Treaty of Westminster (1674)
Type | Peace treaty |
---|---|
Signed | 19 February 1674 |
Location | Westminster |
Sealed | 5 March 1674 |
Effective | 5 March 1674 |
Signatories | |
Parties | |
Language | English |
The Treaty of Westminster of 1674 was the peace treaty that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Signed by the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England, the treaty provided for the return of the colony of New Netherland (now New York) to England and renewed the Treaty of Breda of 1667. The treaty also provided for a mixed commission for the regulation of commerce, particularly in the East Indies.
It was signed on 19 February 1674
Background
In 1672, England and France
The English had also been convinced by Dutch propaganda that the war was part of a plot to make their country
When the situation threatened to escalate, Charles, on the advice of the French envoy but against the opinion of the
To his dismay, Parliament became more adversarial, now strongly incited by Shaftesbury. Some called for
When in late December, General François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg withdrew the bulk of the French occupation army from Maastricht to Namur, Charles lost faith completely and decided to disentangle himself from the entire affair.[3]
Procedure
Charles felt that continuing the alliance with France had become a grave threat to his personal position and expected that Parliament would no longer fund the war.
On 4 January 1674, the
This news was met with open joy by the populace.
Terms
Most of the initial peace conditions demanded by the English in the
The treaty conditions of 1668 regulating trade and shipping were reconfirmed. Within three months an Anglo-Dutch commission would meet to solve trade conflicts concerning the East Indies.[3] As for territorial disputes, the treaty was a typical status quo ante arrangement:
- That whatsoever countries, islands, towns, ports, castles, or forts have or shall be taken on both sides, since the time the late unhappy war broke out, either in Europe or elsewhere, shall be restored to the former lord or proprietor, in the same condition they shall be in when the peace itself shall be proclaimed.
The condition implied that
Despite the peace, the brigade of British troops under Charles's bastard son, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, supporting the French, would not be withdrawn from the French Army and would be allowed to recruit in Britain until the end of the Franco-Dutch War.[9] Charles continued to receive secret subsidies from Louis as long as the brigade fought on the French side.[10]
Implementation
As the peace could not be communicated quickly to all parts of the world, different dates had been determined upon which legal hostilities would end. From the Soundings of England, i.e. its southwestern continental shelf edge, to the coast of Norway, fighting should end by 8 March; south to Tangier by 7 April; from there to the Equator, by 5 May; and in the rest of the world, after 24 October 1674.[11]
Due to the slow proliferation of information at the time, conflicts could still occur after the declaration of peace. The Battle of Ronas Voe took place on 14 March 1674,[12] when the VOC East Indiaman Wapen van Rotterdam was captured in Ronas Voe, Shetland, by HMS Newcastle.[13] It, along with HMS Cambridge and HMS Crown, were sent instructions to capture the vessel,[14] which had become stranded in Shetland because of poor weather that had caused the ship to lose its masts and rudder.[15] Wapen van Rotterdam was taken back to England as a prize of war.[16] A contemporary Dutch newspaper reported that four hundred crew were originally on board Wapen van Rotterdam, but only a hundred prisoners were later being transported by Crown,[12] which suggested that up to three hundred crew may have been killed although additional prisoners might have been transported on the other English ships.
Eventually, William would force Charles to
See also
- History of New York City
- List of treaties
- New Netherland
- Anglo-Dutch Treaties of 1870
References
- ^ Blok 1925, p. 217.
- ^ a b c Blok 1925, p. 218.
- ^ a b c d Blok 1925, p. 220.
- ^ a b c Troost 2005, p. 126.
- ^ a b c d Shomette & Haslach 2002, p. 291.
- ^ a b c Shomette & Haslach 2002, p. 292.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Shomette & Haslach 2002, p. 293.
- ^ a b c d e Shomette & Haslach 2002, p. 294.
- ^ Zwitzer 1990, p. 33.
- ^ Blok 1925, p. 236.
- ^ Shomette & Haslach 2002, p. 298.
- ^ a b Amsterdamsche Courant 1674.
- ^ Bruce 1914, pp. 101–102.
- ^ Pepys 1904, pp. 247, 249–250.
- ^ Pepys 1923, p. 30.
- ^ London Gazette 27 March 1674, p. 2.
Sources
- Blok, P.J. (1925). Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsche volk. Deel 3. Sijthoff.
- Prud'homme van Reine, Ronald (2015). Rechterhand van Nederland: Biografie van Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter. Atlas Contact. ISBN 978-9045023298.
- Rodger, N. A. M. (2004). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649–1815. Penguin. ISBN 9780713994117.
- Rowen, Herbert H (1954). "John De Witt and the Triple Alliance". The Journal of Modern History. 26 (1): 1–14. S2CID 145695238.
- Shomette, Donald G.; Haslach, Robert D. (2002). Raid on America: The Dutch Naval Campaign of 1672–1674. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0788422456.
- Troost, W. (2001). Stadhouder-koning Willem III: Een politieke biografie. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. ISBN 90-6550-639-X.
- Troost, Wouter (2005). William III the Stadholder-king: A Political Biography. Routledge. ISBN 978-0754650713.
- Zwitzer, H. L. (1990). "British and Netherlands Armies in Relation to the Anglo-Dutch Alliance". Navies and Armies. Donald. ISBN 9780859762922.
- Bruce, R. Stuart (1914). Johnston, Alfred W.; Johnston, Amy (eds.). "Part III – Replies – Naval Engagement, Rønis Vo, Shetland" (PDF). Old-Lore Miscellany of Orkney Shetland Caithness and Sutherland. VII (Old-Lore Series Vol. VIII). London: Viking Society for Northern Research: 101–103 – via Viking Society Web Publications.
- OL 24226048M. Retrieved 26 March 2019 – via archive.org.
- OL 14003544M. Retrieved 26 March 2019 – via archive.org.
- "Harwich, March 27" (PDF). The London Gazette. No. 872. The Savoy: The Newcomb (published 30 March 1674). 27 March 1674. p. 2. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- "Londen den 3 April" [London 3 April]. Engelandt. Amsterdamsche Courant (in Dutch). No. 15. Amsterdam: Mattheus Cousart (published 10 April 1674). 3 April 1674. p. 1. Retrieved 23 March 2019 – via Delpher.
External links
- WHKMLA – The Third Anglo-Dutch War 1672–1674
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 470. .
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 983. .
- Full text of treaty p. 238, European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies (1917) by Frances Gardiner Davenport