadweight (DWT)). These are split into the following types: bulk carrier 18, cargo ship 55, chemical tanker 48, container ship 134, liquefied gas 11, passenger ship 12, passenger/cargo ship 64, petroleum tanker 40, refrigerated cargo ship 19, roll-on/roll-off 25, vehicle carrier 3.

Ferries

Ferry at Millbay Docks in Plymouth.

Ferries, both passenger only and passengers and vehicles, operate within the United Kingdom across rivers and stretches of water. In east London the

North and South Circular Roads. Gosport and Portsmouth are linked by the Gosport Ferry; Southampton and Isle of Wight are linked by ferry and fast Catamaran ferries; North Shields and South Shields on Tyneside are linked by the Shields Ferry; and the Mersey has the Mersey Ferry
.

In Scotland,

Stranraer and Cairnryan to Larne and Belfast
.

Holyhead, Pembroke Dock and Fishguard are the principal ports for ferries between Wales and Ireland. Heysham and Liverpool/Birkenhead have ferry services to the Isle of Man.

Passenger ferries operate internationally to nearby countries such as France, the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Spain. Ferries usually originate from one of the following:

More services from

Newhaven, Southampton, and Lymington
operate to France, Belgium and the Isle of Wight.

Bristol Ferry Boat
).

Other shipping

The Manchester Ship Canal can accommodate ships with a length of up to 600 feet (183 m).

Solent is a world centre for yachting and home to largest number of private yachts in the world.[55]

Inland waterways

Main article: Canals of the United Kingdom

Major

Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. A large canal network was built and it became the primary method of transporting goods throughout the country; however, by the 1830s with the development of the railways, the canal network began to go into decline. There are currently 1,988 miles (3,199 km) of waterways in the United Kingdom and the primary use is recreational. 385 miles (620 km) is used for commerce and leisure.[56]

Education and professional development

The United Kingdom also has a well-developed network of organisations offering education and professional development in the transport and logistics sectors. A number of Universities offer degree programmes in transport, usually covering transport planning, engineering of transport infrastructure, and management of transport and logistics services. The Institute for Transport Studies at the University of Leeds is one such organisation.

Pupils in England and Wales can study transport and logistics in apprenticeship studies at further education and sixth form colleges.[57] Professional development for those working in the transport and logistics sectors is provided by a number of Professional Institutes representing specific sectors. These include:

Through these professional bodies, transport planners and engineers can train for a number of professional qualifications, including:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Where Are the 30 Busiest Airports in the World?". Geography.about.com. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
  2. ^ "UK Port Freight Statistics 2019" (PDF). GOV.UK.
  3. ^ a b c "Department for Transport Statistics: Passenger transport: by mode, annual from 1952".
  4. ^ "EU Transport in Figures; Statistical Pocketbook". European Commission Directorate-General for Energy and Transport; Eurostat. 2007. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
  5. ^ a b Rod Eddington (December 2006). "The Eddington Transport Study". UK Treasury.
  6. ^ a b c "Department for Transport: Transport Statistics Great Britain 2019" (PDF). Department for Transport. 2019. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
  7. ^ "London Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
  8. ^ "Manchester Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  9. ^ "Department for Transport statistics" (PDF). Gov.uk.
  10. ^ L. Int Panis; P. Waktiss; L. De Nocker; R. Torfs (October 2000). "A comparative analysis of trends in environmental externalities of road transport (1990–2010) in Belgium and the UK". TERA2K.
  11. ^ Henry Foy (15 December 2013). "Spending to encourage use of electric cars falls flat". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  12. ^ Goodall, Olly (7 January 2022). "2021 sees largest-ever increase in plug-in sales". UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  13. ^ International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ "Report - Vehicles in use, Europe 2022". ACEA - European Automobile Manufacturers' Association. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  15. ^ a b Department for Transport. "Creating the transport decarbonisation plan". Department for Transport. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  16. ^ "The Sixth Carbon Budget: Surface Transport" (PDF). Committee on Climate Change. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  17. ^ "The Sixth Carbon Budget: Surface Transport" (PDF). Committee on Climate Change. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  18. ^ "Previous statistical releases | Office of Rail and Road". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  19. ^ "Railway Statistics – 2014 Synopsis" (PDF). Paris, France: UIC (International Union of Railways). 2014. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  20. ^ "the 2017 European Railway Performance Index". Boston Consulting Group. 8 January 2021.
  21. ^ "Restoring Your Railway Fund" (PDF). GOV.UK – via DFT.
  22. ^ "Restoring Your Railway Fund". House of Commons.
  23. ^ Moore, Catherine (21 June 2022). "Nine more abandoned rail schemes win cash for restoration". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  24. ^ "How do fares here compare with the rest of Europe?". Raildeliverygroup.com. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  25. ^ "Have train fares gone up or down since British Rail?". Bbc.co.uk. 22 January 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  26. ^ "What is HS2". HS2 Ltd.
  27. ^ "Network North". GOV.UK. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  28. ^ "Home page | Office of Rail and Road". www.orr.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  29. ^ Michael Taplin (March 2013). "Home – World Systems List index – World List U-Z – United Kingdom (GB)". Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA). Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  30. ^ "Lumo hailed a success as rail is the preferred choice over air travel between Edinburgh and London". Rail UK. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  31. ^ "Light Rail and Tram Statistics - England 2018-19" (PDF). Department for Transport. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  32. ^ "Edinburgh trams carry 5.38M passengers in a year". BBC News. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  33. ^ "Annual passenger revenue of Edinburgh Trams in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2014/15 to 2018/19". statista.com. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  34. ^ "Transport Statistics Great Britain: 2007 Edition". UK Department for Transport. September 2007. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2008.
  35. ^ a b c Banks, N; Bayliss, D; Glaister, S (28 November 2007). Motoring towards 2050: Roads and Reality. RAC Foundation (Report).
  36. ^ a b "How roads are managed in the UK". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  37. ^ "What We Do". Roads Service Northern Ireland. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  38. ^ "Tackling congestion on our roads". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008.
  39. ^ "M6 Toll (formerly Birmingham Northern Relief Road)". The Motorway Archive. The Motorway Archive Trust. Archived from the original on 23 June 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  40. ^ Rod Eddington (December 2006). "Speech by Rod Eddington to the Commonwealth Club in London on 1 December 2006". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008.
  41. ^ "Smooth start for congestion charge". BBC News. 18 February 2003. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  42. ^ "Toll road lawyers in award hope". BBC News. 9 April 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2007.
  43. HMSO
    . Retrieved 25 November 2007.
  44. ^ "117–126: Control of the vehicle". The Highway Code. HMSO. Retrieved 18 November 2007.
  45. ^ "Court orders UK to cut NO2 air pollution". BBC News. BBC. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  46. ^ "UK Supreme Court orders Government to take "immediate action" on air pollution". ClientEarth. 29 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  47. ^ "About the National Cycle Network". Sustrans.org.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  48. ^ "Cycleways". Transport for London.
  49. ^ "Department for Transport – GOV.UK" (PDF). Dft.gov.uk.
  50. ^ "The BEE Network - Manchester's Buses are Renationalised". www.tutor2u.net. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  51. ^ "Celebrating 125 years of Nottingham City Transport being publicly owned – Transport Nottingham". Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  52. ^ Williams, Francesca (17 June 2015). "Lorry driving: The logistics of keeping logistics on the road". Bbc.co.uk.
  53. ^ "Port of Dover". www.visitkent.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  54. ^ a b c d "Statistical data set PORT01 – UK ports and traffic". Department for Transport.
  55. ^ "The superyacht industry | Maritime industry | Warsash Maritime". maritime.solent.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  56. ^ "A New Era for the Waterway" (PDF). GOV.UK.
  57. ^ "T Levels | The Next Level Qualification". www.tlevels.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2021.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook.

CIA
.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=1213539002"