Tripartite Convention

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Convention between the United States, the German Empire, and Great Britain Governments in Respect to Samoa
German, British, and American warships in Apia harbour, 1899
Signed2 December 1899 (1899-12-02)
LocationWashington
Effective16 February 1900
Signatories
Citations31 
Bevans
116).

The Tripartite Convention of 1899 concluded the

Samoan archipelago into a German colony and a United States territory
.

Forerunners to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 were the Washington Conference of 1887, the Treaty of Berlin of 1889, and the Anglo-German Agreement on Samoa of 1899.

Politics prior to the convention

See also: Samoan crisis and Samoan Civil War

By the 1870s, modern economic conditions were well established and accepted by the Samoans, who had just enough of a government that could be manipulated at will by the foreign business interests in Samoa. After the United States concluded a friendship treaty with Samoa in 1878, Germany negotiated her own Favorite Nation Treaty in 1879 with the same Samoan faction as the U.S., while later in 1879 the Anglo-Samoan treaty was completed with a rival faction. Contentions among the whites in Samoa, plus native factional strife led to side-choosing that became deadly warring with the introduction of modern weapons.

Washington conference of 1887

To attempt to resolve some of the problems, the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom agreed to a conference in Washington in June 1887. After the surfacing of serious disagreements among the parties, the conference adjourned without results. Fighting by nationals of the three powers with their factional local allies led to a conflict that was only tempered by the Apia hurricane of 1889 that wrecked warships on the verge of hostilities.

Treaty of Berlin of 1889

Main article: Treaty of Berlin (1889)

The seriousness of the situation was finally recognized and German foreign minister Count Herbert von Bismarck (chancellor Otto von Bismarck's son) proposed to reconvene the adjourned Washington conference of 1887.[1] He invited U.S. and British representatives to Berlin in April 1889.[2] Bismarck's pragmatic approach proposed protection for life, property, and commerce of the treaty participants and relegated native government and their unstable "kings" to the Samoans, with which the British concurred. The United States insisted on a three-powers authority while preserving native rights. In the Treaty of Berlin of 1889 thus a joint protectorate or condominium was declared, with a European/American chief justice, a municipal council for Apia, and with the "free right of the natives to elect their Chief or King" as the signatory to the act, thus the treaty professed to recognize a Samoan independent government.[3]

No sooner was the native royal figurehead appointed (and, after disturbances, restored), than the other chiefs rebelled, and civil war ensued. By the end of the 19th century, the failure of the arrangement was freely admitted by the governments of the three powers, since the principal protagonists in Samoa acted directly for their own respective interests, frequently overruling the officials of the condominium.

The Tripartite Convention of 1899

Samoan Archipelago
(1900–1914)

The German government "had never made a secret of their belief that international control of Samoa was visionary and impractical ... and they began a series of diplomatic moves intended to eliminate it altogether."[4] In April the British government agreed to the formation of a joint commission of Germany, the US and the UK on the matter. The Joint Commission on Samoa was given authority to supersede local authorities and settle matters. Their arrival in May effectively ended hostilities. By July the commission had decided that the islands must be partitioned, as continued joint rule was infeasible. The American commissioner Bartlett Tripp endorsed the view of President McKinley and others that the United States should retain Tutuila and its harbor of Pago Pago.[5] With partitioning of Samoa by then the prevailing understanding, the United States expressed no objections to Britain and Germany coming to a preliminary agreement. The United Kingdom was then embroiled in the Second Boer War and therefore viewed as in a weakened bargaining position;[6] however, the German desire to rapidly conclude the negotiations and bring the western Samoan islands into their colonial empire had a balancing effect that was clearly evidenced in the agreement as signed.

Kaiser

Julian Pauncefote, British ambassador to the United States, with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900.[10]

Positions resulting from the Tripartite Convention of 1899

United States:

Seal of American Samoa
President
Ta'u and Ofu-Olosega) did not take place until 1904, although the respective chiefs had previously accepted the sovereignty of the United States.[11] The term "American Samoa" entered into conscious usage in 1905 with a first assembly, or fono, of the Samoan chiefs on all ceded islands within the naval station.[12][13][14]

German Empire:

The Samoan islands of
Savaii and the small islands of Apolima and Manono, west of 171 degrees west longitude, were declared a protectorate of the German Empire, and became known as German Samoa, with a flag raising on 1 March 1900, and appointment of Wilhelm Solf as governor. This "happy acquisition" was viewed in Germany as a "splendid achievement in colonial policy, which is at the same time a genuinely popular one."[10]

United Kingdom:[15]

By surrendering all rights in Samoa, the United Kingdom "obtained extensive compensation from Germany elsewhere",[16] in effect,
  • "transfer of all of the German rights in the Tonga group including"
  • "the shifting of the line of demarcation between German and British islands in the Solomon group so as to give to Great Britain all the German islands to the east and southeast of the island of Bougainville;"
  • "the division of the so-called neutral zone in West Africa by a definite boundary line between British and German possessions;"
  • "the promise of Germany to take into consideration, as much and as far as possible, the wishes which the Government of Great Britain may express with regard to the development of reciprocal tariffs in the territories of"
  • "the renouncing by Germany of her rights of extraterritoriality in Zanzibar."[9]

These treaty arrangements of the Tripartite Convention of 1899 stayed in place until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Gray, Amerika Samoa, p. 86
  2. ^ Ryden, The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa, p. 455; in deference to the American delegation who had few German or French speakers (French was then the language of international diplomacy), Count Bismarck agreed to conduct the proceedings in English
  3. ^ Gilson, Samoa 1830-1900, p. 396
  4. ^ Gray, p. 100
  5. ^ Pacific Strife, Kees van Dijk, Amsterdam University Press, 2015, p. 405-6
  6. ^ Coates, Western Pacific Islands, p. 230
  7. ^ Gilson, p. 432
  8. ^ The United States Department of State was informed on 9 November 1899 through the U.S. embassy at Berlin that foreign minister Count Bernhard von Bülow expressed the hope to the U.S. chargé dʻaffaires that the Anglo-German "agreement would meet with the satisfaction of the United States," since according to the agreement, "... not only Tutuila would become the property of the United States, but also the smaller islands" of the Manua group [Ryden, p. 571].
  9. ^ a b Ryden, p. 572
  10. ^ a b Ryden, p. 574
  11. ^ Ryden, p. 575-576
  12. ^ Gray, p. 160
  13. ^ Beginning with the American-Samoan Friendship treaty of 1878, and continuing through the Washington Conference of 1887, the Berlin Conference (in 1889), and to the Tripartite Convention of 1899, the United States held a consistent position ((not always publicly), to acquire the coaling station at Pago Pago Bay. It was the probability of building a canal in Central America (eventually to be controlled by the U.S. and realized as the Panama Canal) that defined this American perspective.
  14. ^ Swains Island, a privately-owned atoll in the Tokelau group, became officially part of American Samoa by annexation on 4 March 1925.
  15. direct quotes
  16. ^ Ryden, p. 571

Bibliography and references

  • Coates, Austin. Western Pacific Islands. London: H.M. Stationery Office. 1970.
  • Gilson, R. P. Samoa 1830-1900, The Politics of a Multi-Cultural Community. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 1970.
  • Gray, J. A. C. Amerika Samoa, A History of American Samoa and its United States Naval Administration. Annapolis: United States Naval Institute. 1960.
  • Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books. 1975. (Reprinted by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press. 1928.)
  • Townsend, Mary Evelyn. Origins of Modern German Colonialism, 1871-1885. New York: Vol. IX of Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law. 1921.

See also

External links

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