Treaty of Lausanne

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Treaty of Lausanne (disambiguation).

Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Peace and Exchange of War Prisoners with Turkey Signed at Lausanne


Accord relatif à la restitution réciproque des internés civils et à l'échange des prisonniers de guerre, signé à Lausanne


Lozan'da Türkiye ile Barış ve Savaş Esirlerinin Değişimi üzerine İmzalanan Antlaşma
Italy and Japan, the treaty would come into force for those "high contracting parties" and thereafter for each additional signatory upon deposit of ratification
Parties
DepositaryFrench Republic
LanguageEnglish and French
Full text
Treaty of Lausanne at Wikisource

The Treaty of Lausanne (

Turkish Straits
.

Turkey ratified the treaty on 23 August 1923,[7][8] and all other signatories did so by 16 July 1924.[9] It officially took effect on 6 August 1924, when the instruments of ratification were deposited in Paris.[5]

Additionally, a declaration of amnesty was issued, granting immunity for crimes committed between 1914 and 1922. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser asserts that "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups".[10]

Background

Main article:
Lausanne Conference of 1922–23
See also:
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and Turkish War of Independence
Borders of Turkey according to the unratified Treaty of Sèvres (1920) which was annulled and replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) in the aftermath of the Turkish War of Independence

After the withdrawal of the Greek forces in

Eastern Anatolia. Secular Kemalist rhetoric relieved some of the international concerns about the future of Armenians who had survived the 1915 Armenian genocide, and support for Kurdish self determination similarly declined. Under the Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923, Eastern Anatolia became part of modern-day Turkey, in exchange for Turkey's relinquishing Ottoman-era claims to the oil-rich Arab lands.[11]

Negotiations were undertaken during the

Mark L. Bristol, who served as the United States High Commissioner and supported Turkish efforts.[12]

Stipulations

The treaty was composed of 143 articles with major sections including:[13]

Treaty
Parts
Convention on the
Turkish Straits
Trade (abolition of capitulations) – Article 28 provided: "Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the Capitulations in Turkey in every respect."[14]
Agreements
Binding letters

The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the

Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 following the Italo-Turkish War (1911–1912).[17][18]

Summary of contents of treaty

Lausanne Treaty I. Treaty of Peace[19]
Parts Sections
Preamble
Part I Political Clauses
Part II Financial Clauses
Part III. Economic clauses
Part IV Communications and Sanitary Questions
Part V. Miscellaneous Provisions  
Part IV. Convention respecting conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction
Part V Commercial Convention
Part VI Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
Part VII Agreement between Greece and Turkey respecting the reciprocal restitution of interned civilians and the exchange of prisoners of war
Part VIII Declaration relating to the Amnesty 
Part IX Declaration relating to Muslim properties in Greece
Part X Declaration relating to sanitary matters in Turkey;
Part XI Declaration relating to the administration of justice in Turkey;
Part XII Protocol relation to certain concessions granted in the Ottoman Empire
Part XIII Protocol relating to the accession of Belgium and Portugal to contain provisions and instruments signed at Lausanne
Part XIV Protocol relating to the evacuation of the Turkish territory occupied by the British, French and Italian forces
Part XV Protocol relative to the Karagatch territory and the Islands of Imbros and Tenedos 
Part XVI Protocol relative to the Treaty concluded at Sèvres between the principal Allied Powers and Greece on 10 August 1920, concerning the protection of minorities in Greece, and the Treaty concluded on the same day between the same Powers relating to Thrace. 
Part XVII Protocol relating to signature by the Serb-Croat-Slovene State

Borders

Adakale Island in River Danube was forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, which allowed it to remain a de jure Ottoman territory and the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II's private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (de facto until Romania unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.)[20] The island was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970, which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of Abdul Hamid II.

The treaty delimited the boundaries of

Rabbit islands (Articles 6 and 12). There is a special notation in both articles, that, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise, the Turkish sovereignty extends three miles from Asia Minor shores. The Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos was not included in the population exchange and would be protected under the stipulations of the protection of the minorities in Turkey (Article 38
).

The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede Karaağaç to Turkey.

Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the

Iraq (Article 3); and (along with the Treaty of Ankara) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.[5]

The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the

Asir and parts of Hejaz like the city of Medina. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.[22][23]

By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded Adakale Island in the Danube River to Romania by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon of 1920.[5][20] Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 Congress of Berlin, the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire.

Turkey also renounced its privileges in

Treaty of Ouchy in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.)[5]

Agreements

Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, the Chester concession. In the United States, the treaty was opposed by several groups, including the Committee Opposed to the Lausanne Treaty (COLT), and on 18 January 1927, the United States Senate refused to ratify the treaty by a vote of 50–34, six votes short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution.[24] Consequently, Turkey annulled the concession.[13]

Besides, Turkey was obliged to instate four European advisors on juridical matters for five years.[25] The advisors were to observe a juridical reform in Turkey. The advisors contract could be renewed if the suggested reforms would not have taken place.[25] Subsequently, Turkey worked on and announced a new Turkish constitution and reformed the Turkish justice system by including the Swiss Civil code, the Italian criminal law and the German Commercial law before completion of the five years in question.[25]

Declaration of Amnesty

Declaration of Amnesty

Annex VIII to the treaty, called "Declaration of Amnesty", granted immunity to the perpetrators of any crimes "connected to political events" committed between 1914 and 1922.

Assyrian genocide, the Greek genocide,[28][29] and codified impunity for these crimes.[30]

Legacy

Turkish delegation after having signed the Treaty of Lausanne. The delegation was led by İsmet İnönü (in the middle).

The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new

Straits lasted for thirteen years and was replaced with the Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits in 1936.[32]
The customs limitations in the treaty were shortly after reworked.

For Greece, the treaty brought to an end the impetus behind the Megali Idea, the notion that modern Greece should encompass those territories in Asia Minor which had been populated with Greek speakers for up to 3000 years and which also formed the core of the Eastern Roman Empire.

French Mandate of Syria according to the Treaty of Lausanne, but in 1938 gained its independence as the Hatay State, which later joined Turkey after a referendum in 1939. Political amnesty was given to opponents of the new Turkish regime but the government reserved the right to make 150 exceptions.[33] The 150 personae non gratae of Turkey (mostly descendants of the Ottoman dynasty) slowly acquired citizenship – the last one in 1974.[citation needed
]

Lloyd George declared the treaty an "abject, cowardly and infamous surrender".[30][34]

Historian Norman Naimark states, "The Lausanne Treaty served as a pivotal international precedent for transferring populations against their will throughout the twentieth century."[35]

Historian Ronald Grigor Suny states that the treaty "essentially confirmed the effectiveness of deportations or even murderous ethnic cleansing as a potential solution to population problems".[36]

Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser states, "Lausanne tacitly endorsed comprehensive policies of expulsion and extermination of hetero-ethnic and hetero-religious groups, with fatal attraction for German revisionists and many other nationalists".[10]

Conspiracy theories

The Treaty of Lausanne has given rise to a number of conspiracy theories in Turkey. It has been claimed that the treaty was signed to be effective for a century and there are "secret articles" in the treaty regarding Turkey's mining of natural resources. One conspiracy theory that had following in the 2010s held that the treaty would expire in 2023 and Turkey would be allowed to mine boron and petroleum.[37]

See also

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Further reading

  • Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2023). When Democracy Died: The Middle East's Enduring Peace of Lausanne. Cambridge University Press.
    ISBN 9781316516423
    .
  • Tusan, Michelle (2023). The Last Treaty: Lausanne and the End of the First World War in the Middle East. Cambridge University Press.
    ISBN 9781009371087. online book review
  • Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "The Centennial of the Treaty of Lausanne: Turkey, Switzerland, the Great Powers and a Soviet Diplomat’s Assassination," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 59: No. 3, Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss3/4

Notes and references

  1. ^ https://vidy-archives.lausanne.ch/uploads/r/archives-de-la-ville-de-lausanne/e/3/3/e337dc8394f8b9d486a585c9cb97e3e62527a392d1d6bf51d8fc346fd4f13edd/AVL_ADM_B1_224_10_2_89_9.pdf (consulté le 22.07.23)
  2. ^ "Palais de Rumine". www.lonelyplanet.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  3. ^ "Palais de Rumine & Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts". MySwitzerland.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  4. S2CID 246234931. Archived
    from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 24 July 1923, archived from the original on 12 January 2013, retrieved 28 November 2012{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ "Armistice of Mudanya". Archived from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  7. ^ Martin Lawrence (1924). Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923. Vol. I. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. lxxvii.
  8. ^ "League of Nations, Official Journal". 4. October 1924: 1292. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ Hansard, House of Commons Archived 18 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine, 16 July 1924.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-136-87060-6. Archived
    from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  11. JSTOR 25597401
    .
  12. ^ Morgenthau, Henry, Ambassador Morgenthau's Story, (Detroit: Wayne State University, 2003), 303.
  13. ^
    ISBN 1-58567-334-X
    .
  14. ^ In addition to Turkey, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Greece, Romania and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were parties to the Treaty.
  15. ^ The Greek minority of Turkey Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine – Hellenic Resources Network
  16. ^ Öksüz, Hikmet (2004), The Reasons for Immigration from Western Thrace to Turkey (1923–1950) (PDF), Turkish Review of Balkan Studies, p. 255
  17. ^ "Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912". Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  18. ISBN 1400874610
    , p. 69
  19. ^ "Treaty Summary". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  20. ^ a b "Adakale Island in River Danube". Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  21. doi:10.21773/boun.25.2.6. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  22. ^ "Arabia (Yemen–Hejaz) Front Side". www.osmanli700.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  23. ^ "ARABİSTAN CEPHESİ – Osmanlı Web Sitesi – FORSNET". www.osmanli700.gen.tr. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  24. Project MUSE chapter 1252066
    .
  25. ^ a b c Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (6 July 2020). p. 257
  26. ^ The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 18., No. 2, Supplement:Official Documents (Apr. 1924), pp. 92–95.
  27. JSTOR 1192189. Archived
    from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2020. Initially, the Allied Powers sought the prosecution of those responsible for the massacres. The Treaty of Sevres, which was signed on August 10, 1920, would have required the Turkish Government to hand over those responsible to the Allied Powers for trial. Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Sevres], art. 230, at 235, Aug. 10, 1920, reprinted in 15 AM. J. INT'L L. 179 (Supp 1921). "The Treaty of Sevres was, however, not ratified and did not come into force. It was replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne, which not only did not contain provisions respecting the punishment of war crimes, but was accompanied by a 'Declaration of Amnesty' of all offenses committed between 1914 and 1922." Treaty of Peace between the Allied Powers and Turkey [Treaty of Lausanne], July 24, 1923, League of Nations Treaty Series 11, reprinted in 18 AM. J. INT'L L. 1 (Supp. 1924). 99.
  28. ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3. Archived
    from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  29. ISBN 978-3-319-78169-3
    .
  30. ^
    ISSN 0889-7743. Archived
    from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020. After expunging all references to Armenian massacres (and, indeed, to Armenia itself) from the draft version, they signed the Lausanne Peace Treaty, thus helping to codify impunity by ignoring the Armenian genocide. The international law flowing from this treaty, while a sham in reality, lent an aura of respectability to impunity because the imprimatur of a peace conference was attached to it. A French jurist observed that the treaty was an "assurance" for impunity for the crime of massacre; indeed, it was a "glorification" of the crime in which an entire race, the Armenians, was "systematically exterminated." For his part, David Lloyd George, wartime Prime Minister of Great Britain, found it appropriate to vent his ire when he was out of power: He declared the Western Allies' conduct at the Lausanne Conference to be "abject, cowardly and infamous." A creature of political deal-making, the Lausanne Treaty was a triumph of the principle of impunity over the principle of retributive justice.
  31. ISBN 978-0-300-15260-9
    .
  32. ISBN 978-3-11-064341-1. Archived
    from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  33. ^ Zürcher Erik Jan. Turkey: a Modern History. 4th ed. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017. p. 163
  34. ISBN 978-1-317-53386-3. Archived
    from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  35. ^ "Ethnic Cleansing | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche". ethnic-cleansing-0.html (in French). 16 April 2019. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  36. ISBN 978-1-4008-6558-1
    .
  37. ^ Danforth, Nick (2 October 2014). "Notes on a Turkish Conspiracy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 9 May 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Lausanne.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Lausanne&oldid=1218502672"