Treaty of Campo Formio
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Treaty of Campo Formio between the French Republic and Austria Traité de Campo-Formio entre la République française et l'Autriche | |
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Signed | 17 October 1797 |
Location | Campoformido, Republic of Venice |
Signatories | |
Depositary | Archives Nationales |
Language | French |
The Treaty of Campo Formio (today
The treaty's public articles concerned only France and Austria and called for a Congress of Rastatt to be held to negotiate a final peace for the Holy Roman Empire. In the treaty's secret articles, Austria as the personal state of the Emperor promised to work with France to certain ends at the congress. Among other provisions, the treaty meant the definitive end to the ancient Republic of Venice, which was disbanded and partitioned by the French and the Austrians.
The congress failed to achieve peace, and by early 1799 France and Austria were at war again. The new war, the
Location
Campo Formio, now called Campoformido, is a village west of Udine in historical Friuli region in north-eastern Italy, in the middle between Austrian headquarters in Udine and Bonaparte's residence. The French commander resided at Villa Manin, the country mansion of Ludovico Manin, the last Doge of Venice, near Codroipo. The treaty was signed in an old house in the main square of the village, property of Bertrando Del Torre, a local merchant.
On 18 January 1798, Austrian troops entered Venice, and three days later, they held an official reception at the Doge's Palace, where Ludovico Manin was a guest of honour.[5]
Terms
Beyond the usual clauses of "firm and inviolable peace", the treaty transferred a number of Austrian territories into French hands. Lands ceded included the
The city of
The Italian states formally ceased to owe fealty to the Holy Roman emperor, ending the formal existence of the Kingdom of Italy, which, as a personal holding of the emperor, had existed de jure but not de facto since at least the 14th century.
The treaty contained secret clauses signed by Napoleon and representatives of the Holy Roman emperor,. The French Republic had been expanded into areas that had never before been under French control.
The treaty was composed and signed after five months of negotiations. It was basically what had been agreed earlier at the
Napoleon's biographer, Felix Markham, wrote "the partition of Venice was not only a moral blot on the peace settlement but left Austria a foothold in Italy, which could only lead to further war." In fact, the Peace of Campo Formio, though it reshaped the map of Europe and marked a major step in Napoleon's fame, was only a respite. One consequence was the Peasants' War, which erupted in the Southern Netherlands in 1798 following the French introduction of conscription.[7]
As a result of the treaty,
By passing Venetian possessions in Greece, such as the Ionian Islands, to French rule, the treaty had an effect on later Greek history neither intended nor expected at the time.
References
- ^ "Treaty of Campo Formio | France-Austria [1797]".
- ^ https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/UD/FRAN_IR_055193/A1_45 Traité de Campo-Formio(Original document in French)
- ^ Jones, p. 512.
- ^ Lefebvre, pp. 199–201.
- ^ Perocco & Salvadori p1171
- ISBN 978-3-8482-1795-3, page 8 (copy of the original page of the treaty's secret clauses with signatures and seals)
- ^ Ganse, Alexander. "The Flemish Peasants War of 1798". World History at KMLA. Korean Minjok Leadership Academy. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
Sources
- Perocco, Guido & Antonio Salvadori (1986). Civiltà di Venezia, Volume 3: l'età moderna. Venezia: Stamperia di Venezia.
- ISBN 0-231-02519-X. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
- ISBN 0-231-12882-7.
- Schroeder, Paul W. (1996). The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198206545.
External links
- Traité de Campo-Formio (original document in French)
- Treaty of Campo Formio (extracts in English)
- Background to the Treaty
- Media related to Treaty of Campo Formio at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by Battle of Neuwied (1797) |
French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns Treaty of Campo Formio |
Succeeded by French invasion of Switzerland |