Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Trentino-Alto Adige ( | |
---|---|
Country | Italy |
Capital | Trento |
Government | |
• President | Maurizio Fugatti (Lega Trentino–Lega) |
Area | |
• Total | 13,606.87 km2 (5,253.64 sq mi) |
Population (2019-01-01) | |
• Total | 1,072,276 |
• Density | 79/km2 (200/sq mi) |
• Official languages[1] | Italian German (South Tyrolean dialect) |
• Other languages | in some municipalities: Ladin Mocheno Cimbrian |
Demonym(s) | English: Trentino-Alto Adigan or Trentino-South Tyrolean Italian: Trentino (man) Italian: Trentina (woman) or Italian: Altoatesino (man) Italian: Altoatesina (woman) or Italian: Sudtirolese German: Südtiroler (man) German: Südtirolerin (woman) |
Citizenship | |
• Italian | 93% |
GDP | |
• Total | €47.180 billion (2021) |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
ISO 3166 code | IT-32 |
NUTS Region | ITD |
Website | Regione.taa.it |
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol[4] (US: /trɛnˌtiːnoʊ ˌɑːltoʊ ˈɑːdiːdʒeɪ/,[5] UK: /-dɪdʒ-, - ˌæltoʊ ˈædɪdʒeɪ/;[6][7] Italian: Trentino-Alto Adige [trenˈtiːno ˈalto ˈaːdidʒe])[8][9] is an autonomous region of Italy, located in the northern part of the country. The region has a population of 1.1 million, of whom 62% speak Italian as their mother tongue, 30% speak South Tyrolean German and several foreign languages are spoken by immigrant communities.[10] Since the 1970s, most legislative and administrative powers have been transferred to the two self-governing provinces that make up the region: the province of Trento, commonly known as Trentino, and the province of Bolzano, commonly known as South Tyrol (Alto Adige in Italian). In South Tyrol, German remains the sizeable majority language.
From the 9th century until 1801, the region was part of the
In English language, the region is known as Trentino-South Tyrol[11] or by its Italian name Trentino-Alto Adige.[12]
History
The Romans conquered the region in 15 BC. After the end of the
From the 11th century onwards, part of the region was governed by the
The two bishoprics were secularized by the
Under Austrian rule the territory of today's province of South Tyrol was called südliches Tirol or Deutschsüdtirol,[18] but was occasionally also referred to as Mitteltirol, i.e. Middle Tyrol, due to its geographic position,[19] while Südtirol (Italian: Tirolo meridionale), i.e. South Tyrol, indicated mostly today's province of Trentino.[20] Trentino was also called Welschtirol ("Romance Tyrol", Italian: Tirolo italiano) or Welschsüdtirol ("Romance South Tyrol", Italian: Tirolo meridionale italiano). Sometimes Südtirol also indicated the whole of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region.
During the First World War, major battles were fought high in the Alps and Dolomites between Austro-Hungarian
Under the dictatorship of
In 1943, when the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies, the region was occupied by Germany, which reorganised it as the
Italy and Austria negotiated the
However, the implementation of the agreement was not seen as satisfactory by neither the German-speaking population nor the Austrian government. The issue became the cause of significant friction between the two countries and was taken up by the United Nations in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of popular discontent and a campaign of terrorism and bombings by German-speaking autonomists and separatists led by the South Tyrolean Liberation Committee.[23][24][25]
The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new Austro-Italian treaty was signed and ratified. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in South Tyrol's internal affairs. The new agreement proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved and the separatist tensions soon eased. Matters were helped further by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995, which has helped to improve cross-border cooperation.[17]
In May 2006, senator-for-life Francesco Cossiga introduced a bill that would allow the region to hold a referendum, in which the local electorate could decide whether to stay within the Italian Republic, become fully independent or return to Austria. All parties, including the separatists, rejected this measure as potentially causing a revival of ethnic tensions.
Geography
The region is bordered by East and North
The region is composed of two provinces, Trentino in the south and South Tyrol in the north.
Trentino has an area of 6,207 km2 (2,397 sq mi), most of it mountainous land (20% is over 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and 70% over 1,000 m) and covered by vast forests (50% of the territory). The climate is various through the province, from an alpine climate to subcontinental one, with warm and variable summers and cold and quite snowy winters. The region has always been a favourite destination for tourists, both in winter for skiing in the high mountains and in summer to visit the wide valleys and many lakes (the largest being Lake Garda).[26]
Politics
The region is divided into two autonomous provinces: Trentino (Autonomous Province of Trento) and South Tyrol (Autonomous Province of Bolzano). The Italian Republic recognised a certain degree of autonomy for the region and its two constituent provinces, which was the result of the Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement of 1946, as well as of the special status of autonomy approved by constitutional law in 1948. This statute gave the region the right to initiate its own laws on a wide range of subjects and to carry out respective administrative functions.
In 1972, the introduction of the second Statute of Autonomy, which was in the centre of the discussions between the Italian and Austrian governments, meant the transfer of the main competencies from the region to the two provinces. The autonomy recognized by the special statute covers the political, legislative, administrative, and fiscal institutions. The second statute turned the region de facto into a loose commonwealth with devolved powers to the two autonomous provinces, with very limited legislative or executive competencies left.
The capital city is Trento, although the two provincial capitals alternate biennially (the other being Bolzano) as the site of the regional assembly.[27]
Administration
Province | Area (km2) | Population | Density (inh./km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Trentino | 6,207.12 | 541,418 | 86.56 |
South Tyrol | 7,398.38 | 532,318 | 70.14 |
Economy
The region's fertile valleys produce
Tourism
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol has many small and picturesque villages, 16 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy),[29] a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest,[30] that was founded on the initiative of the Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities.[31]
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1921 | 661,000 | — |
1931 | 666,000 | +0.8% |
1936 | 669,000 | +0.5% |
1951 | 728,604 | +8.9% |
1961 | 785,967 | +7.9% |
1971 | 841,886 | +7.1% |
1981 | 873,413 | +3.7% |
1991 | 890,360 | +1.9% |
2001 | 940,016 | +5.6% |
2011 | 1,029,475 | +9.5% |
2021 | 1,073,574 | +4.3% |
Source: ISTAT 2011 |
The region has a population of about 1,072,276 people (541,098 in Trentino and 531,178 in South Tyrol). The population density in the region is low compared to Italy as a whole. In 2008, it equalled to 77.62 inhabitants per square kilometre (201.0/sq mi), whereas the average figure for Italy was 201.50 per square kilometre (521.9/sq mi). The population density in Trentino was 86.56 inhabitants per square kilometre (224.2/sq mi), slightly higher than the one registered in South Tyrol that was equal to 70.14 per square kilometre (181.7/sq mi). As of 2011[update], the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 90,321 foreigners lived in the region altogether, equal to 8.55% of the total regional population.
Languages
The main language groups are Italian and German, with small minorities speaking Ladin, Lombard, Mòcheno and Cimbrian.[32] The latter two of which are varieties of the Upper German Bavarian dialect.[33]
In Trentino the majority language is Italian, although there are Cimbrian minorities in the municipality of
In South Tyrol the majority language is German (62% of the population), although in the capital city
Heraldry
The coat of arms quarters the arms of Trentino (black eagle) and the arms of South Tyrol (red eagle).
See also
References
- ^ Sonderstatut für Trentino-Südtirol, Article 99, Title IX. Region Trentino-Südtirol.
- ^ "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
- ^ "Population on 1 January by age, sex and NUTS 2 region", www.ec.europa.eu
- ^ Constitution of Italy, Part II: Organisation of the Republic (Art. 116)
- ^ "Trentino-Alto Adige". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ "Trentino-Alto Adige". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
- ^ "Trentino-Alto Adige". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.[dead link]
- Austrian German: Trentino-Südtirol "Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region"(PDF). Official website of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region. 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ Ladin: Trentin-Südtirol Vibrations, Zeppelin Group – Good. "L'Istitut per la pension d'enjonta – Pensplan". Retrieved 8 April 2017.
- ^ "Popolazione residente al 1° gennaio". Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ "Province of Bolzano/Bozen". Official website of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen. 2009. Archived from the original on 20 December 2002. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ "Special Statute of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region" (PDF). Official website of the Autonomous Province of Bolzano/Bozen. 2009. Retrieved 20 February 2009.
- ^ Allgemeiner historischer Handatlas, Gustav Droysen.
- ISBN 3-458-32197-7, p. 21
- ^ Eberhard Weis (1998). "Montgelas und Tirol (1806–1814)" (PDF). Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum (in German). 78: 225.
- ^ "Karte: Bayern 1810" (in German). Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ a b Prof. Dr. Rolf Steininger (2011). "Die Südtirolfrage". ZIS Zeitgeschichte Informationssystem. Institute of Contemporary History, University of Innsbruck. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
- ^ Karl Höffinger (1887). Gries-Bozen in Deutsch-Südtirol, als klimatischer, Terrain-Kurort und Touristenstation – Vademecum für Einheimische, Reisende und Touristen in Gries-Bozen und im Etsch- und Eisack-Gebiete. Innsbruck, Wagner.
- ^ e.g. Theodor Trautwein (1868). Wegweiser durch Süd-Baiern, Nord- und Mittel-Tirol und die angrenzenden Theile von Salzburg. Mit den Städten München, Augsburg, Salzburg, Innsbruck, Bozen und Meran. Munich, Lindauer.
- ^ Karl Müller (1916). An der Kampffront in Südtirol: Kriegsbriefe eines neutralen Offiziers. Velhagen & Klasing.
- ISBN 88-901870-9-3
- ISBN 3-216-07832-9
- ^ "Il movimento terroristico negli anni '60 - DNA Trentino". Dna.trentino.it. 22 June 1967. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ fab (27 August 2017). "Vittime del terrorismo in Alto Adige 1965-1967 – Piantiamolamemoria". Piantiamolamemoria.org. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ "Sessant'anni fa la "Notte dei fuochi": l'analisi e il racconto nel blog di Luigi Sardi - Blog | l'Adige.it". Ladige.it. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
- ^ "Eurostat". Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ a b "Eurostat". Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Eurostat". Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Trentino Alto Adige" (in Italian). Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Borghi più belli d'Italia. Le 14 novità 2023, dal Trentino alla Calabria" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2023.
- ^ "I Borghi più belli d'Italia, la guida online ai piccoli centri dell'Italia nascosta" (in Italian). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
- ^ "Lombard".
- ^ Anthony R. Rowley. "'Mocheno e Cimbro'. Von Dialek(ten) zu Sprache(n)?" In: Dieter Stellmacher, Dialektologie zwischen Tradition und Neuansätzen, Steiner, Stuttgart 2000, p. 213-221
- ^ SPA, Südtiroler Informatik AG | Informatica Alto Adige. "Landesinstitut für Statistik – Autonome Provinz Bozen – Südtirol" (PDF). Retrieved 8 April 2017.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Statistisches Jahrbuch für Südtirol 2014 / Annuario statistico della Provincia di Bolzano 2014 | work = Table 3.18, page 118
External links
- Media related to Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol at Wikimedia Commons
- Geographic data related to Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol at OpenStreetMap
- Official site of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (in German and Italian)