Treaty of Lübeck
Type | Peace treaty |
---|---|
Context | Thirty Years' War |
Signed | 22 May and 7 June 1629 |
Location | Lübeck |
Signatories | |
Parties | |
Language | German |
The Treaty or Peace of Lübeck (Danish: Freden i Lübeck, German: Lübecker Frieden) ended the Danish intervention in the Thirty Years' War (Low Saxon or Emperor's War, Kejserkrigen). It was signed in Lübeck on 22 May 1629 by Albrecht von Wallenstein and Christian IV of Denmark, and on 7 June by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. The Catholic League was formally included as a party. It restored to Denmark–Norway its pre-war territory at the cost of final disengagement from imperial affairs.
Background
The treaty of Lübeck ended a stage of the
Wallenstein and Tilly subsequently gained central and northern Germany, joined their forces during the summer of 1627, invaded Danish
Christian responded with an amphibious campaign in 1628, using his fleet to make landfalls along the occupied coastlines, and destroying the naval facilities in Ålborg, Wismar, and Greifswald.
Negotiations
In September 1627, Tilly and Wallenstein had drafted a peace proposal for the Catholic League and the Holy Roman Emperor.[9] The proposal had Christian:
- surrender all imperial offices,[9]
- surrender his bishoprics in the Lower Saxon Circle,[9]
- buy out his provinces of Holstein, Reichstaler each,[9]
- cede either Glückstadt or Holstein to Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.[9]
While the Danish
Wallenstein's terms | Danish delegates' terms |
---|---|
Christian is to
|
Ferdinand II is to
|
Christian IV's position was somewhat strengthened by his military successes in 1628, but more so by Wallenstein's fear of a Danish-Swedish alliance.[6][9] Bagging that fear, Christian personally met with Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in February 1629, at Ulvsbäck.[9][11] Gustavus Adolphus proposed a joint invasion of the empire, either from Stralsund or from Glückstadt, yet under the premise that overall command was with him, and that the invasion force would consist of more Swedish than Danish forces.[12] Christian refused.[12]
Both Christian and Wallenstein were aware that neither of them would be able to get all their demands through, thus they resorted to secret negotiations in Güstrow, Mecklenburg.[5]
Treaty
The treaty was concluded by Wallenstein and Christian on 22 May 1629,[13] and ratified by Ferdinand on 7 June.[14] The Catholic League was formally added as a party.[14] The treaty restored to Christian his pre-war possessions, and obliged him to cede his claims to Lower Saxon bishoprics, to discontinue his alliances with the North German states, and to not interfere with further imperial affairs in the future.[5][13][15][16]
Tilly had not succeeded in implementing a compensation of the imperial war costs on Christian.
Consequences
The treaty marked a turning point in Denmark–Norway's status, subsequently reduced from that of a major European power to a politically insignificant state.[17] The new Nordic power would be Sweden,[6] who was to turn the tide of the Thirty Years' War after its forces landed in Pomerania in 1630, and, starting with the Torstenson War, subsequently deprived Denmark of her trans-Kattegat provinces.
The treaty further divided Christian and the Rigsraadet, for Christian argued that if the latter had been in charge, it would have accepted the initial imperial territorial and financial demands.[17]
Ferdinand had hoped for more favourable terms, and was surprised and disappointed of what Wallenstein had negotiated.[18] While he had arranged for imposing his war costs on Christian, this was no longer an option.[18]
Deprived of Danish-Norwegian protection, the North German states faced the
See also
Sources
References
- ^ Lockhart (2007), p. 166
- ^ a b Oakley (1992), p. 62
- ^ Lockhart (2007), pp. 167–168
- ^ a b Lockhart (2007), p. 168
- ^ a b c Schormann (1985), p. 40
- ^ a b c d Fuhrmann (2002), p. 377
- ^ a b c Lockhart (2007), p. 169
- ^ a b Oakley (1992), p. 64
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lockhart (2007), p. 170
- ^ Press (1991), p. 213
- ^ Oakley (1992), pp. 64–65
- ^ a b Oakley (1992), p. 65
- ^ a b Albrecht (1998), p. 672
- ^ a b c d Albrecht (1998), p. 691
- ^ a b c Kohler (1990), p. 37
- ^ Heckel (1983), p. 143
- ^ a b Lockhart (2007), p. 172
- ^ a b Heckel (1983), p. 144
Bibliography
- Albrecht, Dieter (1998). Maximilian I. von Bayern 1573–1651 (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-56334-3.
- Fuhrmann, Kai (2002). Die Ritterschaft als politische Korporation in den Herzogtümern Schleswig und Holstein von 1460 bis 1721 (in German). Kiel: Verlag Ludwig. ISBN 3-933598-39-7.
- Heckel, Martin (1983). Deutschland im konfessionellen Zeitalter (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-33483-4.
- Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2007). Denmark, 1513-1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy. ISBN 978-0-19-927121-4. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- Oakley, Stewart P. (1992). War and peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02472-2. Retrieved 2009-08-07.
- Kohler, Alfred (1990). Das Reich im Kampf um die Hegemonie in Europa 1521-1648 (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. ISBN 3-486-55461-1.
- Press, Volker (1991). Kriege und Krisen: Deutschland 1600-1715 (in German). C.H.Beck. ISBN 3-406-30817-1.
- Schormann, Gerhard (1985). Der Dreissigjährige Krieg (in German) (2 ed.). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 3-525-33506-7.