Tribal chief
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A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.
Tribal societies
The concept of
Tribal societies are sometimes categorized as an intermediate stage between the
In the case of tribal societies of
Chieftain
The most common types are the chairman of a council (usually of "
The term is usually distinct from chiefs at lower levels, such as
History
Classical sources of information about tribal societies are external descriptions such as from Greco-Roman ethnography, which identified societies, surrounding the societies of the ethnographers, as tribal.
States and colonialism, particularly in the last centuries, forced their central governments onto many remaining tribal societies.
In some instances tribes have retained or regained partial self-government and their lifestyles, with Indigenous peoples rights having been fought for and some being secured on state or international levels.
Terms of specific tribal chiefdoms
Americas
- Lonco (mapudungun: longko, "head") among the Mapuche
- Morubixaba — tribal Cacique (chief) of the Tupi people
- Oubutu (among the Kalinago people of the southern Caribbean)
- Rajiv (among the central Trinidadian people of Freeport)
- Tyee, a tribal chief of the Chinookan peoples in the Pacific Northwest of the present-day United States[2][3]
- Tupac Amaru II
- Sachem, term of chiefdom of the Algonquian nations of present-day New England in the United States
- Afro Bolivian king
Africa
- Ishe or She for male chiefs and Shekadzi for a woman (Shona people of Zimbabwe)
- Agwam (Bajju people of central Nigeria)
- Eze (Igbo people of Nigeria)
- Gbong Gwom Jos (of the Berom people of Nigeria)
- Ker (Luo people)
- Kgosi (amongst the Tswana people of Botswana and South Africa)
- Lamido (in the Hausaland region of Niger and Nigeria)
- Mogho Naba (in the Ouagadougou region of Burkina Faso)
- Nkosi (Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa peoples, South Africa and Zimbabwe)
- Biniholders).
- Obai (Temne peopleof Sierra Leone)
- Omanhene (amongst the Akan peoples of Ghana)[4]
- Orkoiyot (Nandi people in Kenya)
- Obong (of the Efik people of Calabar in Southern Nigeria)
- Tor Tiv of the Tiv people of Central Nigeria
- Uyini (meaning 'lord') of the Ukelle of Southern Nigeria
Oceania and Southeast Asia
- Hawaii Islands
- Ariki, 'ariki henua
- Grade-taking systems of northern Vanuatu
- Ibedul
- Meena means Chief of tribals in South Asia.
- Iroijlaplap
- Maga'låhi and maga'håga, the first-borne male and female, respectively, joint heads of a Chamorro clan, through the maternal line, of the Mariana Islands[5][6]
- Matai, in the Samoan fa'amataisystem
- Nahnmwarki (Pohnpei), Lepen Palikir
- Pilung, a title for village, municipal and paramount chiefs and rulers of the Yap Islands
- Rangatira, a chief of Māori in New Zealand
- Ratu, Fijian Chief, Malay for Queen
- Datu, Malay and Filipino Chief
Modern states or regions providing an organized form of tribal chiefships
Africa
Botswana
In Botswana, the reigning kgosis of the various tribes are legally empowered to serve as advisers to the government as members of the Ntlo ya Dikgosi, the national House of Chiefs. In addition to this, they also serve as the ex officio chairs of the tribal kgotlas, meetings of all of the members of the tribes, where political and social matters are discussed.
Ghana
The offices and traditional realms of the
Nigeria
Although both the Nigerian traditional rulers and the wider chieftaincy aren't mentioned in Nigeria's current constitution, they derive their powers from various so-called Chiefs laws and are therefore legally recognized. The traditional rulers and select chiefs usually serve as members of each federating state's State Council of Traditional Rulers and Chiefs.
South Africa
Such figures as the
Uganda
The pre-colonial states that existed in what is today Uganda were summarily abolished following independence from
Americas
Latin America
El caciquismo is a distorted form of government through which a political leader has total control of a rural society expressed as political clientelism. This concept was most widespread in Latin America in its different periods of history. In Spain and some Latin American countries, the word cacique is used pejoratively to refer to those who hold the power through obscure networks of influence even though this type of fraud is not related to pre-Columbian era civilizations
Bolivia
The
Canada
The band is the fundamental unit of governance among the First Nations in Canada (formerly called "Indians"). Most bands have elected chiefs, either directly elected by all members of the band, or indirectly by the band council, these chiefs are recognized by the Canadian state under the terms of the Indian Act. As well, there may be traditional hereditary or charismatic chiefs, who are usually not part of the Indian Act-sanctioned formal government. There were 614 bands in Canada in 2012.[7] There is also a national organization, the Assembly of First Nations, which elects a "national chief" to act as spokesperson of all First Nations bands in Canada.
United States
Historical cultural differences between tribes
Generally, a tribe or nation is considered to be part of an
Political power in a tribe
A chief might be considered to hold all political power, say by oratory or by example. But on the North American continent, it was historically possible to evade the political power of another by migration. The
The tribes
Not all tribal leaders are or were men. Wilma Mankiller was a well-known chief of the Cherokee Nation. Also, the chief may not free to wield power without the consent of a council of elders of some kind. For example: Cherokee men were not permitted to go to war without the consent of the council of women.
Historically, the U.S. government treated tribes as seats of political power, and made treaties with the tribes as legal entities. Be that as it may, the territory of these tribes fell under the authority of the
Mainstream Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least part of their ethnic ancestry is Native American, although the connection is usually only sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus, there is some political power in one's ability to claim a Native American connection (as in the
Economic power in a tribe
Because the Nations were sovereign, with treaty rights and obligations, the Wisconsin tribes innovated Indian gaming in 1988,[8] that is, on-reservation gambling casinos, which have since become a US$14 billion industry nationwide. This has been imitated in many of the respective states that still have indigenous American tribes. The money that this generates has engendered some political scandal. For example, the Tigua tribe, which fled their ancestral lands in New Mexico during the Pueblo revolt of 1680, and who then settled on land in El Paso County, Texas, has paid[9] for a low probable return to the tribe because of the Jack Abramoff publicity.
Many of the tribes use professional management for their money. Thus, the
The Navajo nation defeated bids to open casinos in 1994, but by 2004 the
Asia
Arabia
Arabs, in particular peninsular Arabs, nomadic Bedouins and many Iraqis and Syrians, are largely organized in tribes, many of whom have official representatives in governments. Tribal chiefs are known as sheikhs, though this term is also sometimes applied as an honorific title to spiritual leaders of Sufism.
Philippines
Apo Rodolfo Aguilar (Kudol I) serves as the chieftain of the
Oceania
The Solomon Islands have a Local Court Act which empowers chiefs to deal with crimes in their communities, thus assuring them of considerable effective authority.
In popular culture
- American professional wrestler
See also
- House of chiefs
- Indirect rule
- Opperhoofd
- Petty kingdom
Explanatory notes
- Chicago, Illinois has an exhibit on the Pawneeearth lodge.
- Midwest.
References
- OCLC 974107713.
- ^ The Popular Science Monthly. Original from Harvard University: Published 1889 D. Appleton. 1889. p. 260.
tyee Chinook.
- ^ Gibbs, George (1863). A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon, Or, Trade Language of Oregon. Cramoisy Press. p. 28.
tyee Chinook.
- ^ "Okudzeto, 13 others appointed by Akufo-Addo to Council of State". GhanaWeb. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
- ^ Marsh, Kelly G. (October 14, 2020). "Maga'låhi: Highest Ranking Son". Guampedia. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ Marsh, Kelly G. (October 14, 2020). "Maga'håga: Highest Ranking Daughter". Guampedia. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
- ^ Frequently Asked Questions About Aboriginal Peoples Archived 2013-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. Aadnc-aandc.gc.ca (2010-09-15). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
- ^ "JS Online: Tribal casino dispute heats up". Dec 31, 2005. Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved Jul 16, 2020.
- ^ Myers, Lisa (2005-04-20). "4.2 million dollars in political contributions in Texas". NBC News. Retrieved 2012-03-08.
- ^ "Why is Roman Reigns Called the Tribal Chief?". 29 March 2022.