Treaty of Berlin (1878)
Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire, for the Settlement of the Affairs of the East | |
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Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 | |
Signed | 13 July 1878 |
Location | Berlin, German Empire |
Parties |
The Treaty of Berlin (formally the Treaty between Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain and Ireland, Italy, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire for the Settlement of Affairs in the East) was signed on 13 July 1878. was the chairman and dominant personality.
The most important task of the Congress was to decide the fate of Bulgaria, but Bulgaria itself was excluded from participation in the talks, at Russian insistence.[3][4] At the time, as it was not a sovereign state, Bulgaria was not a subject of international law, and the same went for the Bulgarians themselves. The exclusion was already an established fact in the great powers' Constantinople Conference, which had been held one year before without any Bulgarian participation.
The most notable result of the conference was the official recognition of the newly independent states of
Background
The
In 1875, the
Terms
The treaty formally recognized the independence of the de facto sovereign principalities of
The Treaty of Berlin confirmed most of the Russian gains from the Ottoman Empire specified in the Treaty of San Stefano, such as
Despite the pleas of the Romanian delegates, Romania was forced to cede southern Bessarabia to the Russian Empire.[12] As a compensation, Romania received Dobruja, including the Danube Delta.[12] The treaty also limited the Russian occupation of Bulgaria to 9 months, which limited the time during which Russian troops and supplies could be moved through Romanian territory.[12]
The three newly independent states subsequently proclaimed themselves kingdoms:
The Treaty of Berlin accorded special legal status to some religious groups and also would serve as a model for the
In the "Salisbury Circular" of 1 April, the Marquess of Salisbury, appointed foreign secretary the next day, made clear his own and his government's objections to the Treaty of San Stefano and its favourable position of Russia.[15] Historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, "If the treaty of San Stefano had been maintained, both the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary might have survived to the present day. The British, except for Beaconsfield in his wilder moments, had expected less and were, therefore, less disappointed. Salisbury wrote at the end of 1878: 'We shall set up a rickety sort of Turkish rule again south of the Balkans. But it is a mere respite. There is no vitality left in them. The treaty also calls on the parties involved to attack the nation that violates the treaty.'"[16]
The
List of plenipotentiaries
- Ottoman Empire
- Alexander Karatheodori Pasha, Minister of Public Works
- Mehmed Ali Pasha, marshal of the Ottoman army
- Sadullah Pasha, ambassador to Berlin[2]
- United Kingdom
- Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, Prime Minister
- Foreign Secretary
- Lord Odo Russell, ambassador to Berlin
- Germany and Prussia
- Otto von Bismarck, Minister President of Prussia and Chancellor of Germany
- Foreign Minister of Prussia
- Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, ambassador to Paris
- Austria-Hungary
- Gyula, Count Andrássy, Foreign Minister
- Count Alajos Károlyi, ambassador to Berlin
- Baron Heinrich Karl von Haymerle, ambassador to Rome
- France
- Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Félix Hippolyte Desprez, Director of Political Affairs in the Department for Foreign Affairs
- Russia
- Alexander, Prince Gorchakov, Chancellor and Foreign Minister
- Count Pyotr Shuvalov, ambassador to the court of St James's
- Paul d'Oubril, ambassador to Berlin
- Italy
- Edoardo de Launay, ambassador to Berlin
- Luigi Corti
See also
- Treaty of San Stefano
- Bulgarian irredentism
- Commissions of the Danube River
- Kosovo Vilayet
- List of treaties
References
- ^ Hertslet, Edward (1891), "Treaty between Great-Britain, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Turkey, for the Settlement of Affairs in the East, Signed at Berlin, 13th July 1878 (Translation)", The Map of Europe by Treaty; which have taken place since the general peace of 1814. With numerous maps and notes, vol. IV (1875–1891) (First ed.), London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, pp. 2759–2798, retrieved 8 February 2019 – via Internet Archive
- ^ a b Phillips 1911.
- ISBN 0-691-00711-X.
- ^ Bourchier, James David (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–784.
Political History
- ^ a b Bogaert, Sina Van den. "Berlin Congress (1878)". Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law [MPEPIL]. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ISBN 0-521-52251-X.
- ISBN 0-521-85085-1.
- ^ Schem, Alexander Jacob (1878). "Chapter IX [Third Book]: The Berlin Congress". War in the East: An Illustrated History of the Conflict Between Russia and Turkey, With a Review of the Eastern Question. H.S. Goodspeed & Co. pp. 685–700.
- ^ Константино́польский Мир 1879 [Peace of Constantinople 1879]. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 February 2022. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ S2CID 246006401. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ]
- ^ ISBN 0-19-822126-6.
- ^ a b "Bosnian Crisis"
- ISBN 0-314-26014-5.
- ^ Walker, Christopher J. (1980), Armenia: The Survival of A Nation, London: Croom Helm, p. 112
- ISBN 0-19-881270-1.
Primary sources
- European commission for Eastern Roumelia (1880). Report presented to the international commission at Constantinople [European commission for Eastern Roumelia as to the state of Macedonia since the treaty of Berlin. Gilbert & Rivington.
- Gladstone, William Ewart (1878). The Berlin Treaty and the Anglo-Turkish Convention: speech of the Right Hon. W.E. Gladstone, M.P. in the House of Commons on Tuesday, July 30th, 1878.
- Gladstone, William Ewart (1916). "The Treaty of Berlin, 30 July 1878". Gladstone's Speeches, Descriptive Index and Bibliography by Arthur Tilney Bassett with a Preface by Viscount Bryce, O.M. and Introduction to the Selected Speeches by Herbert Paul. London: Methuen & Co. pp. 505–52.
Further reading
- Anderson, M.S. The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations (1966) online
- Goldfrank, David M. (2003). "Berlin, Congress of". In Millar, James R. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Russian History. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0028656939.
- Langer, William L. European Alliances and Alignments: 1871-1890 (1950) pp 151–70. Online
- Millman, Richard (1979). Britain and the Eastern question, 1875–1878. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822379-5.
- Medlicott, W. N. (1963). The Congress of Berlin and After: A Diplomatic History of the Near East Settlement, 1878–1880 (Second ed.). London: Frank Cass., Focus on the aftermath.
- Munro, Henry F. (1918). The Berlin Congress (Confidential, For Official Use Only). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved 8 February 2019 – via Internet Archive.
- Phillips, Walter Alison (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 790–791.
- Stavrianos, Leften Stavros. The Balkans since 1453 (1958).
- Taylor, A. J. P. (1954). The struggle for mastery in Europe: 1848–1918. Oxford University Press.
- Yavuz, M. Hakan; Sluglett, Peter, eds. (2012). War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Treaty of Berlin. University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-1-60781-150-3.
External links
- "Treaty between Great Britain, Germany, Austria, France, Italy, Russia, and Turkey for the Settlement of Affairs in the East: Signed at Berlin, July 13, 1878 (Translation)". The American Journal of International Law. II (4, Supplement, Official Documents): 401–424. October 1908. S2CID 246011615.