Trauma trigger

Page semi-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

A trauma trigger is a psychological stimulus that prompts involuntary recall of a previous traumatic experience. The stimulus itself need not be frightening or traumatic and may be only indirectly or superficially reminiscent of an earlier traumatic incident, such as a scent or a piece of clothing.[1] Triggers can be subtle, individual, and difficult for others to predict.[2][3] A trauma trigger may also be called a trauma stimulus, a trauma stressor or a trauma reminder.[4][5]

The process of connecting a traumatic experience to a trauma trigger is called traumatic coupling.

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a treatable and usually temporary condition in which people sometimes experience overwhelming emotional or physical symptoms when something reminds them of, or "triggers" the memory of, a traumatic event.[5] Long-term avoidance of triggers increases the likelihood that the affected person will develop a disabling level of PTSD.[10] Identifying and addressing trauma triggers is an important part of treating PTSD.[6]

A trigger warning is a message presented to an audience about the contents of a piece of media, to warn them that it contains potentially distressing content. A more generic term, which is not directly focused on PTSD, is content warning.

Triggers

The trigger can be anything that provokes fear or distressing memories in the affected person, and which the affected person associates with a previous traumatic experience. Just as trauma is not merely an unpleasant or adverse experience, a trauma trigger is not merely something that makes a person feel uncomfortable or offended.[9][11] Some common triggers are:

  • a particular smell
    olfaction, may be more closely connected to traumatic reminders than other sensory experiences.[13]
  • a particular taste[6] – such as the food eaten during or shortly before a traumatic experience
  • a particular sound[10][12] – such as a helicopter or a song[1]
  • a particular texture[1][14]
  • certain times of day[10][12] – for example, sunset or sunrise[1]
  • certain times of year or specific dates – for example, autumn weather that resembles the affected person's experience of the weather during the September 11 attacks,[14] or the anniversary of a traumatic experience[6]
  • sights[12] – (real, photo, film or video) for examples, a fallen tree or a light shining at a particular angle[6]
  • places[10] – for example, a bathroom, or all bathrooms[15]
  • a person,[12] especially a person who was present during a traumatic event or resembles someone involved in that event in some respect[10]
  • an argument[10]
  • a sensation on the skin
    wristwatch resembling the feeling of handcuffs, or sexual touching for victims of sexual assault[6]
  • the position of the body[16]
  • physical pain[6][16]
  • emotions – such as feeling overwhelmed, vulnerable, or not in control[1][14]
  • a particular situation – for example, being in a crowded place[1]

The trigger is usually personal and specific. However, it need not be closely related to the actual experience. For example, after the

motorbike as a trigger, which they associated with the sound of sirens they heard during the war, even though the resemblance between the two sounds is limited.[17]

The realistic portrayal of graphic violence in visual media may expose some affected people to triggers while watching movies or television.[1][18]

Experiences

A string of red firecrackers. A young man holds a flame to set it off.
The bang of firecrackers can be a trauma trigger for some people.

People who have experienced trauma and who have developed trauma triggers may panic when the trigger is experienced, especially if it is unexpected.[7] For example, the noise of fireworks may seem unbearable to a combat veteran whose trauma is coupled with sudden, loud noises as the trigger.

Trigger warnings

"Trigger warning" redirects here. For guidance on trigger warnings or content warnings in Wikipedia, see
Wikipedia:Trigger warning. For other uses, see Trigger warning (disambiguation).
"Content warning" redirects here. For the 2024 video game, see Content Warning
.

Trigger warnings, sometimes called content warnings, are warnings that a work contains writing, images, or concepts that may be distressing to some people.

mental illness (such as suicide, eating disorders, and self-injury).[21]

Controversy in higher education

The idea of giving content warnings to university students about their coursework has been disputed and politicized.[7] Much of the dispute centers around content warnings given to all students about the presence of generally uncomfortable subjects in the curriculum, such as racism and misogyny.[7] There is no significant dispute over providing reasonable accommodations to the small number of students (usually current and former military personnel and sexual assault survivors) who qualify as having a disabling level of post-traumatic stress disorder and whose ability to learn the normal curriculum can be improved, for example, by mentioning in advance that the next reading assignment contains a detailed description of a violent event or that an upcoming ballistic pendulum demonstration will produce loud sounds.[7]

In 2014, the American Association of University Professors criticized the use of general content warnings in university contexts, stating, "The presumption that students need to be protected rather than challenged in a classroom is at once infantilizing and anti-intellectual. It makes comfort a higher priority than intellectual engagement and...it singles out politically controversial topics like sex, race, class, capitalism, and colonialism for attention."[22] This view is supported by some professors such as Richard McNally, professor of psychology at Harvard, and some psychiatric medical practitioners, such as Metin Basoglu and Edna Foa.[23][24][25][26][27][28] They believe that trigger warnings increase avoidance behaviors by those with PTSD which makes it harder to overcome the PTSD, create a culture that decreases resilience, and more geared towards political virtue signaling, and are "counterproductive to the educational process".[23][24][25][29]

Since the publication of the American Association of University Professors' report, other professors, such as Angus Johnston, have supported trigger warnings as a part of "sound pedagogy".[30] Other supportive professors have stated that "the purpose of trigger warnings is not to cause students to avoid traumatic content, but to prepare them for it, and in extreme circumstances to provide alternate modes of learning."[31]

Universities have taken different stances on the issue of trigger warnings. In a letter welcoming new undergraduates, the

UC Santa Barbara took the opposite position in 2014, passing a non-binding resolution in support of mandatory trigger warnings for classes that could contain potentially upsetting material. Professors were encouraged to make students aware of such material and allow them to skip classes that could make them feel uncomfortable.[21]

Limited value for general use

Although the subject has generated political controversy, research suggests that trigger warnings are neither harmful nor especially helpful. Among people without traumatic experiences, "trigger warnings did not affect anxiety responses to potentially distressing material in general."[35] Furthermore, studies disagree on whether trigger warning cause transient increases in anxiety in those without traumatic experiences.[35][36][37] For participants who self-reported a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis, or for participants who qualified for probable PTSD, trigger warnings had little statistically significant effect.[38][37] Effect sizes on feelings of avoidance, decreased resilience, or other negative outcomes have been "trivial" in controlled research environments.[36][37]

While trigger warnings have garnered significant debate, few studies have investigated how students typically respond to potentially triggering material. In a 2021 study, 355 undergraduate students from four universities read a passage describing incidents of both physical and sexual assault. Longitudinal measures of subjective distress, PTSD symptoms, and emotional reactivity were measured. Greater than 96% of participants read the triggering passage even when given a non-triggering alternative to read. Of those who read the triggering passage, those with triggering traumas did not report more distress although those with higher PTSD scores did. Two weeks later, those with trigger traumas and/or PTSD did not report an increase in trauma symptoms as a result of reading the triggering passage. Moreover, students with relevant traumas do not avoid triggering material and the effects appear to be brief. Also, students with PTSD do not report an exacerbation of symptoms two weeks later as a function of reading the passage.[39]

History

Trauma triggers have been recognized by medical professionals since the 19th century.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)". vvaa.org.au. Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia. 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  2. S2CID 23677122
    .
  3. OCLC 1145574118.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  4. S2CID 33910036
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60623-792-2
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-118-05090-3
    .
  7. ^
    JSTOR 26453524
    – via JSTOR.
  8. OCLC 973920466.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-1-317-26822-2
    .
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60750-574-7
    .
  11. ISBN 978-3-030-45285-8
    .
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60623-792-2
    .
  13. PMID 12633130
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 978-1-60094-061-3
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-60623-792-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4625-3384-8
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-60750-574-7
    .
  18. ^ Ephron, Dan (1 October 2006). "Battlefield flashbacks". Newsweek.[verification needed]
  19. ^ a b "Trigger warnings: What do they do?". Ouch blog. BBC. 25 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
  20. ISBN 978-0-691-19152-2
    .
  21. ^ a b Jarvie, Jenny (3 March 2014). "Trigger happy". The New Republic. Chris Hughes.
  22. ^ "On Trigger Warnings". American Association of University Professors. August 2014.
  23. ^ a b McNally, Richard (20 May 2014). "Hazards Ahead: The Problem with Trigger Warnings, According to the Research: Five studies you should read before you deploy a trigger warning". Pacific Standard. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  24. ^ a b Waters, Florence (4 October 2014). "Trigger warnings: more harm than good?". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  25. ^ a b Waldman, Katy (5 September 2016). "The Trapdoor of Trigger Words". Slate.
  26. ^ Bridgland, Victoria ME, and Melanie KT Takarangi. "Something distressing this way comes: The effects of trigger warnings on avoidance behaviors in an analogue trauma task." Behavior Therapy 53, no. 3 (2022): 414-427.
  27. ^ Bridgland, Victoria ME, Jorja F. Barnard, and Melanie KT Takarangi. "Unprepared: Thinking of a trigger warning does not prompt preparation for trauma-related content." Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 75 (2022): 101708.
  28. ^ Bridgland, Victoria, Payton J. Jones, and Benjamin W. Bellet. "A meta-analysis of the effects of trigger warnings, content warnings, and content notes." (2022).
  29. ^ Marcotte, Amanda (21 May 2015). "Why Are People So Triggered by Trigger Warnings?". Slate Magazine.
  30. ^ Johnston, Angus (29 May 2014). "A Professor Explains Why He's Pro-Trigger Warnings". Slate Magazine.
  31. S2CID 151901765
    .
  32. ^ Schaper, David (26 August 2016). "University Of Chicago Tells Freshmen It Does Not Support 'Trigger Warnings'". NPR.
  33. ^ Ellison, John (Jay) (2020). "'Dear Class of 2020 Students' Letter" (PDF). University of Chicago News. University of Chicago.
  34. ^ Grieve, Pete. "University to Freshmen: Don't Expect Safe Spaces or Trigger Warnings". Chicago Maroon. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
  35. ^
    S2CID 51930369
    .
  36. ^
    S2CID 149505821
    .
  37. ^
    S2CID 150545454
    .
  38. doi:10.1177/2167702620921341
    .
  39. PMID 33765044
    .

External links

Look up Appendix:Glossary of traumatology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Trauma trigger.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trauma_trigger&oldid=1216999882"