Transportation in the United States
This article is part of a series on the |
Economy of the United States |
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The vast majority of passenger travel in the United States occurs by automobile for shorter distances and airplane or railroad for longer distances. Most cargo in the U.S. is transported by, in descending order, railroad, truck, pipeline, or boat;
Ownership and jurisdiction
The overwhelming majority of roads in the United States are owned and maintained by state and local governments. Federally maintained roads are generally found only on federal lands (such as
Passenger and freight rail systems, bus systems, water ferries, and dams may be under either public or private ownership and operation. Civilian airlines are all privately owned. Most airports are owned and operated by local government authorities, but there are also some private airports. The Transportation Security Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.
The
Aviation law is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the U.S. federal government, and automobile traffic laws are enacted and enforced by state and local authorities except on highways or roads on federal property or in unorganized territories. Economic jurisdiction over tidelands is shared between the state and federal governments, while the United States Coast Guard is the primary enforcer of law and security on U.S. waterways.
Passenger
Mode of passenger transport | Passenger-miles (millions) |
Percent |
---|---|---|
Highway — total | 4,273,876 | 86.93% |
motorcycles
|
3,692,760 | 75.11% |
Trucks
|
268,318 | 5.46% |
Buses
|
312,797 | 6.36% |
Air Carriers | 580,501 | 11.81% |
Rail — total | 37,757 | 0.77% |
Transit | 19,832 | 0.40% |
Commuter | 11,121 | 0.23% |
Intercity/Amtrak | 6,804 | 0.14% |
All other modes (e.g., ferryboats )
|
4,156 | 0.08% |
Source: 2012 estimates by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics[1] |
Passenger
The world's second largest automobile market,[5] the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 865 vehicles per 1,000 Americans.[6]
Bicycle usage is minimal with the American Community Survey reporting that bicycle commuting had a 0.61% mode share in 2012 (representing 856,000 American workers nationwide).[7][8]
Cargo
Mode of Freight Shipments | 2011 Ton miles (billions) |
Percent of Total |
---|---|---|
Truck | 2,337 | 40.24% |
Rail | 1,518 | 26.13% |
Water | 434 | 7.47% |
Air & Air/Truck | 11 | 0.19% |
Pipeline | 1,018 | 17.53% |
Multiple modes | 489 | 8.43% |
Other & Unknown | 93 | 1.60% |
Total | 5,807 | 100% |
Source: 2011 estimates by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics[9] |
Freight transportation is carried by a variety of networks. The largest percentage of US freight is carried by trucks (60%), followed by pipelines (18%), rail (10%), ship (8%), and air (0.01%).
Usually cargo, apart from petroleum and other bulk commodities, is imported in containers through seaports, then distributed by road and rail. The quasi-governmental United States Postal Service has a monopoly on letter delivery (except for express services) but several large private companies such as FedEx and UPS compete in the package and cargo delivery market.
-
Freight Transport volumes (Tonne-Kilometers)
Safety
The U.S. government's National Center for Health Statistics reported 33,736 motor vehicle traffic deaths in 2014. This exceeded the number of firearm deaths, which was 33,599 in 2014.
In 2020 there was 115% more road fatalities in the US than in the European Union, or 53% less in the EU than in the US, with nearly 38,680 in the US,[11] and nearly 18,800 in the EU.[12]
Mode | Passenger fatalities |
Passenger-miles (millions) |
Fatalities per billion miles |
---|---|---|---|
Passenger |
127,124 | 15,958,620 M | 7.97 |
Light rail | 79 | 9,980 M | 7.92 |
Motor bus | 399 | 117,982 M | 3.38 |
Commuter |
105 | 59,736 M | 1.76 |
Heavy rail |
106 | 86,900 M | 1.22 |
Railroad |
36 | 33,234 M | 1.08 |
Airline | 113 | 3,326,286 M | 0.03 |
Road fatalities, comparison with Europe | ||
---|---|---|
| ||
History
18th century
In the late 18th century, overland transportation was by horse, while water and river transportation was primarily by sailing vessel. The United States population was centered on its Atlantic coast, with all major population centers located on a natural harbor or navigable waterway. Low population density between these centers resulted in a heavy reliance on coastwise and riverboat shipping. The first government expenditures on highway transportation were funded to speed the delivery of overland mail, such as the Boston Post Road between New York City and Boston. Due to the distances between these population centers and the cost to maintain the roads, many highways in the late 18th century and early 19th century were private turnpikes. Other highways were mainly unimproved and impassable by wagon at least some of the year. Economic expansion in the late 18th century to early 19th century spurred the building of canals to speed goods to market, of which the most prominently successful example was the Erie Canal.
19th century
Numerous modes of transportation fought for supremacy throughout the Industrial revolution of the 19th century. Canals swiftly took the role of turnpikes, stagecoaches, and wagon routes, which in turn were shortly replaced by steam-powered riverboats. During this period, the advancement in transportation inspired many artists to display the grand contrast from the past to the new. Taking a look at Samuel Colman's work, one piece in particular, Storm King on the Hudson (1866)[1] displayed both the older sailboats and the grand steamboats that were overtaking the Hudson River.
Access to water transportation shaped the geography of early settlements and boundaries. For example, the Erie Canal escalated the boundary dispute called the Toledo War between Ohio and Michigan in the 1830s. The disputed Erie Triangle was awarded to Pennsylvania, giving that state access to Lake Erie. Most of West Florida was given to Mississippi and Alabama to guarantee their access to the Gulf of Mexico.
Development of the mid-western and southern states drained by the Mississippi River system (Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri Rivers) was accelerated by the introduction of steamboats on these rivers in the early 19th Century. These three rivers (among others) also form the borders of several states. Prior to the introduction of steamboats, transit upstream was impractical because of strong currents on parts of these waterways. Steamboats provided both passenger and freight transportation until the development of railroads later in the 19th Century gradually reduced their presence.
The rapid expansion of
20th century
The advent of the
The scarcity of industrial materials during
By 1945, after the end of World War II, nearly every city in America had at least one electric tram company providing intra-city transportation. There were an estimated 36,377 light rail vehicles in operation. Increased automobile ownership cut this number by 1/3 by 1965.[17]
The airline industry began to successfully compete with intercity rail as a result of government investment, which suffered a loss of ridership. As the civil air transportation network of
Freight railroads continued to decline as motor freight captured a significant portion of the less-than-carload business. This loss of business, when combined with the highly regulated operating environment and constrained
In the 1990s, the increase in foreign trade and intermodal container shipping led to a revival of the freight railroads, which have effectively consolidated into two eastern and two western private transportation networks:
21st century
In 2014,
According to Freight Facts and Figures 2015, U.S. freight transportation system handled a record amount of freight in 2014. A daily average of approximately 55 million tons of freight valued at $49.3 billion moved across the transportation system in 2014 to meet the needs of the nation's 122.5 million households, 7.5 million business establishments, and 90,056 Government units.[18]
Wartime expediency encouraged long distance
Road transportation
Infrastructure and private automobile use
In comparison to some parts of the
With the development of the extensive
The Interstate system joined an existing
In addition to the routes of the Interstate system, there are those of the
All federal
After the collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minnesota in August 2007, the backlog of road and bridge maintenance across the country became an issue in transportation funding.[32] The collapse prompted a tax increase in Minnesota to speed up bridge repairs, and action in other states, such as the Accelerated Bridge Program in Massachusetts, but after some debate no increase in federal funding.[32]
The I-5 Skagit River bridge collapse in 2013, caused by a collision with an over-height truck, highlighted fracture critical bridges in which the failure of only one structural member will lead to complete collapse. According to the National Bridge Inventory, there are at least 600,000 bridges of 20 feet or more in length in the United States, all subject to deterioration in the absence of preventative maintenance.[33] In December 2008, 72,868 bridges in the United States (12.1%) were categorized as "structurally deficient", representing an estimated $48 billion in repairs. President Barack Obama proposed $50 billion of spending on road and bridge repair, plus a national infrastructure bank, but Congress did not act on these proposals.[34] President Donald Trump also failed to get infrastructure funding approved. In 2021, President Joe Biden signed a bipartisan infrastructure bill with about $110 billion for roads and bridges.[35]
As of 2010,
Intercity bus
Greyhound Lines is the largest intercity bus company[37] in the United States, with routes in all parts of the contiguous U.S. There are also many smaller regional bus companies, many of which use the terminal and booking facilities provided by Greyhound. Intercity bus is, in most cases, the least expensive[citation needed] way to travel long distances in the United States.
Congestion
Traffic congestion, especially at rush hour, is often considered a problem in many of the country's larger cities. A 2009 study claimed that traffic congestion costs the United States almost $87.2 billion.[38] The economic costs of traffic congestion have increased 63% over the past decade, and despite the declining traffic volumes caused by the economic downturn, Americans still waste more than 2.8 billion US gallons (11 million cubic metres) of fuel each year as a result of traffic congestion.[38] Motorists also waste 4.2 billion hours annually, or one full workweek per traveler.[38][39] Moreover, it is estimated that drivers are wasting 6.9 billion hours per year or about 42 hours per driver in traffic congestion as a result of aging infrastructure and poor road conditions.[40]
The United States continues to follow a method of attempting to resolve congestion by widening roadways. From 1993 to 2017, the nation's largest 100 urbanized areas added 42% more freeway lane milage, despite population growing by only 32%. However, this policy of widening roadways resulted in a 144% increase in congestion, due to the concept of induced demand.[41]
Cargo
The trucking industry (also referred to as the transportation or logistics industry) involves the transport and distribution of commercial and industrial goods using
(commonly referred to as a "trucker") is a person who earns a living as the driver of a CMV.The trucking industry provides an essential service to the
Large trucks and buses require a
Developments in technology, such as computers,
Roadway links with adjacent countries and non-contiguous parts of the United States
Within the United States:
- Alaska – Yes, via Canada and the Alaska Marine Highway in Washington
- Hawaii – No.
- American Samoa– No.
- Guam – No.
- Northern Mariana Islands– No.
- Puerto Rico – No.
- U.S. Virgin Islands – No.
With adjacent countries:
- Canada – Yes.
- Mexico – Yes.
- Russia – No, but proposed via Bering Strait crossing
- Cuba – No. Since the American embargo against Cuba, car ferry service from Florida and New Orleans to Havana ceased in 1962.[42]
- Bahamas– No, but ferries travel to the Bahamas
Traffic codes
Each state has its own
Air transportation
The United States has advanced air transportation infrastructure which utilizes approximately 5,000 paved runways. In terms of passenger traffic, 17 of the world's 30 busiest airports in 2004 were in the United States, including the world's busiest,
There is no single national
Rail
Passenger
Passenger
Private intercity rail ended in the United States in 1983 with the discontinuation of the Rio Grande Zephyr, until Brightline started in South Florida in 2018. The state-owned Alaska Railroad is the only other intercity passenger railroad still operating. It has only rail ferry connections with other railroads.
Rapid transit
There are 15 heavy rail rapid transit systems in the United States. The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations.
Cargo
The United States makes extensive use of its rail system for freight. According to the Association of American Railroads, "U.S. freight railroads are the world's busiest, moving more freight than any rail system in any other country. In fact, U.S. railroads move more than four times as much freight as do all of Western Europe's freight railroads combined."
Nearly all railroad corridors not including local transit rail systems are owned by private companies that provide freight service. Amtrak pays these companies for the right to use the tracks for passenger service. There are approximately 150,000 mi (240,000 km) of mainline track in the United States—the world's longest national railroad network. See
Rail freight has a major national bottleneck in Chicago and the Midwest, representing approximately one-third of the nation's freight trains pass through the region,[45] which is the subject of an ongoing $4.6 billion infrastructure improvement project which started in 2003.
Railway links with adjacent countries
- .
- Tecate, Baja California.
With few exceptions, the
is 3 ft (914 mm) gauge.Mass transit
The miles traveled by passenger vehicles in the United States fell by 3.6% in 2008, while the number of trips taken on mass transit increased by 4.0%. At least part of the drop in urban driving can be explained by the 4% increase in the use of public transportation.[47]
Most medium-sized cities have some sort of local public transportation, usually a network of fixed bus routes. Among larger cities many of the older cities also have
Legislation
On June 26, 2008, the House passed the Saving Energy Through Public Transportation Act (H.R. 6052),
- Requires that all Federal agencies offer their employees transit pass transportation fringe benefits. Federal agencies within the National Capital Region have successful transit pass benefits programs.
- Increases the federal cost-share of grants for construction of additional parking facilities at the end of subway lines from 80 to 100% to cover an increase in the number of people taking mass transit.
- Creates a pilot program for vanpool demonstration projects in urban and rural areas.
- Increases federal help for local governments to purchase alternative fuel buses, locomotives, and ferries from 90 to 100%.
Water transportation
Many U.S. ports are served by
Waterways
The United States has 25,482 miles (41,009 km) of
Ports and harbors
United States ports and harbors include:
Merchant marine
Most U.S. exports and imports are on foreign ships. The 1920 Jones Act bars foreign ships from trade within the United States, thus creating a domestic "Jones Act fleet". Deck officers and ship's engineers of U.S.-flagged ships are usually trained at one of the established maritime academies.[54]
Military
The
Pipeline statistics
Policy
As the population of the world increases, cities grow in size and population – according to the United Nations, 55% of the world's population live in cities, and by 2050 this number is expected to rise to 68%.[56] Public transportation policy must evolve to meet the changing priorities of the urban world.[57] The institution of policy enforces order in transportation, which is by nature chaotic as people attempt to travel from one place to another as fast as possible. This policy helps to reduce accidents and save lives.
Pedestrian
A key component of a suitable urban environment is support for pedestrian traffic, including people on foot as well as human propelled vehicles like bikes, skateboards, and scooters. Pedestrian policy is implemented at the state level, but consistent across states is the fact that the pedestrian has the right-of-way. If someone on foot is crossing the street, legally or illegally, any vehicular traffic is required to stop—under no circumstance does a driver have a right to hit a pedestrian. The exact details with respect to when a vehicle has to stop differ between the states, some requiring that all vehicles at an intersection yield to a pedestrian, while others requiring only those vehicles perpendicular to the motion of the crossing to stop.[58] California requires all vehicles at an intersection to yield to a pedestrian walking in any direction.
There are also rules for pedestrian conduct. Though they have the right-of-way, pedestrians are not permitted to leave a curb into a crosswalk close enough to a vehicle to “constitute hazard.”[59] Pedestrians must also yield to mass transit like light-rail cars and trains, as these forms of transportation operate on a schedule and are often moving too quickly to yield to a pedestrian. Pedestrians are also not permitted to delay traffic more than necessary while in a crosswalk. When not using a crosswalk, pedestrians must yield their right-of-way to vehicles who are close enough to constitute hazard. One of the issues with this kind of policy is how vague it is. A pedestrian is expected to determine on the fly what “constitutes hazard,” which can create dangerous situations leading to pedestrian injury or even death. As technology continues to advance, embedded technology like sensors and computer chips in vehicles should be able to process data very quickly and thus prevent collisions, as discussed in the Internet section found below.
Complete Street
A complete street is a roadway that is safe for people of any ability or age utilizing any form of transportation.[60] The concept revolves around the fact that streets are communal spaces, so anyone has a right to access them. In order to ensure universal safety, however, policy exists to ensure that these complete streets are maintained and utilized properly.
- Funding policies refer to the process with which state funds are allocated to the creation of pedestrian areas, bike lanes, and street markings.
- Planning policies refer to the process by which a street is expanded to include support for human powered transportation and how * this expansion fits into the urban planning as a whole.
- Engineering and design policies refer to the implementation of a complete street, including how to differentiate between bike lanes and car lanes.
- Maintenance policies refer to the process with which state funds are allocated to street maintenance to ensure that they remain safe places of travel.
- Use policies refer to the proper use of a complete street to allow efficient transportation for all.[61]
Other supporting policies indirectly related to complete streets include parking policies and vehicle restrictions. Complete streets are an important development for urban transportation because they equally support all forms of transportation, enforce safety, and ensure that everyone can navigate the busy city streets to arrive at their destination as fast as possible.
Traffic flow
In order to ensure that traffic flow is uniformly dispersed across roadways and does not interfere with existing pedestrian and public transportation infrastructure, traffic flow policy is put in place in order to get everyone to their destination in the most efficient way possible. Traffic flow policy includes everything from how spaced out two cars should be on a highway to which cars have priority at stop signs and street lights to the proper use of bus, taxi, and carpool lanes.
Parking lots
Parking policy has a strong impact on the transportation mode. Efforts to reduce the amount of space dedicated to parking are diminishing the dependence on cars, encouraging walking, biking, public transit, lowering the cost of housing and increase the amount of housing units that can be built in the city territory. Such efforts has been taken in different cities in California[62] and in September 2023 the state abolished the requirement of minimum parking space "within a half-mile of major public transit stops".[63] From 2017 more than 200 towns and cities in the USA abolished or changed the requirement for parking minimum.[64] Those include Portland, Minneapolis, Austin. As of 2 November 2023, Austin (Texas) is the biggest city in the USA that did it.[65] Some cities including Nashville, begun to impose parking maximum.[66]
Funding
Parts of this article (those related to reauthorization) need to be updated.(May 2010) |
Federal, state, and local tax revenues support upkeep of most roads, which are generally free to drivers. There are also some toll roads and toll bridges. Most other forms of transportation charge a fee for use as they are not given much, if any, tax support by Congress.
Government funding of transportation exists at many levels. Federal funding for highway, rail, bus, water, air, and other forms of transportation is allocated by Congress for several years at a time. The current authorization bill is the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), which runs from 2005 to 2009. A Congressionally chartered committee is considering future funding issues.[67][needs update]
Though
State governments are sovereign entities which use their powers of taxation both to match federal grants, and provide for local transportation needs. Different states have different systems for dividing responsibility for funding and maintaining road and transit networks between the state department of transportation, counties, municipalities, and other entities. Cities or counties are typically responsible for local roads, financed with block grants and local property taxes, and the state is responsible for major roads that receive state and federal designations. Many mass transit agencies are quasi-independent and subsidized branches of a state, county, or city government.
Economic impact
According to the
The United States invests 0.6% of its GDP on transportation annually.[70]
Environmental impacts
Two-thirds of U.S.
Carbon dioxide emission
In 2016, transportation became the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions (28.5%), exceeding electricity generation (28.4%).[78] In a report conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, an amount of 1.8 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide was emitted by the transportation sector in 2019. Of the 1.8 billion metric tons, 58% was emitted by personal vehicles, 25% was emitted by commercial trucks and busses, 10% was emitted by air, 3% is emitted by pipeline, 2% is by rail, and 2% is by water.[79] To reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emission from personal vehicles, people can switch to public transportation as an alternative form of transportation. A switch of lifestyle to active transportation will can reduce the pollution from the transportation sector to zero. The use of walking and cycling will encourage exercising, which can help combat the negative health effects of a sedentary lifestyle.
See also
- Transportation
- United States Department of Transportation
- Transportation in Canada
- Transportation in Mexico
- List of U.S. cities with high transit ridership
- List of countries by vehicles per capita
- American Public Transportation Association
- History of rail transport in the United States
- Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
- Road signs in the United States
- Timeline of United States railway history
- Transportation safety in the United States
- Timeline of transportation technology
Location-specific
- Transportation in Atlanta
- Transportation in Boston
- Transportation in Buffalo, New York
- Transportation in Charlotte, North Carolina
- Transportation in Chicago
- Transportation in Cincinnati
- Transportation in Dallas
- Transportation in Los Angeles
- Transportation in St. Louis
- Transportation in Guam
- Transportation in Hampton Roads
- Transportation in Houston
- Transportation in Indianapolis
- Transportation in the Inland Empire
- Transportation in Las Vegas
- Transportation on Long Island
- Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky
- Transportation in Memphis, Tennessee
- Transportation in metropolitan Detroit
- Transportation in Miami
- Transportation in New England
- Transportation in New York City
- Transportation in Norfolk, Virginia
- Transportation in Omaha
- Transportation in Pittsburgh
- Transportation in Portland, Oregon
- Transportation in Philadelphia
- Transportation in Puerto Rico
- Transportation in Richmond, Virginia
- Transportation in the Sacramento metropolitan area
- Transportation in Salt Lake City
- Transportation in San Diego
- Transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area
- Transportation in Seattle
- Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands
- Transportation in Washington, D.C.
- Transportation in Williamsburg, Virginia
Funding
All modes
- Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act
- Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
- Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century
- Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users
- American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
Mass transportation
- Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964
- Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970
- National Mass Transportation Assistance Act
- Project Independence
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This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook.
Further reading
- Atack, Jeremy. "Transportation in American Economic History." in Louis P. Cain, ed., The Oxford Handbook of American Economic History (2018) 2: 23+ Excerpt
- Atack, Jeremy. "Railroads." in Handbook of Cliometrics ed by Diebolt, Claude, and Michael Haupert, (2018): 1-29.
- Atack, Jeremy, et al. "Did railroads induce or follow economic growth?: Urbanization and population growth in the American Midwest, 1850–1860." Social Science History 34.2 (2010): 171–197. online
- Bednarek, Janet R. "Open Sky: The Broad Range of Recent Scholarship in Aviation History." Mobility in History 4.1 (2013): 89–94.
- Belcher, Wyatt Winton. The Economic Rivalry Between St. Louis and Chicago: 1850-1880 (Columbia UP, 1947).
- Cochran, Thomas C. Railroad Leaders, 1845-1890 (Harvard UP, 1953).
- Gordon, Arthur. American Heritage History of Flight (1962)
- Grant, H. Roger. Transportation and the American People (Indiana UP, 2019).
- Herrendorf, Berthold, James A. Schmitz, Jr, and Arilton Teixeira. "The role of transportation in US economic development: 1840–1860." International Economic Review 53.3 (2012): 693–716. Online Archived January 26, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- Hunter, Louis C. Steamboats on the Western rivers: An economic and technological history (1949).
- Kirkland, Edward Chase. Men, cities and transportation: a study in New England history, 1820-1900 (2 vol Harvard UP, 1948).
- Lewis, Tom. Divided highways: Building the interstate highways, transforming American life (Cornell UP, 2013)
- Pereira, Rui, Alfredo Pereira, and William J. Hausman. "Railroad Infrastructure Investments and Economic Development in the Antebellum United States." Journal Of Economic Development 42.3 (2017). Online Archived November 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Shaw, Ronald E. Canals for a nation: the canal era in the United States, 1790-1860 (UP of Kentucky, 2014).
- Taylor, George Rogers. The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860 (1951)
- White, John H. Wet Britches and Muddy Boots: A History of Travel in Victorian America (Indiana UP, 2013). xxvi + 512 pp.
- Wolmar, Christian. The Great Railway Revolution: The Epic Story of the American Railroad (Atlantic Books Ltd, 2012), Popular history.
- Wright, Robert E. "The Pivotal Role of Private Enterprise in America's Transportation Age, 1790-1860." Journal of Private Enterprise 29.2 (2014): 1+. Online
External links
- 594 photographs on American business history, including many on transportation of all types; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright.
- U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
- Bureau of Transportation Statistics – Part of DOT
- National Transit Database – Statistics on U.S. public transportation systems from the Federal Transit Administration, part of DOT
- American Public Transportation Association
- ocean freight services in usa Archived December 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine