Transportation in South Florida

South Florida is one of the most densely populated urbanized areas in the United States overall,[b] being bound by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the South Florida Water Management District and the Everglades to the west, with a fairly strict Urban Development Boundary (UDB). As of the 2010 U.S. census, South Florida is both the eighth-most populous and eighth most densely populated metropolitan area in the United States.^[6] Now, with a population of over five and a half million people living in an urbanized area of only 1,116.1 sq mi (2,891 km²), it has an average population density of over 5,000 residents per square mile. According to the population as of the 2010 U.S. census, the 35.68 sq mi (92 km²) Miami city proper has an average population density of about 12,139 residents per square mile, with Downtown area, particularly Brickell, being the fastest growing and most dense neighborhoods.^[7]

A major problem for

With a population nearing six million, Miami-Dade Transit, Broward County Transit, and Palm Tran combined carry less than half a million passengers per day, a number that works out to less than 5% of the population using transit regularly once round trips are figured. In Greater Downtown Miami, which has seen more than 100% population growth since 2000, the Metromover system carries almost half the daily riders of the Metrorail system with only about 4 miles (6.4 km) of track. Although it directly connects to the Metrorail system at two stations, nearly 80% of the ridership is through direct boardings. This mode alone would suggest at least 15% of the downtown-area population uses transit. Historically, Metromover ridership remained fairly steady from 1995 (after outer loop extensions) to 2002, when the 25 cent fair was lifted, making the system entirely free to use. After this, ridership spiked by more than 60% within two years, but it was not until 2013 that ridership doubled from 2002. In a region and state not overly inclined to public transport, this system is considered successful and a vital part of downtown life.^[14][15] The elimination of the fare was just a small part of a sales tax increase that was approved by two-thirds of Miami-Dade voters under the promise that major rail-based transit extensions would take place. Funds were misused and it was later falsely claimed that the half-cent increase would not be enough for the expansion promised, despite the fact that the Citizens' Independent Transportation Trust concluded that the Metrorail extension along 9 rail corridors is financially viable.^[16] further souring public opinion of local transit and government.

As the population of South Florida fluctuates similar to the rest of the state, traffic,[18] transit ridership,^[19] and flight volumes (FTL) are all generally greater in the winter season.^[20]

Road transportation

Miami-Dade County contains many grade separated freeways built to

• SR 112 (Airport Expressway): Interstate 95 to MIA
• U.S. Route 1/Florida City
• SR 826 (Palmetto Expressway): Golden Glades Interchange to U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest
• SR 836 (Dolphin Expressway): Downtown to SW 137th Ave via MIA
• SR 874 (Don Shula Expressway): 826/Bird Road to Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike/Kendall
• SR 878 (Snapper Creek Expressway): SR 874/Kendall to U.S. Route 1/Pinecrest & South Miami
• SR 924 (Gratigny Parkway) Miami Lakes to Opa-locka

The Florida Highway Patrol is a law enforcement agency under the Florida Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles with specific jurisdiction on the state's roads and highways. Miami-Dade is included in the Troop E jurisdiction, with Broward and Palm Beach counties being among Troop L jurisdiction.^[30]

Toll roads and express lanes

Several highways have a tolling system using

Additionally, I-95 has north and south express lanes from the I-195 interchange up to the Golden Glades Interchange. Work took place from 2011 to 2016 to extend the I-95 express lanes up to the Interstate 595 interchange near Fort Lauderdale. The price on the original express lanes varies depending on traffic, with tolls originally ranging from 25 cents up to seven dollars during rush hour or other heavy traffic. The toll range was raised to 50 cents up to US$10.50 in 2014, due partially to overuse.^[35] When the extension of the 95 express lanes to the Fort Lauderdale area opened in 2016, tolls rose even further, as was predicted by FDOT engineer Rory Santana. This has stirred controversy that the system, dubbed "Lexus lanes",^[36] is creating inequality among motorists. During high demand, tolls may range around US$20 for the approximately 22-mile (35 km) distance.^[37]

Tolled causeways include the Venetian Causeway (NE 15th Street) to Miami Beach, the Rickenbacker Causeway connecting Interstate 95 in Brickell to Key Biscayne, and the Broad Causeway connecting North Miami with Bay Harbor Islands and Bal Harbour.

A US$1.8 billion project to add tolled reversible express lanes in the median of Interstate 595, as well as to improve flyovers and connectivity to other highways was completed in 2014. The express lanes run for about 10 miles (16 km) between the Interstate 95 interchange to the western terminus at Interstate 75 and the Sawgrass Expressway in the western fringes of Broward County.^[39]

The Florida Department of Transportation has a plan to add tolled

While the Florida Department of Transportation operates and maintains most of the larger surface roads, even in incorporated areas, municipalities such as the City of Miami occasionally try to assume control over specific roads. These often include highly urban roads in the downtown area^[46] such as Brickell Avenue, where they^[who?] feel the more broad scoped and highway oriented FDOT is inadequate in understanding the needs of such roads.^[47]

Causeways

With a high number of waterways and

Islands of the Venetian and MacArthur causeways spanning Biscayne Bay seen from above. PortMiami far right. Miami Beach in background.

Miami has six major

Broward and Palm Beach counties have a variety of causeways, which are generally smaller as Biscayne Bay narrows to Intracoastal Waterways to the north.

Vehicles for hire

The Miami area is known for its high level of

The half penny transit tax approved in November 2002 as part of the People's Transportation Plan was promised to fund at least the Metrorail Orange Line expansions in the short term, with a long term promise to build nearly 90 miles (145 km) of track and 50 stations for Metrorail, among other things. The plan stated that no more than five percent of tax proceeds would go to administration costs.[60] A federal investigation in 2011 has led to Miami-Dade Transit's perception as an unaccountable organization.^[61]

Therefore, the Miami metropolitan area remains highly automobile dependent, with a prominent grid system made up of many wide, dangerous roads

With ever-increasing population and traffic congestion, highways in South Florida are constantly being widened and upgraded with things such as express lanes to supposedly "ease delays."^[65] Ironically, the virtually endless expansion and reconstruction projects due to rapid growth and induced demand are part of the traffic congestion problem.^[38] The Miami-Dade area is consistently ranked as one of the worst regions in the country for traffic problems,^[66] and was ranked as the worst east coast metropolitan area for traffic in 2010.^[67] Parts of the Dolphin and Palmetto expressways as well as I-95 and Florida's Turnpike see near gridlock conditions at rush hour on a daily basis.^[68][69] According to a study by the American Highway Users Alliance (AHUA) in 2015, three of the nations worst bottlenecks are in Miami-Dade on the Dolphin and Palmetto Expressways.^[13] In the 2010s, increasing traffic delays were cited as an impediment to the rebounding office market.^[70] Similar to Los Angeles traffic, Miami-Dade has a loosely defined "rush hour" that extends much longer than just 8–9 a.m. and 5–6 p.m.^[71]

Miami also consistently ranks at or near the top in terms of worst drivers and number of accidents. In a 2013 study that looked at insurance and accident reports, Miami-Dade County was ranked "first in automotive fatalities, first in pedestrian strikes, first in the obscenity-laced tirades of their fellow drivers."^[72] Subsequently, Florida consistently ranks among the most expensive states for insurance premiums.^[73]

In 2007, Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers in the United States, the second year in a row to have been cited, in a poll commissioned by automobile club AutoVantage.^[74] Miami is also consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians.^[75]

Furthermore, greater Miami sees regular

Free parking at businesses for their customers is often strictly enforced, with clearly placed tow warning signs for abusing the space to go to other places, or for parking for an excessive length of time, especially in highly trafficked areas such as South Beach. Many businesses have no free parking available, or do for only limited amounts of time. Even suburban plazas and big box stores often have parking security to ensure both patron safety and designated use of parking. In many suburban residential areas, people do not have their own private garages as properties are small due to high land values. A parking pass, even for residents of a high rise residential building, often costs an additional fee over the rent or association dues.[82]

South Florida began its forays into and

Underground parking

Unlike most other metropolises, underground development, including basements and below grade parking, is very rare in South Florida, even in

Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world,

Identifiable locally, as well as by several worldwide authorities, as MIA or KMIA, the airport is a major hub and the single largest international gateway for American Airlines, which the world's largest passenger air carrier since its merger with US Airways in 2013.^[95] Miami International is the busiest airport in Florida, and is the United States' second-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers as of 2013, behind New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport;^[96] it is also among the largest such gateways in the world.^[97] The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

The airport is served by taxis, several Metrobus routes, including the dedicated Airport Express, as well as several shuttle bus services available 24 hours a day. It also has the Miami Intermodal Center, consisting of a large rental car center and parking garage, and a rail station for Tri-Rail. It has been served by MIA Mover and Metrorail's AirportLink since 2012.

Two smaller, regional airports in Miami-Dade County are the

Surface transportation infrastructure

The MIA Mover is a free, automated people mover connecting the Central Terminal of Miami International Airport to the Miami Intermodal Center. MIA Mover opened on September 9, 2011, and is 1.27 miles (2 km) long, running on an elevated track. MIA Mover has a top speed of about 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) and the capacity to move more than 3,000 people per hour.^[98]

The AirportLink connects the Metrorail system's Orange Line to the Miami Intermodal Center. The line connects to the Metrorail mainline at the

The Miami Intermodal Center connects and centralizes the major forms of surface transportation to and from Miami International Airport. MIA Mover, Metrorail's AirportLink, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, the rental car center, all come together there. Phase I for Metrobus, MIA Mover, AirportLink, and automobiles were completed in 2012, while Phase II for Tri-Rail was completed in early 2015. It will also serve as a connection point between walking and bicycling.

Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport

Located just to the north, in Broward County, is another large airport, Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport (FLL). FLL is connected to the Tri-Rail commuter rail system via timed shuttle bus.^[99] The airport's connections to US 1 and Interstate 595 were undergoing renovations as of the 2010s, with a major project to extend one of the airport's runway ongoing as of 2014. The runway extension is a US$791 million project that required building a tunnel and adding fill over US 1 and the Florida East Coast Railway line.^[100]

Palm Beach International Airport

Palm Beach International Airport (PBI) is a public airport located approximately 3 miles (5 km) west of

Water transportation

The entire length of the South Florida metropolitan area is situated along the Atlantic Ocean. PortMiami in Miami-Dade and Port Everglades in Broward County are South Florida's two major seaports, while Port of Palm Beach is a smaller port located in Palm Beach County.

PortMiami

PortMiami is one of the busiest cruise ship ports in the world,

Port Everglades, located in Fort Lauderdale in Broward County, is another major seaport that is about equally busy as Port of Miami in terms of cruise and cargo traffic. It is home to the two largest cruise ships in the world, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas. As with PortMiami, Port Everglades has intermittently given statistics which prove it to be the busiest cruise port in the world.^[102]

Boating

In addition to the ports, South Florida has many marinas and navigable waterways for both public and privately owned boats and yachts. The Miami River, which passes directly through the downtown Miami area, is publicly accessible and leads to inland marinas and cargo facilities. Fort Lauderdale has over 165 miles (266 km) of inland canals, owing it the nickname "Venice of America".^[106] Miami Beach has a long, inland canal system as well. Biscayne Bay is also popular sport and recreation such as fishing, sailing, and kayaking. There are also several recreational water taxis that gives sightseeing tours along the coast, such as the Miami Water Taxi,^[107] and the Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood Water Taxi.^[108][109]

Public transportation

v t e Rail transport in South Florida
Legend
Brightline to Orlando Amtrak Silver Service to New York Mangonia Park West Palm Beach West Palm Beach Lake Worth Beach Tri-Rail fare zone boundary Boynton Beach Delray Beach Tri-Rail fare zone boundary Boca Raton Boca Raton Palm Beach Broward Deerfield Beach Pompano Beach Tri-Rail fare zone boundary Cypress Creek Fort Lauderdale New River Fort Lauderdale Tri-Rail fare zone boundary Fort Lauderdale Airport Sheridan Street Hollywood Broward Miami-Dade Tri-Rail fare zone boundary Aventura Golden Glades Opa-locka Miami ■ Palmetto Miami Canal ■ Okeechobee ■ Hialeah ■ Tri-Rail and Metrorail Transfer ■ Northside ■ Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Plaza ■ Brownsville Hialeah Market Miami River ■■ Earlington Heights ■■ Allapattah ■ Miami Intermodal Center Miami International Airport ■■ Santa Clara ■■ Civic Center ■■ Culmer ■ School Board ■ Adrienne Arsht Center ■ Museum Park ■ Eleventh Street ■ Park West ■ Freedom Tower ■■ Historic Overtown/Lyric Theatre ■■■ Wilkie D. Ferguson Jr. MiamiCentral ■■ ■■■ Government Center ■■■ College North ■■■ College/Bayside ■■■ First Street ■■■ Bayfront Park ■ Miami Avenue ■■ Third Street ■■■ Knight Center ■ Riverwalk Miami River ■ Fifth Street ■ Brickell City Centre ■ Tenth Street/Promenade ■■ ■ Brickell ■ Financial District ■■ Vizcaya ■■ Coconut Grove ■■ Douglas Road ■■ University ■■ South Miami ■■ Dadeland North ■■ Dadeland South
Amtrak, Brightline, and Tri-Rail Metrorail Metromover MIA Mover All stations are accessible

Metrorail, Metrobus, and Metromover, all operated by Miami-Dade Transit, comprise the majority of public transportation options in Miami-Dade County. Miami-Dade Transit also runs the Paratransit division's Special Transportation Service. The only significant public transportation systems currently offered in Broward County and Palm Beach County are standard bus systems, run by Broward County Transit and Palm Tran, respectively. South Florida's tri-county commuter rail system, Tri-Rail, is operated by the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA). There are also several localized public bus systems, such as the South Beach Local and the Coral Gables trolley.

The elongated and sprawled layout of the South Florida metropolitan area complicates the process of designing practical mass transit systems that serve the entire region, in contrast to more circular shaped metro areas where a

A 2014 survey of 3,917 people in Miami-Dade County found that their highest priority was on-time performance, eclipsing by a narrow margin more frequent service and transit expansions to new areas.^[112]

As far as safety, a county report documenting incidents between December 2007 and August 2009 indicated that Metrorail had the highest amount of reported crimes with 1.5 per 100,000 riders, with battery being the main offense on both Metrorail and Metromover, while vandalism was number one for Metrobus.^[113]

From 2010 to 2015, Metrorail ridership greatly outpaced population growth, increasing by about 25%.^[104] Specifically, from 2014 to 2015, Metrorail and Metromover ridership remained fairly steady while Metrobus ridership continued to decline amid record low oil^[114] and gasoline prices that year.^[115] Despite this, there are more investments and expansions being explored for bus service than rail service, including new bus-rapid transit (BRT) and the covering of unprotected stations.^[116] By summer 2015, Metrobus daily ridership was around 210,000,^[117] nearly a 25% drop from previous records of over a quarter million. Through 2016 Metrobus ridership continued to fall sharply, while Metrorail ridership fell somewhat, and even Metromover had some slight declines that became steady into 2017.

Miami-Dade Transit

^[118]

Miami-Dade Transit rail transit system maps

Metrorail

Metromover

Miami-Dade Transit runs the majority of public transport in Miami-Dade County including the four major systems of Metrorail, Metromover, Metrobus, and STS paratransit. In 2011, they were nearly shut down by the federal government due to audits that revealed extensive corruption. This came during a low economic time when service cuts were already in place and threatened even greater cuts.

Metrorail

Metrorail is Florida's only heavy rail rapid transit system,

Standard fare for both Metrorail and Metrobus was raised from $2.00 to $2.25 on October 1, 2013, for the first time since 2008 when fares were raised from $1.50, cited as being due to increasing operational expenses.[122]

On July 16, 2008, Miami-Dade Transit announced that it would be replacing all fare collection methods with the

Metromover is a free, automated

The Metromover currently operates 21 stations,

The Metrobus network provides bus service throughout Miami-Dade County^[135] 365 days a year. It consists of more than 100 routes and about 817 buses^[122] and 9000 stops,^[136] which connect most points in the county and part of southern Broward County as well, to connect with the Broward County Transit bus system. Standard fare is US$2.25.^[137] Seven of these routes operate around the clock: Routes 3, 11, 27, 38, 77, 79 and 100. Routes 400 South Owl and 401 North Owl operate from 12am to 5am, with the 400 route replacing overnight Metrorail service. Most other routes operate from 5 am to 11 pm. All Metrobuses are wheelchair accessible, in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

South Dade Transitway

The

at Dadeland South station.

The Busway has been the site of many accidents at the unique intersections where arterial roads meet the virtually adjacent South Dixie Highway.^[139]

Broward County Transit

Main article: Broward County Transit

Miami-Dade County where the systems share transit hubs such as Aventura Mall

in Miami-Dade County.

Palm Tran

Main article: Palm Tran

Palm Tran is a bus system run by the Palm Beach County Government, serving Palm Beach County. Standard (Adult) one-way fare is US$1.50 (people eligible for the reduced fare such as students and senior citizens pay US$0.75). For US$3.55 an unlimited all-day pass (US$2.25 for reduced fare). There are no free transfers except to Tri-Rail or Broward County Transit. Daily and 31-day unlimited ride passes are also available for purchase. There are 31-day unlimited passes that are available reduced or regular costing US$55 and US$40 respectively.^[141] All Palm Tran buses have bicycle racks on the front, capable of holding two bikes.

Other buses and trolleys

Marlins Park and Civic Center.^[144] The Miami Trolley expanded to many routes over the next few years.^[145] Educational institutions such as University of Miami (Hurry 'Cane Shuttle)^[146] and Florida International University (CATS Shuttle)^[147] operate free shuttle-bus services on and around their campuses. In addition, FIU offers a Golden Panthers Express shuttle between their main campus and the Biscayne Bay Campus.^[148]

Rail transportation

Miami-Dade County is located at the southern end of two prominent rail lines, the state-owned

Florida high speed rail system; however that plan was cancelled in 2011.^[149] In 2014, companies of the Florida East Coast Railway began construction on a higher-speed rail system to ultimately connect Miami, Fort Lauderdale, West Palm Beach, and Orlando International Airport.^[150] Historically, the Florida East Coast Railway (FEC) line extended all the way to Key West, running passenger and freight service on the famed Overseas Railroad through the Keys. However, this line was severely damaged during the 1935 Labor Day hurricane

and service never returned.

Intercity and higher-speed services

Amtrak

Miami is the southern terminus of

Metrorail, MIA Mover, and Tri-Rail. The standard rail part of the station was expected to be completed by fall 2013,^[151] however various delays including a realization that the platforms as well as the distance between the two nearest surface streets was less than the length of some Amtrak trains.^[152]

There are five other Amtrak stations in the region;

Delray Beach Seaboard Air Line Railway Station

located a few blocks down the line.

Tri-Rail

Main article: Tri-Rail

Yard

Tri-Rail is a 70.9-mile (114 km), 18 station

Broward, and Miami-Dade counties, terminating at Miami International Airport in Miami-Dade County. Tri-Rail is split into six zones. As of 2014, standard fare ranges from US$2.50 to US$11.55 and is determined by the number of zones travelled through and whether it is a one way or round trip.^[153] A standard fare of US$100 for a month is also available. Many Tri-Rail stations have free parking facilities, with a total capacity of about 4,000 vehicles, which are known to fill up.^[154]

Tri-Rail proposed adding additional service to a more easterly alignment on the Florida East Coast Railway freight line in a project known as the "Coastal Link."^[155] This would bring it closer to the major population centers of South Florida, of which the FEC line passes through about 22. This would also bring it directly into Downtown Miami, where it would terminate at the MiamiCentral transit hub. Service would also eventually extend northward to Jupiter, which would more than double Tri-Rail's current system length. Currently, Tri-Rail is a financial loss, relying heavily on revenue from shuttle buses and parking at stations because they are not within walking distance.^[154]

In 2015, Tri-Rail's southern terminus moved into a new station at Miami Intermodal Center.^[156] In 2017, the SFRTA voted to contract out operations to Herzog Transit Services for a 10-year contract beginning in July of that year.^[157][158]

Brightline

Main article: Brightline

See also:

Florida high speed rail

Twice a

American Reinvestment and Recovery Act. However, Florida governor Rick Scott denied the funding in 2011, citing that it was still a risk due to uncertain ridership estimates and actual construction and maintenance costs, which could have been a burden to taxpayers.^[160] Many were disappointed in Scott's vehement denial of the money. 26 Florida senators from both political parties signed a letter to United States Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood encouraging him to ignore Scott's decision, and even former governor Jeb Bush, who was against the previous high-speed rail proposal,^[159] was surprised by Scott's actions.^[161]

The money was ultimately directed to other states and the plan killed.

In 2012,

bonds.^[163] Construction of the MiamiCentral station in Government Center began in 2014, with some of the additional tracks and site work on the other two South Florida stations taking place by 2015. Service between West Palm Beach and Fort Lauderdale

opened in January 2018 and the extension to MiamiCentral opened in May.

Bicycling

Metrorail

station.

There are many popular bike routes in Miami-Dade County and South Florida. In the 2000s, the city government under Mayor

Bicycling Magazine.^[168] Several large biking events are planned throughout South Florida for the fall 2011 season, including possible 100+ mile charity and timed runs.^[169]

In early 2012, a major gap in the

Florida City. This created a 31 mi (50 km) off-road bicycle and pedestrian corridor.^[170]

In the 21st century, bicycling has grown in popular in

BikeShare units all around the neighborhood in a system known as DecoBike, which launched in March 2011.^[171][172] The initial rollout of the program included "approximately 100 solar-powered stations and 1,000 custom-designed bikes available to residents and visitors."^[173] This public bicycle sharing and rental program is owned and operated by DecoBike, LLC, a Miami-based company, and operates under a long-term agreement with the City of Miami Beach. The service is available to both residents and visitors – any adult with a major credit card can check out a bike to pedal to their next location. An iPhone app^[174] and an interactive map on the DecoBike website^[175] allows riders to locate the nearest "station" and gives riders the number of bikes available and the number of free docking spaces. In 2014, the bike-sharing system expanded to the downtown Miami area with a new branding under Citi Bike.^[176][177]

In early 2012, Miami Beach announced plans to build a 2,900 ft (884 m) elevated bicycle and pedestrian path from Belle Isle to the beach along the Collins Creek seawall on the south side of Dade Boulevard.^[178] The plan was approved and was initially set to be finished in July 2012;^[179][180] however, after procurement issues the project was not started until that year and, after intermittent construction, it has been given a completion date of 2015.^[181]

Walkability

A 2011 survey of the largest cities in the United States by

vehicular manslaughter and other reckless driving incidents.^[193]

In 2009, the city commission approved the new Miami 21 zoning policy that was considered a landmark example of New Urbanism,^[194] winning then-Mayor Miami Diaz the 2009 American Architectural Foundation's Keystone Award for taking on Miami 21.^[195] As the population grows in the region, especially in the greater downtown Miami area, graded and textured crosswalks are added to slow traffic along busy streets such as Brickell Avenue and Biscayne Boulevard (US 1). New crosswalks installed in the Upper Eastside along Biscayne Boulevard in late 2011 will also be outlined with flashing lights, as well as having islands in the center of the road and large speed feedback signs to warn automotive traffic.^[196] Plans have been floated to close the already walkable^[197] Flagler Street in Downtown Miami to traffic altogether or for festivals.^[198]

Española Way. Additionally, much of the oceanfront along the east coast features pedestrian and bicycle only beach walks, which are often lit and lined with shops and restaurants. In 2014 it was proposed that Ocean Drive should be closed to automobile traffic to become another pedestrian road.^[199] The recently renovated 2.5 miles (4 km) Hollywood Beach Broadwalk^[200] in Hollywood was once named one of America's best boardwalks by Travel + Leisure magazine.^[201]

Transit-oriented development (TOD)

More priority has recently been given to transit-oriented development, with several housing and mixed-use projects being given special incentives and reduced parking requirements for building along transit lines.

Miami MLS stadium as well as a possible joint University of Miami football stadium cited a necessity to be in Miami's urban core with a transit-oriented location.^[206]

Historically, several buildings were built in conjunction with the Metromover and Metrorail systems in the 1980s. Both systems connect on the north side of

Dadeland South, both of which opened in 1984, in an area known as Dadeland. This area is an officially recognized transit-oriented development by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA)-sponsored Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP).^[207] Both stations consistently have over 6,000 weekday passengers^[204]

as of the mid 2010s, and they form the southern terminus of the current Metrorail line.

The downtown core and Brickell neighborhoods, with their dense zoning allowances, have incidentally taken on characteristics of transit-oriented neighborhoods. However, ridership increases were generally less than what is found in areas of other cities with similar densities, according to a Transportation Cooperative Research Program study from 2004 regarding transit-oriented development. One reason given was a lack of pedistrian-friendly urban fabric, such as safe street crossings and retail at transit stations, a phenomenon known as "transit-adjacent development".[208]^[209] However, from 2004 to 2014, along with two real estate booms, ridership roughly doubled for both the Metrorail and Metromover components of Brickell station.^[19]

Metromover

During the large condominium

Park West stations, in addition to a possible connection to the Virgin MiamiCentral station. This dense downtown development cannot be considered exclusive transit-oriented development, however, as many locations throughout the region have many high-rise and other large buildings without permanent transit infrastructure. It is more a reflection of zoning allowance; the current Miami 21 zoning code in the city of Miami^[167] lends itself to larger development, with densities up to 1,000 units per acre,^[202] and taller buildings downtown or in transit corridors, though it also sets strict and controversial parking space minimums.^[211] In addition, public transit is not considered a priority to the many high-income condo buyers, who often seek ample parking; despite this, proximity to transit if often included in the marketing of these towers.^[68] In contrast to traditional transit-oriented development, much of the real estate is a far cry from affordable housing geared toward lower and middle income residents.^[104] Real estate developers are generally required to pay high impact fees for these large buildings, the profits of which are intended to go to public infrastructure such as schools and transportation.^[212] The City of Miami impact fees ordinance was amended in 2005 due to the high amount of development at that time.^[213]

See also: List of tallest buildings in Miami and Manhattanization

On the other hand, the "Downtown Kendall Urban Center District ordinance" from 1998 that allowed the area of unincorporated

Car2Go service.^[217] Due to the urban density, high-rises, cultural institutions, and access to various transit services, Downtown and Brickell are often compared to New York City, specifically Manhattan,^[104] despite being much smaller.^[218]

Future proposals and extensions

Many transportation systems, including highways, have been proposed, especially in Miami-Dade County, which were subsequently cancelled, often due to financial issues. During the 1970s, the time when the "Decade of Progress" local bond was approved, residents of the Miami-Dade County voted 2-to-1 for a transportation plan that cancelled highways in favor of public transit planning and funding.^[219] Heavy rail (Metrorail) expansion is estimated to have a construction cost of about $100–200 million per mile.^[104] Planned toll roads and express lane expansions, together with highway widening, continued greatly from the late 2010s into at least the early 2020s.^[42]

MDT Orange Line (Metrorail)

See also:

Orange Line (MDT)

The Orange Line was a major proposal for three new Metrorail lines. One north to the Broward–Miami-Dade county line via 27th Ave, an east–west extension to

AirportLink

, which was completed in 2012. The other two have been permanently cancelled, primarily due to political corruption, namely the misuse of the half-penny tax passed in 2002 and false ridership and revenue forecasts by MDT.

Although the only physical Metrorail addition forming the Orange Line is the single station 2.4-mile spur to the airport, the entire line from the airport to Dadeland South has been rebranded as the Orange Line, in addition to being the Green Line. This is because trains that will run to the airport will go all the way to Dadeland South, along with Green Line trains.

FEC Tri-Rail alignment "Coastal Link"

The "Coastal Link"

SFRTA, would have trains running on both lines, while the other proposal by the Florida Department of Transportation might only operate on the FEC line. The state is looking to possibly privatize operations of Tri-Rail,^[8] with the FECR likely to operate any future passenger rail on its line, while the current line may be operated by other private entities. An east–west connection between the lines would give South Florida a much more complete commuter rail system. Much of the FEC line was single tracked, and would need to be at least double tracked to handle freight, passenger, and possible Amtrak service. For this reason, many of the preliminary plans called for the project to be cut into phases, such as an initial improvement of the line between Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Pending local and state funding, as well as a possible Federal Railroad Administration grant, service was anticipated to begin on at least part of the FEC line as early as 2015.^[157] On October 28, 2011, the SFRTA Governing Board approved a plan to run Tri-Rail local and express service on the FEC line to Downtown Miami by 2015. The plan then went to the tri-county Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)'s boards for approval. The plan was being fast-tracked in phases to provide service on the FEC portion from Downtown Fort Lauderdale and Downtown Miami's Government Center Station as soon as 2014.^[223]

These plans largely stagnated due to lack of funding and uncertainty in dealing with Florida East Coast Railway.

Plans for a Tri-Rail "Coastal Link" resurfaced with the construction of FEC's Brightline (now Virgin Trains USA) intercity higher-speed rail system in 2014. One plan for early action called for the possibility of rerouting trains on the CSX line over a spur in northern Miami-Dade County to the FEC line where trains would run from the Midtown area to the lines termination at Virgin MiamiCentral station in downtown Miami. Another plan calls for an initial six stations between downtown Miami and Aventura.^[224] Although the All Aboard Florida project includes double tracking the entire line in South Florida, the Coastal Link would require the construction of its own stations between All Aboard Florida's three stations, as well as the possible addition of a third track, at a cost estimated between US$720 and US$800 million in 2014.^[155]

BayLink

Main article: BayLink

BayLink is a long proposed streetcar,

public-private partnership to help fund it.^[226]

2016: SMART plan

In 2016, a new plan was introduced, known as the Strategic Miami Area Rapid Transit (SMART) expansion plan. It outlined six corridors in need of premium transit lines, NW 27th Avenue North Corridor, FEC line Coastal Link, an east–west line likely following the Dolphin Expressway, South Dade Transitway conversion, Kendall Corridor down Kendall Drive (SW 88 Street), and BayLink (Beach Corridor). The Beach Corridor line might also connect Midtown and downtown Miami.^[227] The lines would most likely use at-grade heavy rail at best, but may be bus-rapid transit, light rail, or Metromover in the case of BayLink. The price would likely be at least $70 billion for all 70 miles (110 km). In early 2017, funding for studies was moved forward, with some controversy.^[228]

Downtown streetcars

Several street cars,

1926 Miami Hurricane damaged the system and as time passed they were all removed.^[230]

Fort Lauderdale had plans in 2011 for a 2.7 mi (4 km) downtown light rail streetcar system to be called The Wave Streetcar.^[231] After delays the project received final approval in 2013^[232] and, funded with the help of federal subsidies,^[233] construction was to begin in 2014. The project then met further difficulties including risk of losing the federal money,^[234] and construction was pushed back to 2017–2020.^[235][236] The project was cancelled in 2018.^[237]

Transit to PortMiami

In mid-2011, a US$120,000 study was proposed to analyze the feasibility and impact of building a Metromover extension to the PortMiami. This would create a somewhat direct elevated transit link from Miami International Airport to the seaport, Miami-Dade County's two largest economic generators.^[238] Multiple transfers would be required, however, as a trip from the airport to the seaport would start with the MIA Mover, then Metrorail's AirportLink, then the Metromover port line. In 2014, A Metromover connection to the port was still being considered and was included in the "Metromover Expansion Master Plan".^[239]

The FEC freight railroad spur to PortMiami was renovated and returned to service in the early 2010s.^[240] In addition, the construction that began on stations and double tracking of the mainline in South Florida as part of the Brightline (now Virgin Trains USA) intercity rail system could potentially foster in future heavy rail passenger service to the port.^[105]

Various enhanced connections to

Wave Streetcar. In the 2000s and 2010s, road access to the port via I-595

was improved.

Dolphin Expressway extension - Krome Avenue widening

There is a controversial plan to extend the

Kendall–Tamiami Executive Airport. The project drew mixed reaction from local residents in an informal public awareness meeting held by the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority in 2014.^[243] Beginning in 2015, a controversial widening of Krome Avenue began from Okeechobee to the Tamiami Trail, followed by the next segment from Tamiami to Kendall Drive. While not a limited-access highway, the project adds a median and brings the road to four lanes.^[38] Eventually the southern portion from Kendall Drive to the southern terminus at US-1 in Florida City, through more developed areas, is expected to be widened as well.^[244]

Geography

Satellite view

Miami metro area is much longer than it is wide

Nighttime satellite views of southeastern US with South Florida bottom right. Images taken in 2010 and 2014

See also: Draining and development of the Everglades

Physical expansion of the urbanized area in southern Florida is constrained by its location between the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the federally protected Everglades wetlands to the west. Though there is more land that can legally be developed before cutting in to Everglades National Park, Miami-Dade County has a politically defined Urban Development Boundary (UDB),^[245] which is only amended to allow further development after due process, with considerations such as population growth and amount and location of undeveloped land available within the UDB.^[246] This trend lends itself to increasing density within the urbanized area,^[104] with a focus on areas with transit; however, most of the expansions of the UDB are for low-density residential developments of less than five units per acre.^[247] This contrasts sharply with the downtown Miami area, where zoning allows development up to 1,000 units per acre,^[202] and zoning allowances are amended as the downtown area expands.^[248]

sea level rise, with Miami Beach experiencing annual tidal flooding.^[250] The county claims that regular service on transportation systems will be suspended before sustained winds reach 39 miles per hour (63 km/h) in anticipation of tropical weather.^[251] Miami-Dade Transit will use its rolling stock as emergency vehicles to transport people to and from emergency shelters in the event of an evacuation order.^[252]

Sea level-related engineering

See also:

Miami Beach § Elevation and tidal flooding

In addition to present difficulty with below-grade development, some areas of southern Florida, especially

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science of Miami Beach flooding incidents from 1998 to 2013 tidal flooding was increasing with time, coinciding with an increase in the rate of sea level rise locally.^[260] The fall 2015 king tides exceeded expectations in longevity and height.^[261] Some streets and sidewalks were raised about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) over previous levels;^[256] the four initial pumps installed in 2014 are capable of pumping 4,000 US gallons per minute.^[262] Several other cities in the county already have building codes that exceed Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) mandates.^[263] Traditional sea level rise and storm mitigation measures including sea walls and dykes, such as those in the Netherlands and New Orleans, will not work in South Florida due to the porous nature of the ground and limestone beneath the surface.^[257] More than half of South Florida is under 6 feet (1.8 m) AMSL, while the highest elevations, made up of a limestone ridge that includes Brickell Hammock, averages only 12 feet (3.7 m).^[264] Fort Lauderdale sees increasing tidal flooding as well, exacerbated by its extensive inland canal system. They are combating the problem with one-way valves retrofitted into the drainage system, and are considering using pumps as well.^[106] Development booms in the 21st century began raising questions of the sustainability of coastal habitation,^[265] given that South Florida's approximate population of six million makes up nearly half of the estimated 13.1 million people who would be affected by a 1.8 m (5.9 ft) increase in sea level possible by 2100.^[266]

Politics

Government Center

station, built in 1984 with the existing Metrorail system, but never completed.

The region, as with the rest of the state, tends to be more fiscally conservative, generally opting for lower taxes and less government spending. Specifically, in the Miami-Dade area there is a significant population of Cuban-American expatriates and people of Cuban descent, who often default to right-wing politics,^[267] seeing it as the opposite of liberalism, which is tied to socialism and seen as similar to the communist regime they escaped. Despite being considered the most liberal region in the state, only about a third of South Floridians surveyed felt they were in a liberal area.^[268] At the state level, there is little support for public transit infrastructure; for example, most transit-oriented development planning is done at the city or county level, with Miami-Dade County being considered one of the most active local governments in Florida in terms of transportation planning.^[269]

This political nature often leads to more private infrastructure such as roadways. To their credit,

Metrorail and Metromover have always been a significant loss, financially speaking.^[271] Even some of the highway toll collection operations in Florida are privatized.^[272] Miami-Dade Transit's federal investigation, which included criminal investigation in addition to audits, revealed likely fraud among other wasteful spending; service cuts and a shut down of the AirportLink project nearly resulted.^[273] Tri-Rail is considered an exceptional loss; for fiscal year 2010, train revenue was approximately US$10.3 million,^[221] while total operating expenses for fiscal year 2010, including depreciation expense, were approximately US$86.9 million. Expenses increased by approximately US$14.9 million or 20.7% when compared to fiscal year 2009.^[221] During this time service was cut and an altogether shut down was threatened.^[274]

Political corruption from all parties is not uncommon in the South Florida metropolitan area,^[275] which consistently has one of the highest crime rates in the nation, coming in first place among the ten largest metropolitan areas for both violent and property crimes in 2011.^[276] This leads to a distrust in government;^[277] South Florida, particularly Miami, which would likely wax more Democratically,^[278] often has lowest voter turnout in the state.^[279] Specifically, the public felt deceived when the majority of promises were broken related to the county-wide half penny sales surtax, which was supposed to fund many rapid transit expansions, that was passed in 2002 with about two-thirds of the vote.^[280] While many beneficial investments were made as a result of the tax, transit officials candidly admit that the core promise of new Metrorail lines was always an overstatement.^[281] It should be noted, however, that the half-penny itself was a trade off from the full penny surtax that would have generated billions of dollars over several decades,^[282] which was championed by then-Miami-Dade County Mayor Alex Penelas,^[283] but fought successfully by local businessman and community activist Norman Braman.^[284]

History

See also: Interurban, Tram, and History of Miami

Although often grouped with other relatively young sunbelt cities, which grew largely in the age of the automobile,

1935 Labor Day Hurricane; followed by closure of Miami Beach Railway Co.^[285] service to Miami Beach via the MacArthur Causeway in 1939, with the system officially closing in 1940 to be replaced with bus service.^[230]

The majority of plans to return "streetcar" service to Miami's since 2006 consist of rubber-tired trolleys with no priority in traffic.[286]

Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway passenger service reached Miami the same year it was incorporated as a city, in 1896.^[285]

The modern Miami-Dade Transit county agency was created in 1960 as the Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA),^[285] effectively marking the end of privately operated large scale public transportation services in the county, though there continued to be jitneys^[287] or minibuses.^[288] Miami Urban Area Transportation Study (MUATS) studies for the feasibility of mass transit in Miami-Dade County began in 1964.^[55][285] These studies, which were supplemented by reports by Simon & Curtin Transportation Engineers, continued into the 1970s and recommended a public transit system for the county, citing traffic problems and increasing population.^[289] In 1969, a 67-mile (108 km) grade-separated rapid transit system was proposed. It placed priority on connecting Miami Beach to Miami International Airport via downtown and the Port of Miami.^[290] Although the AirportLink finally brought rapid transit to the airport in 2012, transit off the mainland is still considered difficult and convoluted due to the remaining absence of a link to the beach.^[291]

Selected images

• 
  Four-level

  Dolphin—Palmetto Interchange

  under construction in early 2015
• 
  The headquarters of

  Metrorail

  station, yet still has a large parking garage.
• 
  Congestion in Downtown Miami due to container trucks leaving the port. The Port Miami Tunnel helped to relieve this
• 
  First Street

  Metromover station, contains no on-site parking.
• 
  Metrorail tracks run over Metromover tracks at Government Center
• 
  The Miami Intermodal Center being built in December 2011
• 
  Critical Mass Miami assembling in Government Center
• 
  MetroPath

  bridge over the Snapper Creek Expressway entrance, completed in January 2012
• 
  The southernmost 3-mile (5 km) of Interstate 95 where it passes by Downtown Miami are often congested.

See also

•  
  U.S. Roads portal
•  Florida portal
• Transportation in Florida
• Plug-in electric vehicles in Florida § Miami

Notes

1. Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach covers all three counties, though Miami-Fort Lauderdale is commonly considered a separate metro area from West Palm Beach. Miami-Fort Lauderdale is also considered to be one radio and television market, separate from West Palm Beach. Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall is another smaller designation.^[3]
2. ^ ^{a b} In terms of the population of the tri-county urbanized region divided by the urbanized area, the density is relatively high. However, it is sprawled out in terms of lack of clear urban corridors and transit-oriented planning,

References

Footnotes

1. ^ "Miami-Dade County Maps". Florida Center for Instructional Technology. 2007. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
2. ^ "Contact Us". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
3. ^ "Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL Metropolitan Division". Bureau of Labor Statistics. April 1, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
4. ^ ^{a b} Schneider, Mike (June 28, 2015). "Cape Coral-Fort Myers has longest commute in Florida". The Miami Herald. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.
5. ^ Williams, Andy (July 10, 2008). "Cubic wins contract to update Miami-Dade Transit's aging fare collection system". ContactlessNews. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
6. Wendell Cox Consultancy
   . 2001. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
7. ^ "Population & Demographic Profile" (PDF). Miami Downtown Development Authority. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
8. ^
   South Florida Business Journal
   . Retrieved October 13, 2011.
9. ^ Metro-Dade Transportation Administration (1984), p. i
10. ^ ^{a b c d} Norton, Frank (April 3, 2003). "South Florida's office sprawl is nation's worst, study shows". Miami Today. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
11. ^ Imbery, Lecia (August 8, 2014). "Bridges To Economic Opportunity: Why We Need Transportation Equity". Coalition on Human Needs. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
12. ^ "Toll Road Mileage Statistics". Statemaster.com. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
13. ^
    WSVN-TV
    . Retrieved November 30, 2015.
14. ^ Jaffe, Eric (December 8, 2011). "Whatever Happened to the Downtown People Mover?". The Atlantic Media Company. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
15. ^ "Miami Metromover – The First Automated Downtown Peoplemover in the U.S." University of Washington. June 29, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
16. ^ "cutrlines - New Directions for Miami-Dade Transit" (PDF). Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida. 2004.
17. ^ "Ridership Technical Report" (PDF). October 2018.
18. ^ Strauss, Valerie (August 17, 2012). "Going to Miami in the summer". Washington Post. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
19. ^ ^{a b} "Ridership Technical Reports". Miami-Dade County. October 8, 2014. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
20. ^ "Monthly Traffic Recap". Broward County. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
21. ^ "FDOT Florida Traffic Online (2013)". Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
22. ^ Adderly, Kevin (December 31, 2013). "Table 2: Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways as of December 31, 2013". Route Log and Finder List. Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
23. ^ "FDOT Interchange Report" (PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. July 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
24. ^ 2014 Florida Transportation Interactive Map (Map). Florida Department of Transportation. 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
25. ^ "About MDX". Miami-Dade Expressway Authority. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
26. ^ "Sawgrass Expressway To Be Bought By State Toll Road To Become Part of Turnpike". The Miami Herald. December 1, 1990. p. 15BR.
27. ^ "Florida's Turnpike 50 Year Celebration" (PDF). Florida Department of Transportation. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 22, 2010. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
28. ^ Florida's State Highway System (PDF) (Map). Florida Department of Transportation. November 3, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.^{[permanent dead link]}
29. ^ "Rickenbacker Causeway". Miami-Dade County. October 23, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
30. ^ "Florida Highway Patrol Jurisdiction Team" (PDF). Florida Highway Patrol. October 28, 2011. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
31. ^ Jackman, Mark (October 14, 2014). "SR 836 lane closures coming due to installation of open road tolling structures". Miami: WPLG. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
32. The Miami Herald
    . Retrieved November 14, 2014.
33. ^ Chardy, Alfonso; Teproff, Carli (November 17, 2014). "Drivers: New highway fees on 836, 112 are taking a toll". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
34. ^ Garvin, Glenn (December 6, 2014). "Tolls on 836, 112 have driver tempers flaring". The Miami Herald. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
35. WPLG-TV
    . Retrieved November 13, 2014.
36. ^ Malone, Kenny (June 23, 2014). "Are Lexus Lanes Really Lexus Lanes?". WLRN. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
37. ^ ^{a b} Sutta, David (October 30, 2014). "Are Outrageous Tolls the Wave of the Future or Highway Robbery?". Miami: WFOR-TV. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
38. ^ ^{a b c} Chardy, Alfonso (November 17, 2015). "Traffic Watch: Construction continues on State Roads 836, 826, I-95, Turnpike". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
39. South Florida Sun-Sentinel
    . Retrieved March 23, 2014.
40. ^ "South Florida Express Lanes Network". Florida Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
41. ^ "Project Summary". Florida Department of Transportation. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
42. ^ ^{a b} Roustan, Wayne K. (December 30, 2016). "Express lane construction zooming ahead in South Florida". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
43. ^ Muir (1953), pp. 136–7.
44. ^ "Why Miami Grid?". May 23, 2017.
45. ^ Nolin, Robert; Trischitta, Linda (September 26, 2011). "Gates don't always ensure community safety". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
46. ^ Bru, Julie O., ed. (May 14, 2013). "City of Miami Legislation Resolution" (PDF). City of Miami. Retrieved November 22, 2014.
47. ^ Rabin, Charles (January 20, 2014). "Miami close to taking control of Brickell Avenue from the state". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
48. ^ Libov, Charlotte (February 2, 2006). "Work To Begin Monday On Widening Of Brickell Avenue Bridge". Miami Today. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
49. ^ Lackner, Catherine (September 24, 2014). "'Who can we sue' over Brickell Bridge?". Miami Today. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
50. ^ "Taxicabs". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
51. ^ "Car2go Miami: Car-Sharing Program Launching July 28". The Huffington Post. July 17, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
52. The Miami Herald
    .
53. ^ "where do zipcars live?". Zipcar, Inc. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved December 6, 2014.
54. ^ Catanese, Anthony James, ed. (1974). Urban transportation in South Florida : Proceedings. Ryder Program in Transportation, University of Miami. South Florida Urban Transportation Forum.
55. ^ ^{a b} Chardy, Alfonso (May 11, 2014). "Miami's Metrorail at 30: Promises kept, promises broken". The Miami Herald. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
56. Today Show
    .
57. ^ Yanez, Luisa (February 24, 1989). "'Today' Pair Depict Miami As Eden". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
58. ^ "Traffic overdrive: We want to help". The Miami Herald. February 17, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
59. ^
    JSTOR 3146278. Retrieved November 17, 2014 – via ResearchGate
    .
60. ^ Cervero et al. (2004), p. 266
61. PolitiFact.com
    .
62. ^ Alvarez, Lizette (August 15, 2011). "On Wide Florida Roads, Running for Dear Life". The New York Times. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
63. ^ "Transit-Oriented Development in Miami-Dade County". Miami-Dade County ]. Retrieved October 1, 2011.
64. ^ "Ridership Technical Report" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
65. ^ Alfonso Chardy (November 1, 2016). "New, sturdier poles continue to be installed along I-95 express lanes". Miami Herald. Retrieved November 11, 2016.
66. ^ Viglucci, Andres (May 17, 2015). "No way out: For drivers caught in gridlock, little relief down the road". The Miami Herald. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
67. ^ "Study: Miami Traffic Worst on the East Coast". Miami: WFOR-TV. December 22, 2010. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
68. ^ ^{a b} Alvarado, Francisco (October 1, 2014). "Condo boom may mean more Miami gridlock". The Real Deal. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
69. ^ "America's 50 Worst Commutes". The Daily Beast. March 7, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
70. ^ Lackner, Catherine (January 7, 2015). "Traffic tangles office market". Miami Today. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
71. ^ Miami Brokers Forum (November 24, 2015). "South Florida by the Numbers: Focus on traffic and transportation". The Real Deal. Retrieved November 24, 2015.
72. ^ ^{a b} "Miami Has Country's Worst Drivers: Report". The Huffington Post. July 26, 2013. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
73. ^ Elmore, Charles (July 31, 2012). "Florida ranks among the 10 most expensive states for car insurance". Palm Beach Post. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
74. ^ Reaney, Patricia (May 15, 2007). "Miami drivers named the rudest". Reuters. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
75. ^ ^{a b} "Dangerous Pedestrian Cities". CBS News. Associated Press. December 2, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
76. ^ "Police Chase". Miami: WFOR-TV. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
77. ^ Rabin, Charles; Teproff, Carli; Dixon-Crabin, Lance (December 2, 2014). "Double shooting leads to wild chase through Broward; one victim dead". The Miami Herald. Retrieved December 2, 2014.
78. ^ "The Making of Grand Theft Auto: Vice City". Edge. December 7, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
79. ^ "Police Break International Car Theft Ring". Miami: WFOR-TV. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
80. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Miami Parking Authority. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
81. ^ "WELCOME TO THE MIAMI PARKING AUTHORITY". Miami Parking Authority. Archived from the original on November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
82. ^ Odzer, Ari (January 8, 2014). "Residents, Management Clash Over Parking Fees at Jade Winds in North Miami Beach". Miami: WTVJ. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
83. ^
    Sun-Sentinel
    . Retrieved December 5, 2015.
84. BusinessWire
    . March 9, 2005. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
85. ^ Fernandez, Yudislaidy (May 19, 2011). "Underground connectivity a key to massive Swire project". Miami Today. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
86. ^ Riley, Cindy (August 6, 2014). "Brickell City Centre Transforms Miami" (PDF). Construction Equipment Guide. p. 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015 – via MalcolmDrilling.com.
87. ^ Riley, Cindy (August 6, 2014). "Brickell City Centre Transforms Miami". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
88. ^ "Hardly a "day at the beach": Building an underground parking garage on the Atlantic shore". thesuffolkblog.com. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
89. ^ Sean Stewart-Muniz (December 17, 2015). "Take a look inside the Jade Signature construction site". The Real Deal. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
90. ^ Sean Stewart-Muniz (April 1, 2015). "What's on tap for tech". The Real Deal. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
91. ^ "Miami Airport's Rising International Status". Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation. February 12, 2010. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
92. ^ "Airport Traffic Report" (PDF). Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. April 1, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
93. ^ Harty, Jack (December 20, 2014). "Miami: We Have 100 Air Carriers". Airways News. Archived from the original on December 22, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
94. ^ Linares, Luis (December 20, 2014). "Eastern Air Lines Returns Home to Miami". Airways News. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
95. ^ "American Airlines Group Reports December Traffic Results". American Airlines. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.
96. ^ "Gateway to Miami, Florida & to the Americas 2014–2015" (PDF). Miami-Dade Aviation Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
97. ^ "Year to Date International Passenger Traffic". Airports Council International. June 22, 2015. Retrieved June 30, 2015.
98. ^ "MIA mover system now open for rental car customers". TravelDailyNews. September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on November 18, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
99. ^ "Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International Airport Station at Dania Beach - FLA 1 Shuttle Bus Schedule" (PDF). South Florida Regional Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
100. ^ Turnbell, Michael (December 2, 2012). "When will the traffic mess at airport and port end?". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
101. ^ "Welcome to the Palm Beach County Department of Airports". Palm Beach County, Florida. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
102. ^ ^{a b} Satchell, Arlene (December 12, 2012). "Port Everglades slips to No. 3". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
103. ^ Dinkova, Lidia (February 4, 2015). "Cruise passengers set record". Miami Today. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
104. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Adams, David; Fagenson, Zachary (November 12, 2015). "Traffic gridlock in Miami spurs search for transit solutions". Reuters. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
105. ^ ^{a b} "Miami-Dade County Rail Opportunities" (PDF). South Florida Regional Transportation Authority. April 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
106. ^ ^{a b} Bagley, Katherine (March 3, 2016). "Rising Seas Pull Fort Lauderdale, Florida's Building Boomtown, Toward a Bust". Inside Climate News. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
107. ^ "Water Taxi Miami". Retrieved May 12, 2012.
108. ^ "Hollywood". Water Taxi. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
109. ^ "Things to do in Fort Lauderdale". Water Taxi. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
110. ^ "American Community Survey". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
111. ^ Gibson, William E. (October 20, 2014). "Florida population surging again". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
112. ^ Dinkova, Lidia (November 12, 2014). "For transit riders, timeliness trumps all". Miami Today. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
113. ^ "Public Safety" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
114. ^ "Crude Oil and Commodity Prices". Oil-Price.net. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
115. ^ Rosenberg, Alex; Yang, Stephanie (December 2, 2015). "This is how low traders see oil going now". CNBC. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
116. ^ Sayre, Wilson (June 19, 2014). "We Asked Miami-Dade Transit Why Not Every Bus Stop Has A Shelter". WLRN. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
117. ^ "Metrobus gets better, but not yet perfect". Miami Herald. November 9, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
118. ^ https://www.local10.com/news/local/2024/03/11/feds-recommend-263m-for-new-miami-dade-commuter-rail-service/
119. ^ "Public Transportation Ridership Report" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. February 26, 2014. p. 2. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
120. OCLC 17359053
     .
121. ^ SCTE, MDCPD & MUATS (1969), p. N/A
122. ^ ^{a b} Chardy, Alfonso (September 21, 2013). "Miami-Dade transit fares will increase Oct. 1". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
123. ^ Palmeiro, Manuel (July 14, 2008). "Miami-Dade Transit unveils EASY Card and Google Transit Trip Planner". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
124. ^ "EASY Does It!". Miami-Dade County. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
125. ^ "EASY Card Brochure" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. January 12, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
126. ^ ^{a b} "Transit EASY Card giveaway begins Sept. 18". Miami-Dade County. September 15, 2009. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
127. ^ "EASY Card". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
128. ^ "Miami Metrorail extension renamed AirportLink". Progressive Railroading. June 16, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
129. ^ "System Projects". Miami Dade County. July 19, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
130. ^ Vianna, Carla (October 13, 2015). "136 Metrorail cars to be made in Miami-Dade". Miami Today News. Retrieved October 19, 2015.
131. ^ ^{a b c} Holle, Gena. "Two of a Kind: Miami's Metrorail & Metromover" (PDF). Community Transportation Association of America. Retrieved September 18, 2011.^{[permanent dead link]}
132. TripAdvisor
     . Retrieved September 18, 2011.
133. ^ Riley, Cindy (August 6, 2014). "Metromover Rail Transports Hundreds of Workers to Job" (PDF). Construction Equipment Guide. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015 – via MalcomDrilling.com.
134. ^ "Metromover System Expansion Study Final Report" (PDF). Miami-Dade MPO. September 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
135. ^ "Miami-Dade County Transit System" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
136. ^ "2.0 Miami-Dade Transit System Overview" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2015.
137. ^ "Transit Fares". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
138. ^ ^{a b} "South Miami-Dade Busway". Miami-Dade County. January 8, 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
139. ^ Liu Caitlin (December 21, 2002). "Suit Disputing Busway Report Is Dismissed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
140. ^ "About Broward County Transit". Broward County, Florida. Archived from the original on January 18, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2015.
141. ^ "Your Guide to Palm Tran's QUIK PASS & Fare Information" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2008. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
142. ^ Rabin, Charles (March 2, 2012). "New Miami trolley goes live, wins thumbs up from inaugural riders". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
143. ^ "Free Trolley Service". City of Coral Gables. Archived from the original on December 15, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
144. ^ "Miami Trolley Expands Its Route To Downtown". Miami: WFOR-TV. April 27, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
145. ^ "Miami Trolley". City of Miami. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
146. ^ "Hurry 'Cane Shuttle". University of Miami. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
147. ^ "CATS Shuttle". Florida International University. Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
148. ^ "Golden Panther Express Shuttle". Archived from the original on December 9, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
149. ^ Zink, Janet (February 16, 2011). "Gov. Rick Scott rejects funding for high-speed rail". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
150. ^ ^{a b} Turnbell, Michael (October 29, 2014). "Demolition begins for All Aboard Florida's new station". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
151. ^ "Miami Intermodal Center". Miami Intermodal Center. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
152. ^ Chardy, Alfonso; Viglucci, Andres (October 31, 2013). "Long trains, short platforms at new Miami airport train station won't force permanent street closure". Retrieved November 13, 2014.
153. ^ "Calculating Your Fare". South Florida Regional Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
154. ^ ^{a b} Streeter, Angel (June 13, 2008). "Parking at Tri-Rail is lots of trouble". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
155. ^ ^{a b c} Streeter, Angel (August 23, 2014). "Tri-Rail moving ahead with coastal railroad expansion". South Florida Sun-Sentinel.
156. Sun-Sentinel
     . Retrieved April 5, 2015.
157. ^ ^{a b} Cantarella, Terence (October 2011). "First Cargo, Then Commuters (Maybe)". Biscayne Times. Miami. Retrieved October 11, 2011.
158. ^ "Massive Tri-Rail deal approved after bids tossed, warnings issued". Miami Herald. January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
159. ^ ^{a b} Padgett, Tim (June 22, 2009). "U.S. Stimulus Puts Bullet Trains on the Fast Track". Time. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
160. ^ "UPDATE 1-Florida governor rejects US high-speed rail funds". Reuters. February 16, 2011.
161. ^ "Even Jeb Bush wonders what Rick Scott is doing". Crowley Political Report. February 17, 2011. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
162. ^ "All Aboard Florida: FEC Plans Private Rail Development For Train Service From Miami To Orlando". The Huffington Post. March 22, 2012. Retrieved April 30, 2012.
163. ^ Chen, Caroline; Olorunnipa, Toluse (June 17, 2014). "All Aboard Florida Sells US$405 Million of Debt for Railway". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
164. ^ MacLauchlan, John (May 18, 2009). "City Hosts Final 'Bike Miami Days'" (PDF). WFOR-TV. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015 – via Miami DDA.
165. ^ Browne, David (May 2013). "LeBron James and Dwyane Wade, the NBA's Night Riders". Men's Journal. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
166. ^ Viglucci, Andres; Charles, Rabin (June 25, 2014). "Miami's Chief Orosa wants detente with Critical Mass leaders". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
167. ^ ^{a b} "About the Miami 21 Zoning Code". City of Miami Planning Department. November 14, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
168. ^ "Miami becoming more bike friendly". South Florida Business Journal. April 6, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
169. ^ Viglucci, Andres (September 30, 2011). "It's a Fall bikeapalooza of cycling events in Miami-Dade and Broward". The Miami Herald. Retrieved October 3, 2011.^{[dead link]}
170. ^ "South Dade Trail". TrailLink.com. Retrieved January 9, 2012.
171. ^ Robbins, John Charles (March 26, 2014). "DecoBike coasts toward Miami". Miami Today. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
172. ^ "Deco Bike introduced to Miami Beach". Miami: WSVN-TV. March 15, 2011. Archived from the original on March 20, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2011 – via https://www.facebook.com/7NewsMiami/posts/10150118363227613. {{cite web}}: External link in |via= (help)
173. ^ "What is DecoBike?". DECOBIKE, LLC. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
174. ^ "DecoBike iPhone App". iTunes. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
175. ^ "DecoBike Map". Retrieved April 13, 2011.
176. ^ "So what's the Citi Bike® program all about?". DecoBike, LLC. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
177. ^ Viglucci, Andres (October 3, 2014). "Miami Beach's DecoBike set to expand to Miami and rebrand as Citi Bikes". The Miami Herald. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
178. ^ "Dade Boulevard bike path plan sparks green energy vs. green canopy battle". Belle Isle Blog. The Miami Herald. January 9, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2012.^{[dead link]}
179. ^ "Miami Beach preservation board approves mixed use plan for Dade Boulevard path". Belle Isle Blog. The Miami Herald. January 10, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
180. ^ "Dade Boulevard Construction Alert". City of Miami Beach. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2015. Retrieved July 5, 2015.
181. ^ Salo, Jackie (June 19, 2014). "Dade Boulevard bike path could be ready by early 2015". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
182. ^ "Miami Ranks No. 8 In 'Walk-ability' Survey". Miami: WFOR-TV. July 20, 2011. Archived from the original on June 11, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
183. walkscore.com
     . Retrieved December 27, 2011.
184. ^ "'Walk Score' Is Great, But it Still Doesn't Capture 'Walk Appeal' - Sarah Goodyear". The Atlantic Cities. September 20, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
185. ^ Vanderbilt, Tom (April 12, 2012). "Walking in America: How Walk Score puts a number on walkability". Slate.com. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
186. ^ Florida, Richard (October 2011). "Why Walkable Cities Aren't Always the Ones You'd Think". CityLab. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
187. ^ "Man hit by 3 cars dies; 2 drivers sought". Miami: WPLG-TV. December 27, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2011.
188. ^ Moskovitz, Diana (January 12, 2012). "FHP: woman struck, killed while sitting at bus stop in Westchester". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
189. ^ "Car Struck, Killed A Man at Doral Bus Stop". Miami: WFOR-TV. September 6, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
190. WTVJ-TV
     . Retrieved January 12, 2012.
191. ^ "Dangerous by Design 2014" (PDF). Smart Growth America. May 2014. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
192. ^ "Dangerous by Design 2014" (PDF). Smart Growth America. May 2014. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2015. Retrieved December 6, 2015.
193. ^ Ovalle, David (November 12, 2014). "Case dropped against ex-cop accused in Coral Gables traffic death". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
194. Congress for the New Urbanism. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original
     on July 7, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
195. ^ refsoon
196. ^ Candido, Sergio N. (November 9, 2011). "FDOT: Biscayne Blvd crosswalks to be finished by end of year". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 9, 2011.^{[dead link]}
197. ISBN 978-1-135-07890-4
     . Retrieved December 7, 2014 – via Google Books.
198. ^ Musibay, Oscar Pedro (April 3, 2013). "Overhaul in the works for Miami's famed Flagler Street". South Florida Business Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2014.
199. ^ Lincoff, Nina (July 30, 2014). "Will Ocean Drive become Ocean Walk?". Miami Today. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
200. ^ "Hollywood Beach Broadwalk". Hollywood, FL Community Redevelopment Agency. Archived from the original on October 20, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
201. ^ "Hollywood Beach Broadwalk, Hollywood, FL". Travel and Leisure. 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
202. ^ ^{a b c} "T6 Parking and Landscape Standards". City of Miami Planning Department. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
203. ^ "Joint Development Projec:t Brownsville". Miami-Dade County. Archived from the original on December 15, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
204. ^ ^{a b c} "Ridership Technical Report" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 26, 2013. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
205. ^ "Ridership Technical Report" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. March 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
206. ^ Hanks, Douglas; Smiley, David (December 4, 2015). "Beckham announces Overtown site for soccer stadium". Miami Herald. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
207. ^ Cervero et al. (2004), p. 16
208. ^ Cervero et al. (2004), pp. 271–2
209. ^ Halbur, Tim (April 3, 2007). "TOD's Evil Twin: Transit-Adjacent Development". Mass Transit Magazine. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2015.
210. ^ Blake, Scott (August 13, 2014). "Swire work closing Metromover stop for year". Miami Today. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
211. ^ Viglucci, Andres (October 23, 2014). "Developers, activists to Miami: Kill parking requirements for small new buildings". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
212. ^ "Zoning Impact Fees". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
213. ^ "City of Miami" (PDF). City of Miami. December 15, 2005. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
214. ^ "Downtown Kendall Charrette" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. June 1998. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
215. ^ Cervero et al. (2004), p. 23
216. ^ Viglucci, Andres (July 14, 2013). "No parking? No problem for planned downtown Miami loft condo". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
217. ^ Brannigan, Martha (December 20, 2013). "Centro condominium breaks ground". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on March 21, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
218. ^ Trejos, Nancy (March 6, 2015). "Beyond South Beach: Miami's downtown booms". USA Today. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
219. ^ Metro-Dade Transportation Administration (1984), p. 1-1—1-2
220. ^ "Dade County Transit Corridors Transitional Analysis" (PDF). Dade County Metropolitan Planning Organization. July 1992. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
221. ^ ^{a b c} "2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report" (PDF). South Florida Regional Transportation Authority. 2010. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
222. ^ "Tri-Rail 'fast start' ups ante". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. November 3, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
223. ^ Turnbell, Michael (October 28, 2011). "Tri-Rail could offer downtown service between Miami, Lauderdale and West Palm Beach in 3–5 years". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
224. ^ Dinkova, Lidia (April 30, 2014). "We might get 6 commuter rail stations". Miami Today. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
225. ^ Norton, Frank (May 8, 2003). "Miami mayor tries to persuade Miami Beach to support BayLink". Miami Today. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
226. ^ Blake, Scott (June 4, 2014). "Public-private transit projects planned". Miami Today. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
227. ^ Vasquez, Michael (April 21, 2016). "Miami-Dade may build six new rail lines for commuters". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
228. ^ Hanks, Douglas (March 7, 2017). "Miami-Dade's SMART Plan meets tax dollars, and tensions flare". Miami Herald. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
229. ^ Ridolph, Ed (1989). "Clang clang clang Miami's early streetcars" (PDF). South Florida History Magazine. No. 3. pp. 14–17, 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved November 16, 2017 – via HistoryMiami.
230. ^ ^{a b} Bramson (2007), pp. 43–4.
231. ^ "Project Details". Downtown Development Authority of Fort Lauderdale. 2009. Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved January 8, 2012.
232. ^ Wallman, Brittany (March 13, 2013). "The Wave streetcar system right on track for downtown Fort Lauderdale". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
233. ^ "President Obama's Budget Proposal Includes US$50 million for Fort Lauderdale's Wave Streetcar Project" (Press release). Broward County, Florida. March 23, 2014. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2014 – via HighBeam Research.
234. ^ Barszewski, Larry (November 3, 2014). "Fort Lauderdale streetcar project falling off track". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
235. ^ Wallman, Brittany; Peterson, Catie; Uraizee, Irfan (August 5, 2016). "Sharing lanes with Fort Lauderdale streetcars". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
236. ^ Brittany Wallman (August 8, 2016). "The Wave will aid development, won't reduce congestion". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
237. ^ Barszewski, Larry; Wallman, Brittany (May 10, 2018). "The Wave is dead: $33.7 million later, no streetcars for Fort Lauderdale". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
238. ^ Chardy, Alfonso (May 15, 2011). "Metromover extension to Port of Miami proposed". The Miami Herald. Retrieved September 17, 2011.^{[dead link]}
239. ^ "Metromover System Expansion Study" (PDF). Miami-Dade MPO. September 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
240. ^ Blake, Scott (May 7, 2014). "Seaport rail to expand again". Miami Today. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
241. ^ ^{a b} Gale, Kevin (March 14, 2013). "Extending the Dolphin Expressway is crucial decision in Miami-Dade". South Florida Business Journal. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
242. ^ ^{a b} Viglucci, Andres (March 10, 2013). "New expressway idea for southwest Dade draws fire". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
243. ^ Piccardo, Rebeca; Chardy, Alfonso (September 5, 2014). "Dolphin Expressway extension gets mixed reaction". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
244. ^ "Krome Avenue Projects". Retrieved October 27, 2016.
245. ^ "2015 Urban Development Boundary" (PDF). Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
246. ^ "Comprehensive Development Master Plan (CDMP)". Miami-Dade County. June 20, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
247. ^ "Growing for a Sustainable Future: Miami-Dade County Urban Development Boundary Assessment" (PDF). United States Environmental Protection Agency. December 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
248. ^ "Legislation Ordinance" (PDF). City of Miami. October 9, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
249. ^ Roston, Eric (July 5, 2012). "Top 20 Cities with Billions at Risk from Climate Change". Bloomberg News. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
250. ^ Davenport, Coral (May 7, 2014). "Miami Finds Itself Ankle-Deep in Climate Change Debate". The New York Times]. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
251. ^ "Transportation". Miami-Dade County. April 21, 2014. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
252. ^ "Miami-Dade Shelter And Evacuation Information". Miami: WFOR-TV. June 1, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
253. ^ "Storm of June 5, 2009". City of Miami Beach. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
254. ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (December 1, 2015). "Reconciling Rising Sea Levels and Luxury Development in Miami Beach". Curbed. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
255. ^ Guirola, Jamie. "High Tides Cause Flooding in Miami Beach". WTVJ. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
256. ^ ^{a b} Flechas, Joey; Staletovich, Jenny (October 23, 2015). "Miami Beach's battle to stem rising tides". Miami Herald. Retrieved December 9, 2015. The design — featuring a street and sidewalk perched on an upper tier, 2½ feet above the front doors of roadside businesses, and backed by a hulking nearby pump house — represents what one city engineer called "the street of tomorrow" ...
257. ^ ^{a b} Flechas, Joey (October 6, 2014). "'King tide' will be first test for Miami Beach's new pumps". Miami Herald. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
258. ^ Kathie G. Brooks (January 13, 2013). "Addendum to the Land Use and Development Committee Meeting Agenda". City of Miami Beach. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
259. ^ Adams, David; Fagneson, Zachary (April 22, 2014). "Florida Senator holds Miami Beach hearing on rising sea level". Reuters. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
260. ^ "New study shows increased flooding, accelerated sea-level rise in Miami over last decade". Phys.org. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 4, 2016.
261. ^ "Unexpected high tide causes Miami Beach flooding". WPLG-TV. Associated Press. October 9, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
262. ^ Fagneson, Zachary; Adams, David (October 3, 2014). "Miami Beach in race to control flood ahead of annual King Tide". Reuters. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
263. ^ Alvarado, Francisco (November 1, 2015). "The swelling sea-level debate". The Real Deal. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
264. ^ Goodell, Jeff (June 20, 2013). "Goodbye, Miami". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
265. ^ Pilkey, Orrin H.; Pilkey-Jarvis, Linda; Pilkey, Keith C. (March 14, 2016). "Developers don't get it: climate change means we need to retreat from the coast". The Guardian. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
266. ^ Simmons, Ann M. (March 15, 2016). "13.1 million U.S. coastal residents could face flooding because of rising sea levels". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
267. ^ "Cuban-Americans Move Left". The Wall Street Journal. November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
268. ^ Lamme & Oldakowski (2007), p. 33.
269. ^ Cervero et al. (2004), pp. 263–4
270. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Florida's Turnpike Enterprise. Archived from the original on December 26, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
271. ^ Love, Jean; Cox, Wendell (October 17, 1991). "False Dreams and Broken Promises: The Wasteful Federal Investment in Urban Mass Transit". Cato Institute. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
272. ^ Samuel, Peter (January 23, 1998). "Florida Turnpike revenues grow strongly". TollRoadNews. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
273. ^ Brannigan, Martha; Chardy, Alfonso; Haggman, Matthew (May 10, 2011). "Miami-Dade transit agency eyes service cuts as feds hold back money". The Miami Herald. Retrieved July 7, 2011.^{[dead link]}
274. ^ "We can't let Tri-Rail close!" (Editorial). CNN. June 7, 2009. Archived from the original on April 21, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
275. ^ "Florida Is The Most Corrupt State in the Country, According To Integrity Florida Study". The Huffington Post. June 7, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
276. ^ "Crime in the United States by Metropolitan Statistical Area". Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2011. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
277. ^ Norcross, Eileen (October 6, 2010). "The Paradox of Voter Distrust in Government". Mercatus Center. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
278. ^ Reid, Joy-Ann (November 12, 2014). "Low turnouts = dire consequences". The Miami Herald. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
279. ^ Fruin, Alexandra (November 5, 2014). "Miami-Dade County has lowest voter turnout in Florida". Miami: WPLG. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
280. ^ "Taken for a Ride, How the transit tax went off track". The Miami Herald. June 2009. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
281. ^ Blake, Scott (March 19, 2014). "Transit tax path still debated". Miami Today. Retrieved November 15, 2014.
282. ^ Weaver, Jay; Schuster, Karla (July 17, 1999). "Penny-tax Ruling May Cost Billions". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
283. ^ Defede, Jim (August 17, 2000). "Revenge of the Penny Tax". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
284. ^ Garcia-Roberts, Gus (December 18, 2008). "Bet on Norman Braman". Miami New Times. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
285. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Miami-Dade Transit History". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
286. ^ Robbins, John Charles (September 17, 2014). "Miami yearns for streetcar's return". Miami Today. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
287. ^ "Jitneys". Miami-Dade County. July 8, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
288. ^ "Miami Mini Bus Transportation Service Inc". Manta. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
289. ^ "Miami Urban Area Transportation Study Annual Report". The Miami News]. May 5, 1975. p. 9A. Retrieved November 20, 2014 – via Google News.^{[dead link]}
290. ^ SCTE, MDCPD & MUATS (1969), pp. 50–2.
291. ^ Lilly, Christiana (July 27, 2012). "Miami-Dade Metrorail Opens New Airport Station And Orange Line". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2014.

Bibliography

• Bramson, Seth H. (2007). Miami: The Magic City. Images of America. Charleston, SC:
  ISBN 978-0-7385-4368-0. Retrieved November 18, 2014 – via Google Books
  .
• ISBN 0-309-08795-3. Retrieved November 20, 2014 – via Google Books. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
  )
• Lamme, Ary J.; Oldakowski, Raymond K. (2007). "Spinning a New Geography of Vernacular Regional Identity: Florida in the Twenty-First Century". Southeastern Geographer. 47 (2).
  Project MUSE
  .
• Metro Transit Expansion Study, System Planning/Staging Analysis. Miami, FL: Metro-Dade Transportation Administration. January 1984.^{[full citation needed]}
• Muir, Helen (1953). Miami, U.S.A. Coconut Grove, FL: Hurricane House Publishers.
  ISBN 978-0-940495-19-7
  .
• Simpson & Curtin Transportation Engineers; Metropolitan Dade County Planning Department; Miami Urban Area Transportation Study (January 1969). Public Transit Master Plan (Report). n.p.: n.p.
  OCLC 2902020
  .

Further reading

• Miller, Mark (2012). Miami & the Keys. National Geographic Books.
  ISBN 978-1-4262-0953-6. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help
  )
• Benjamin, Peter (January 1978). Draft Environmental Impact Statement Metropolitan Dade County Rail Rapid Transit Project. Washington, D.C.:
  OCLC 3713000
  .
• Taylor, John K. (May 1978). Final Environmental Impact Statement Metropolitan Dade County Rail Rapid Transit Project. Washington, D.C.: Urban Mass Transportation Administration.
  OCLC 3990731
  .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Transport in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

• Miami-Dade Transit
• Broward County Transit
• Palm Tran
• South Florida Regional Transportation Authority
• Miami-Dade Expressway Authority
• Miami Movers
• Florida Department of Transportation
• Lucca Transportation