Treaty of Wanghia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Treaty of Wanghia
Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire[1]
TypeBilateral / Unequal
Signed3 July 1844 (1844-07-03)
LocationKun Iam Temple in Portuguese Macau
Negotiators
Parties
LanguagesEnglish and Chinese
Full text
Treaty of Wanghia at Wikisource
Treaty of Wanghia
Hanyu Pinyin
Wàngxià tiáoyuē
Wade–GilesWang-hsia T'iao-yüeh
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutpingmong6 haa6 tiu4 joek3
Façade of the Kun Iam Temple, where the treaty was signed.

The Treaty of Wanghia (also known as the Treaty of Wangxia; Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America and the Chinese Empire;

Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China
.

Name

The treaty was named after a village in northern Macau where the temple is located, called Mong Ha or Wang Hia (traditional Chinese: 望廈; simplified Chinese: 望厦; pinyin: Wàngxià; Cantonese Yale: Mohng Hah).[4] It is now a part of the territory's Our Lady of Fátima Parish.

Treaty contents

The United States was represented by Caleb Cushing, a Massachusetts lawyer dispatched by President John Tyler under pressure from American merchants concerned about British dominance in trade with China.[4] Physician and missionary Peter Parker served as Cushing's Chinese interpreter. The Qing dynasty was represented by Keying, the Viceroy of Liangguang, who held responsibility for the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.[5][6])

The treaty was modeled after the treaties of Nanking and the Bogue between the United Kingdom and China, but differed in being more detailed.[4] Among other things, it contained provisions for:

  • Extraterritoriality, whereby Chinese subjects would be tried and punished under Chinese law and American citizens would be tried and punished under the authority of the American consul or other public functionaries authorized to that effect[4]
  • Fixed tariffs on trade in the treaty ports
  • The right to buy land in the five treaty ports and erect churches and hospitals there
  • The right to learn Chinese by abolishing a law that had forbidden foreigners to do so[7]
  • Most favored nation status for the United States, resulting in the United States receiving the same beneficial treatment China gave to other Western
    powers and the right to modify the treaty after 12 years

The United States also granted the Chinese Empire powers to confiscate American ships operating outside treaty ports and withdrew consular protection in cases in which American citizens were trading in opium, under articles 3 and 33, respectively.[4] Furthermore, the U.S. agreed to hand over any offenders to China. (Americans entered the opium trade with less expensive but inferior Turkish opium and by 1810 had around 10% of the trade in Canton.[8])

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Treaties Between the United States of America and China, Japan Lewchew and Siam [1833-1858] Acts of Congress, and the Attorney-general's Opinion: With the Decrees and Regulations Issued for the Guidance of U.S. Consular Courts in China. United States. 1862.
  2. ^ http://lccn.loc.gov/12033773 Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America ..., Library of Congress
  3. ^ [1] Library of Congress, Treaty of peace, amity, and commerce, between the United States of America ...
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-979205-4
    .
  5. ^ Koon, Yeewan (2012). "The Face of Diplomacy in 19th-Century China: Qiying's Portrait Gifts". In Johnson, Kendall (ed.). Narratives of Free Trade: The Commercial Cultures of Early US-China Relations. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 131–148.
  6. ^ Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia: A critical study of the policy of the United States with reference to China, Japan and Korea in the 19th century (Macmillan, 1922) pp 145-171. online.
  7. ^ Article 18 of the treaty states, "It shall be lawful for the officers or citizens of the United States to employ scholars and peoples of any part of China...to teach any of the languages of the Empire, and to assist in literary labors ... it shall in like manner be lawful for citizens of the United States to purchase all manner of books in China."
  8. ^ Tyler Dennett, Americans in Eastern Asia pp 115-124.

References

Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  • Dennett, Tyler. Americans in eastern Asia; a critical study of the policy of the United States with reference to China, Japan and Korea in the 19th century (1922) online
  • Downs, Jacques M., and Frederic D. Grant Jr. The Golden Ghetto: the American commercial community at canton and the shaping of American China Policy, 1784–1844 (Hong Kong University Press, 2014) online.
  • Henson, Jr., Curtis T. Commissioners and Commodores: The East Indian Squadron and American Diplomacy in China (U of Alabama Press, 1982)
  • Kuo, Ping Chia. "Caleb Cushing and the Treaty of Wanghia, 1844". The Journal of Modern History 5, no. 1 (1933): 34–54. online
  • Le Pichon, Alain. "Howqua And the Howqua: how a Chinese monopolist saved American free-traders from financial ruin." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 50 (2010): 99–121. online
  • Swisher, Earl, ed. China's Management of the American Barbarians; a Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841–1861, with Documents. New Haven, CT: Published for the Far Eastern Association by Far Eastern Publications, Yale University, 1953.
  • Welch, Richard E. "Caleb Cushing's Chinese Mission and the Treaty of Wanghia: A Review." Oregon Historical Quarterly 58.4 (1957): 328–357. online
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Wanghia&oldid=1189365256"