1-Triacontanol
Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
Triacontan-1-ol | |
Other names
1-Triacontanol
n-Triacontanol Melissyl alcohol Myricyl alcohol | |
Identifiers | |
3D model (
JSmol ) |
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1711965 | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
ChemSpider | |
ECHA InfoCard
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100.008.905 |
EC Number |
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KEGG | |
PubChem CID
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UNII | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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Properties | |
C30H62O | |
Molar mass | 438.81 g/mol |
Density | 0.777 g/ml at 95 °C |
Melting point | 87 °C (189 °F; 360 K) |
Insoluble | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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1-Triacontanol (n-triacontanol) is a
History
Triacontanol was first isolated in 1933 from alfalfa wax. It was identified as a saturated straight chain primary alcohol.[3] Triacontanol is found in various plant species as a minor component of the epicuticular wax. In wheat, triacontanol is about 3-4% of the leaf wax.[citation needed].[4] The effects of triacontanol may also be seen when a chopped[
Characteristics
Triacontanol does not react the same way in all plant species. The effects of triacontanol various in terms of photosynthesis and the yield manipulation in plant species.[clarification needed] The effects on C-3 plants and C-4 plants. In tomato plant (C-3 plant), the treatment of triacontanol increases the dry leaf weight and inhibited the photosynthesis by 27% in dry leaves,[clarification needed] whereas in the maize plants no change in photosynthesis occurs whether treated by triacontanol or not.[6]
Although, the basic effect of treating seedlings of various plant species is an increase in plant growth, photosynthesis and the yield of the crops, the effects of triacontanol are not the same in every plant species. Some exhibit these symptoms while some show no response to the treatment to triacontanol. Different studies reveal that the effects of triacontanol differs with the amounts of the triacontanol used to treat the plant. A much higher dose of triacontanol could also have adverse effects on the growth of a plant. Triacontanol has been reported to increase productivity of some plants that have some therapeutic properties[citation needed].[7] In addition, the effects of triacontanol are observed in opium and morphine production.[8]
Functionality
There are numerous corporations[
Synthesis of triacontanol
There are several chemical pathways via which triacontanol can be artificially synthesized. One method includes an organic compound
Another method of synthesizing triacontanol focuses on the high yield with the easily available and feasible compounds that can form triacontanol through some chemical reactions in laboratory settings. 1-octadecanol or stearyl alcohol and 1,12-dodecanediol. Using the phase transfer system the 1-octadecanol is converted to octadecanal. On the other hand, 1,12-dodecanediol goes through the phase transfer bromination and further reacted with 1-hydroxy-12-triphenylphosphonium bromide. Both the end products of the two compounds undergo Witting reaction to give the product. The resulted mixture is hydrogenated to give triacontanol.[12]
Physiological effects on some plant species
Cacao Seedlings
Cocoa seedlings (Theobroma cacao L.) shows a positive growth in terms of plant length and the leaf size when treated with triacontanol. In a study, the cocoa seedlings when receive an appropriate amount of triacontanol, led to increase in the leaf size, plant length, leaf number as well as the stem diameter of the cocoa plant.[13] which is due to biosynthesis of secondary metabolites which alters the physiology and the biochemistry of the plants. Treating the cocoa plant with excess amount of triacontanol led to inhibition of plant growth and bearing of adverse effects on the plant physiology.[14] The provision of triacontanol rapidly increase the morphogenetic response in the plant during the
Rhizophora apiculata (Mangrove)
In the hypocotyl treatment of triacontanol in the mangrove plant resulted in increased root and shoot growth. The rise in the number of primary and secondary roots, the length of roots, height and the biomass resulted from triacontanol treatment. Moreover, the reduction of nitrate reductase as well as increase amount of chlorophylls in the photosystem 1 and 2 observed.[15] However, the increase in the concentration of triacontanol resulted in the decrease of the plant growth. hence, the amount of the alcohol treatment is the driving force for the enhanced results.
Cell cultures in vitro
Triacontanol also increases the growth of a cell in vitro by increasing the cell number in the culture. It can be attributed to the increase protein formation and rapid cell division induced by triacontanol.[16]
The growth of cell culture in vitro has been done with various plant species to observe the effects of triacontanol. Similar effects of triacontanol can be seen with a variety of plants like rice, wheat, corn, maize, cucumber, and many more.
References
- ^ Merck Index, 11th Edition, 9506.
- S2CID 84691493.
- PMID 16745314.
- ^ Tulloch, A.P., and L.L., Hoffman. 1974. Epicuticular wax of Secale cereale and Triticale hexaploide leaves. Phytochemistry 13: 2535-2540.
- ^ Ries, S.K., H. Bittenbinder, R. Hangarter, L.Kolker, G. Morris, and V. Wert. 1976. Improved Growth and Yield of crops from organic supplements. Pages 377-384 in W. Lokeretz, ed. Energy and Agriculture. Academic Press, New York.
- S2CID 9567091.
- PMID 19930809.
- .
- ^ Ries, S. and Houtz, R. 1983. Triacontanol as a plant growth regulator. Horticultural Science, 18: 654-662.
- ^ Nelson, N. ( 1944 ). A photometric adaptation of the Somogyi's method for the determination of glucose. J. Bioi. Chem. 153:375-380.
- .
- S2CID 94909176.
- .
- ^ Jaybhay, S., P. Chate and A. Ade. 2010. Isolation and identification of crude triacontanol from rice bran wax. Journal of Experimental sciences. 1 (2): 26.
- S2CID 36478378.
- PMID 16660401.