Treaty of Stettin (1570)
The Treaty of Stettin (German: Frieden von Stettin, Swedish: Freden i Stettin, Danish: Freden i Stettin) of 13 December 1570, ended the Northern Seven Years' War fought between Sweden and Denmark with its internally fragmented alliance of Lübeck and Poland.[1] It also settled Swedish, Danish, and Holy Roman Imperial claims regarding the Livonian War.[2] Unfavourable for Sweden, the treaty assured Danish hegemony in Northern Europe for a short period. Yet, because of its inconclusiveness, it did not prevent further warfare between Denmark-Norway and Sweden, which ended only in the 1720s.[1][3][4]
Background
The Kalmar Union comprising Sweden, Denmark and Norway, had broken apart in 1523. Frederick II of Denmark attempted to restore the Union under his rule. Frederick underlined his claim by using the Union's three crowns in his coat of arms and invading Sweden in 1563; both actions are considered the starting events of the Seven Years' War.[1] While the Danes had the upper hand in land battles and captured Älvsborg, the Swedes performed better in naval battles and in Livonia, which had been secularized before and now was a subject of territorial competition of the surrounding powers.[5]
The treaty
In July 1570,
In the resulting treaty, Sweden and Denmark-Norway agreed on the following:
- The Danish-Norwegian king, Frederick II of Denmark, renounced all claims upon Sweden.[4]
- The Swedish king, as Danish provinces.
- Sweden was forced to pay 150,000 Älvsborg Castle (Älvsborgs lösen; Elfsborgs løsen).[1][4] To pay this extraordinarily high amount of money, Sweden heavily taxed all moveables in the country, resulting in further impoverishment of the war-torn population. Unburned towns had to pay one twelfth, peasants one tenth, burned down towns one eighteenth of their properties' value.[7]
- Sweden was also forced to pay 75,000 daler to Lübeck.[8]
- Sweden turned over her possessions in Livonia for a payment by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II.[1]
Outcome
With the treaty, Denmark became the supreme and dominating power in Northern Europe, yet failed to restore the Kalmar Union. The disputes concerning the three crowns insignia remained unsolved, and the unfavorable conditions for Sweden led to a series of future conflicts ending only in 1720/21.[1]
Lübeck gained nothing from the treaty: though granted privileges by Sweden, these did not enhance Lübeck's position as John III of Sweden granted the same privileges to the Pomeranian port of Stralsund, his war-time ally. The payments promised to Lübeck were never transferred. Swedish pirates continued to capture Lübeck's shipments, and the town as well as the whole Hanseatic League had to acknowledge her degradation to a second-class power.[2]
Neither did Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, pay the compensation promised to Sweden, and therefore lost his influence on the Baltic affairs. The terms of the treaty regarding Livonia were ignored, and the contemporary Livonian War dragged on.[2]
Denmark received all payments, though always late except for the first. John III was determined to keep his only port on the Scandinavian west coast, and his efforts included the sale of warships and devaluation of the Swedish currency.[2]
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8166-2098-2
- ^ ISBN 0-7864-2873-2.
- ISBN 978-0-618-49337-1
- ^ ISBN 978-0-543-93900-5
- ISBN 978-0-521-64701-4
- ^ Eduard Maria Oettinger, Geschichte des dänischen Hofes, 1857, pp. 242-3
- ISBN 978-0-19-507738-4
- ISBN 978-91-7263-790-0.