Treaty of Aigun

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Treaty of Aigun
Hanyu Pinyin
Àihún tiáoyuē
Russian nameRussianАйгунский договорRomanization
Aygunskiy dogovor

The Treaty of Aigun was an 1858

Amur River from the Qing dynasty to the Russian Empire. Russia received over 600,000 square kilometers (231,660 sq mi) of what became known as Outer Manchuria.[3][2] While the Qing government initially refused to recognize the validity of the treaty, the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun was affirmed as part of the 1860 Sino-Russian Convention of Peking.[4]

Background

Since the reign of

Russian America and near the Amur
watershed, encouraging Russians to go there and settle, and slowly developing a strong military presence in the Amur region.

From 1850 to 1864, when China was heavily involved in suppressing the Taiping Rebellion, and Governor-General of the Far East Nikolay Muraviev camped tens of thousands of troops on the borders of Mongolia and Manchuria, preparing to make legal Russian de facto control over the Amur from past settlement.[3] Muraviev seized the opportunity when it was clear that China was losing the Second Opium War, and threatened China with a war on a second front.[2] The Qing dynasty agreed to enter negotiations with Russia.[3]

Signing

The Russian general

Primorye[4] and the Ussuri region[5]
to the Russians.

Effects

The resulting treaty established a border between the Russian and Chinese Empires along the Amur River. (Chinese and Manchu residents of the

Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be open exclusively to both Chinese and Russian ships. The territory bounded on the west by the Ussuri, on the north by the Amur, and on the east and south by the Sea of Japan was to be jointly administered by Russia and China—a "condominium" arrangement similar to that which the British and Americans had agreed upon for the Oregon Territory in the Treaty of 1818.[3] (Russia gained sole control of this land two years later.)[6]

  1. The inhabitants along the Amur, Sungari, and Ussuri rivers were to be allowed to trade with each other.
  2. The Russians would retain Russian and Manchu copies of the text, and the Chinese would retain Manchu and Mongolian copies of the text.
  3. All restrictions on trade to be lifted along the border.

Perception in China

In China, especially after the rise of Chinese nationalism in the 1920s,[citation needed] the treaty has been denounced as an unequal treaty.[7]

References

Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  1. ^ "Russia and China end 300 year old border dispute". BBC News. November 10, 1997. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  2. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-81714-1.[permanent dead link
    ]
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-0-275-93462-0
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 9781317328155
    .
  5. ^ a b Riasanovsky 2000, p. 390.
  6. ^ Bissinger, Sally (June 26, 1969). "The Sino-Soviet Border Talks". Radio Liberty research bulletin. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
  7. ^ "Treaty of Aigun". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 12, 2021.

Bibliography

See also

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