Treaty of Tientsin
Treaty of Tientsin | ||
---|---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin Tiānjīn Tiáoyuē | | |
Wade–Giles | T‘ien-chin T‘iao-yüeh | |
Hakka | ||
Romanization | Tien1-zin1 Tiau2-yok5 |
The Treaty of Tientsin, also known as the Treaty of Tianjin, is a collective name for several documents signed at
Dates
The
American involvement
Following the pattern set by the great powers of Europe, the United States took on a protectionist stance, built up its navy, and tried to create a mercantile empire. The United States was one of the leading "treaty powers" in China, forcing open a total of 23 foreign concessions from the Chinese government. While it is often noted that the United States did not control any settlements in China, it shared British land grants and was actually invited to take land in Shanghai but refused because the land was thought to be disadvantageous.[6]
Terms
Major points
- Russia, which had previously been limited to trading at designated border posts, received the right to trade with the further ensured that all concessions were shared by the four powers.
- , effectively opening another two ports.
- China was forbidden from considering
- The extraterritoriality of American citizens[18] and Russian,[19] British,[20] and French subjects[21] was reaffirmed. They further received the right to travel throughout the Qing Empire for pleasure or business so long as they possessed a valid passport,[22][23] but the Qing Empire was able to prevent them from lawfully residing in the interior with extraterritoriality.[24]
- The Qing Empire permitted foreign vessels to navigate on the Yangtze River[25] but established that no legal trade would be permitted with areas held by the Taiping Rebellion until their reconquest.[22][14] Foreign trade was to be limited to Zhenjiang,[i] pledged to be opened within the year, and a further three ports to be opened after the suppression of the Taipings. This clause was later used to establish treaty ports at Wuhan[j] and Jiujiang.[k]
- The four nations gained the right to station permanent diplomatic legations in Beijing,[l][26] which had previously been a closed city. The Russians' ecclesiastical mission in Beijing was also exempted from its previous restrictions.[29]
- China was forbidden from using the character 夷 (understood to mean "barbarian")[30] in official documents to refer to officials, subjects, or citizens of the four nations.[30]
- China was forbidden from establishing or permitting any further monopolies or cartels over its domestic trade.[31]
- Addenda to the treaties settled China's duties and tariffs on terms advantageous to the victors and pledged the Qing Empire would pay an indemnity of 6,000,000 taels of silver: 2 million to France, 2 million to Britain for military expenses, and 2 million as compensation to British merchants.
Definitions
The Treaties of Tientsin use several words that have somewhat ambiguous meanings. For example, the words "settlement" and "concession" can often be confused. The term "settlement" refers to a parcel of land, leased to a foreign power, which is composed of both foreign and national peoples, and governed by locally elected foreigners. The term "
See also
- Unequal treaty
- Imperialism in Asia
- 19th-century Protestant missions in China
- William Bradford Reed
Notes
- ^ Then known as "Canton".[7][12][13][14]
- ^ Then known as "Taiwan-fu",[7] "Tai-wan",[12] "Taiwan",[13] or "Taïwan".[14]
- ^ Then known as "Tsion-chou",[7] "Kiungchow"[13] or "Kiung-Tchau".[14]
- ^ Then known as "Chau-chau",[12] "Swatow",[12] "Chawchow",[13] and "Chaou-Chaou".[14]
- ^ Then known as "Newchwang".[13]
- ^ Then known as "Tǎngchow"[13] or "Tan-Tchau".[14]
- ^ Then known as "Taashwi".[14]
- ^ Then known as "Nanking"[13] or "Nankin".[14]
- ^ Then known as "Chinkiang".[25]
- Hanand Yangtze Rivers.
- ^ The third port was Nanjing, which had been opened by the French treaty[14] and the most-favored nation clauses of the others.[8][9][10]
- ^ Then known as "Peking"[26] or "Pekin".[27][28]
References
Citations
- ^ Wang, Dong. China's Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History. Lexington Books, 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Russian treaty (1858), Art. 12.
- ^ American treaty (1858), Art. XXX.
- ^ British treaty (1858), Art. LVI.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 42.
- ^ Johnstone (1937), p. 945.
- ^ a b c d e f Russian treaty (1858), Art. 3.
- ^ a b Russian treaty (1858), Art. 4 & 12.
- ^ a b American treaty (1858), Art. XV & XXX.
- ^ a b British treaty (1858), Art. XXIV & LIV.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 2, 9, & 40.
- ^ a b c d e American treaty (1858), Art. XIV.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i British treaty (1858), Art. XI.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k French treaty (1858), Art. 6.
- ^ Russian treaty (1858), Art. 8.
- ^ a b c American treaty (1858), Art. XXIX.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 13.
- ^ American treaty (1858), Art. XI.
- ^ Russian treaty (1858), Art. 7.
- ^ British treaty (1858), Art. XV & XVI.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 38 & 39.
- ^ a b British treaty (1858), Art. IX.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 7.
- ^ Cassel (2012), p. 62.
- ^ a b British treaty (1858), Art. X.
- ^ a b British treaty (1858), Art. III.
- ^ American treaty (1858), Art. II.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 2.
- ^ Russian treaty (1858), Art. 10.
- ^ a b British treaty (1858), Art. LI.
- ^ French treaty (1858), Art. 14.
- ^ Johnstone (1937), p. 942.
Bibliography
- Chan, Mitchell. "Rule of Law and China's Unequal Treaties: Conceptions of the Rule of Law and Its Role in Chinese International Law and Diplomatic Relations in the Early Twentieth Century." Penn History Review 25.2 (2018): 2. online
- Bloch, Kurt (May 1939). "The Basic Conflict over Foreign Concessions in China". Far Eastern Survey. 8 (10): 111–116. JSTOR 3023092.
- Cassel, Pär (2012), Grounds of Judgment, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Johnstone, William C. (October 1937). "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China". The American Political Science Review. 31 (5): 942–8. S2CID 147155580.
Primary sources
- Bruce, James; et al. (26 June 1858), Peace Treaty between the Queen of Great Britain and the Emperor of China, Tianjin
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - "Treaties of Tianjin, 1858 and 1860", 600 Years of Urban Planning in and around Tianjin, Cornell University, 2004, archived from the original on 2010-06-21.
- Reed, William Bradford; et al. (18 June 1858), Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce between the United States of America and China, Tianjin
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - France: Treaty of Tientsin [Tianjin], 1858
- Russia: Treaty of Tientsin [Tianjin], 1858
External links
- American, British, French, and Russian treaties at China Foreign Relations (in English)
- American treaty in United States Statutes at Large, Vol. XII (1863)
- British treaty in Accounts and Papers of the House of Commons, Vol. XXXIII: Correspondence Relative to the Earl of Elgin's Special Missions to China and Japan... (1859)