Treaty of 1818

Treaty of 1818

Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves
United States territorial border changes
Type	Bilateral treaty
Context	Territorial cession
Signed	October 20, 1818
Location	London, United Kingdom
Effective	January 30, 1819
Signatories	United Kingdom  United States
Depositary	Government of the United Kingdom
Languages	English
Full text
Treaty of 1818 at Wikisource

The Convention respecting fisheries, boundary and the restoration of slaves, also known as the London Convention, Anglo-American Convention of 1818, Convention of 1818, or simply the Treaty of 1818, is an international treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. This treaty resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations. The treaty allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister district New Caledonia.

The two nations agreed to a boundary line involving the

The treaty name is variously cited as "Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves",[1] "Convention of Commerce (Fisheries, Boundary and the Restoration of Slaves)",^[2] and "Convention of Commerce between His Majesty and the United States of America".^[3][4]

• Article I secured fishing rights along Newfoundland and Labrador for the US.
• Article II set the boundary between
  pene-enclave of the United States, the Northwest Angle, the small section of the present state of Minnesota
  that is the only part of the United States apart from Alaska that lies north of the 49th parallel.
• Article III provided for joint control of land in the Oregon Country for ten years. Both could claim land and were guaranteed free navigation throughout.
• Article IV confirmed the Anglo-American Convention of 1815,^[5] which regulated commerce between the two parties, for an additional ten years.
• Article V agreed to refer differences over a US claim arising from the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812, to "some Friendly Sovereign or State to be named for that purpose." The claim in question was for the return of or compensation for American slaves who had escaped to British-controlled territory or Royal Navy warships when the treaty was signed. The article in question was about handing over property, and the US government claimed that the slaves were the property of its citizens.^[3]
• Article VI established that ratification would occur within six months of signing the treaty.

History

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The treaty was negotiated for the US by

Despite the relatively friendly nature of the agreement, it resulted in a fierce struggle for control of the Oregon Country for the following two decades. The British-chartered Hudson's Bay Company, having previously established a trading network centered on Fort Vancouver on the lower Columbia River, with other forts in what is now eastern Washington and Idaho as well as on the Oregon Coast and in Puget Sound, undertook a harsh campaign to restrict encroachment by US fur traders to the area. By the 1830s, the policy of discouraging settlement was undercut to some degree by the actions of John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, who regularly provided relief and welcome to US immigrants who had arrived at the post over the Oregon Trail.

By the mid-1840s, the tide of US immigration, as well as a US political movement to claim the entire territory, led to a renegotiation of the agreement. The Oregon Treaty in 1846 permanently established the 49th parallel as the boundary between the United States and British North America to the Pacific Ocean.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, between the U.S. and Spain, resolved borders from Florida to the Pacific Ocean.
• The Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842 resolved uncertainties left by the 1818 treaty, including the Northwest Angle problem, which had been created by the use of a faulty map.
• Oregon boundary dispute, concerning the joint occupation of the Oregon Country by U.S. and British settlers.
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which established most of the southern border between the US and Mexico after the defeat and occupation of Mexico in 1848, ending the Mexican–American War.
• The Gadsden Purchase, which completed the acquisition of the southwestern United States and completed the border between Mexico and the US in 1853 at the 32nd parallel and the Rio Grande.

References

External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Treaty of 1818

• "Fisheries Question" . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. This article traces British-United States negotiations regarding ocean fisheries from 1783 to 1910.