Tripoli, Libya
Tripoli
طرابلس | |
---|---|
UTC+2 (EET) | |
Area code | 21 |
License Plate Code | 5 |
Website | tlc.gov.ly (archived) |
Tripoli (
Tripoli was founded in the
Name
In the Arab World, Tripoli is also known as Tripoli-of-the-West (
The name derives from
In Arabic, it is called طرابلس, Ṭarābulus (
History
Oea and Tripolitania
The city was founded in the 7th century BC by the
By the later half of the 2nd century BC, it belonged to the
In spite of centuries of Roman habitation, the only visible Roman remains, apart from scattered
There is evidence to suggest that the Tripolitania region was in some economic decline during the 5th and 6th centuries, in part due to the political unrest spreading across the Mediterranean world in the wake of the collapse of the
According to
16th to 19th centuries
In 1510, it was taken by
Having previously combated
The knights kept the city with some trouble until 1551,
After the capture by the Ottoman Turks, Tripoli once again became a base of operation for Barbary pirates. One of several Western attempts to dislodge them again was a Royal Navy attack under John Narborough in 1675, of which a vivid eye-witness account has survived.[12]
Effective Ottoman rule during this period (1551–1711) was often hampered by the local Janissary corps. Intended to function as enforcers of local administration, the captain of the Janissaries and his cronies were often the de facto rulers.
In 1711, Ahmed Karamanli, a Janissary officer of Turkish origin, killed the Ottoman governor, the "Pasha", and established himself as ruler of the Tripolitania region. By 1714, he had asserted a sort of semi-independence from the Ottoman Sultan, heralding in the Karamanli dynasty. The Pashas of Tripoli were expected to pay a regular tributary tax to the Sultan but were in all other aspects rulers of an independent kingdom. This order of things continued under the rule of his descendants, accompanied by the brazen piracy and blackmailing until 1835 when the Ottoman Empire took advantage of an internal struggle and re-established its authority.
The Ottoman province (vilayet) of Tripoli (including the dependent
Barbary Wars (1801 - 1815)
In the early part of the 19th century, the regency at Tripoli, owing to its
The First Barbary War (1801–1805) dragged on for four years. In 1803, Tripolitan fighters captured the U.S. Navy heavy frigate Philadelphia and took its commander, Captain William Bainbridge, and the entire crew as prisoners. This was after the Philadelphia was run aground when the captain tried to navigate too close to the port of Tripoli. After several hours aground and Tripolitan gun boats firing upon the Philadelphia, though none ever struck the Philadelphia, Captain Bainbridge made the decision to surrender. The Philadelphia was later turned against the Americans and anchored in Tripoli Harbor as a gun battery while her officers and crew were held prisoners in Tripoli. The following year, U.S. Navy Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a successful daring nighttime raid to retake and burn the warship rather than see it remain in enemy hands. Decatur's men set fire to the Philadelphia and escaped.
A notable incident in the war was the expedition undertaken by diplomatic Consul
In 1815, in consequence of further outrages and due to the humiliation of the earlier defeat, Captains Bainbridge and Stephen Decatur, at the head of an American squadron, again visited Tripoli and forced the pasha to comply with the demands of the United States. See Second Barbary War.
Late Ottoman era (1835–1912)
In 1835, the Ottomans took advantage of a local civil war to reassert their direct authority. After that date, Tripoli was under the direct control of the
Italian era (1912–1947)
Italy had long claimed that Tripoli fell within its zone of influence and that Italy had the right to preserve order within the state.
By the
Tripoli underwent a huge architectural and urbanistic improvement under Italian rule:[18] the first thing the Italians did was to create in the early 1920s a sewage system (that until then it lacked) and a modern hospital.
In the coast of the province was built in 1937–1938 a section of the
Furthermore, in 1927, the Italians founded the Tripoli International Fair,with the goal of promoting Tripoli's economy. This is the oldest trade fair in Africa.[20] The so-called Fiera internazionale di Tripoli was one of the main international "Fairs" in the colonial world in the 1930s, and was internationally promoted together with the Tripoli Grand Prix as a showcase of Italian Libya.[21]
The Italians created the
Tripoli even had a railway station with some small railway connections to nearby cities, when in August 1941 the Italians started to build a new 1,040-kilometer (646-mile) railway (with a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8.5 in) gauge, like the one used in Egypt and Tunisia) between Tripoli and Benghazi. But the war stopped the construction the next year.
Tripoli was controlled by Italy until 1943 when the provinces of
Gaddafi era (1969–2011)
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2016) |
Colonel Muammar Gaddafi became leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after a successful coup d'état.[25]
On 15 April 1986,
The United Nations sanctions against Libya imposed in April 1992 under Security Council Resolution 748 were lifted in September 2003, which increased traffic through the Port of Tripoli and through airports in Libya. This lifting of the resolution had a positive impact on the city's economy allowing for more goods to enter the city.
Libyan Civil War (2011)
In February and March 2011, Tripoli witnessed intense
The city defenses loyal to Gaddafi included the military headquarters at
In late February, rebel forces took control of Zawiya, a city approximately 50 km (31 mi) to the west of Tripoli, thus increasing the threat to pro-Gaddafi forces in the capital. During the subsequent battle of Zawiya, loyalist forces besieged the city and eventually recaptured it by 10 March.[28]
As the 2011 military intervention in Libya commenced on 19 March to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone over the country, the city once again came under air attack. It was the second time that Tripoli was bombed since the 1986 U.S. airstrikes, and the second time since the 1986 airstrike that bombed Bab al-Azizia, Gaddafi's heavily fortified compound.
In July and August, Libyan online revolutionary communities posted tweets and updates on attacks by rebel fighters on pro-government vehicles and checkpoints. In one such attack, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Senussi were targets.[29] The government, however, denied revolutionary activity inside the capital.
Several months after the initial uprising, rebel forces in the Nafusa Mountains advanced towards the coast, retaking Zawiya and reaching Tripoli on 21 August. On 21 August, the symbolic Green Square, immediately renamed Martyrs' Square by the rebels, was taken under rebel control and pro-Gaddafi posters were torn down and burned.[30]
During a radio address on 1 September, Gaddafi declared that the capital of the
In August and September 2014, Islamist armed groups extended their control of central Tripoli. The
Recent developments
The 2022 Tripoli clashes and 2023 Tripoli clashes continued to disrupt the city.[33]
Law and government
Tripoli and its surrounding suburbs all lie within the
Tripoli is sometimes referred to as "the
Geography
Tripoli lies at the western extremity of Libya close to the Tunisian border, on the continent of Africa. Over a thousand kilometers (621 miles) separates Tripoli from Libya's second largest city, Benghazi. Coastal
Administrative division
Until 2007, the "
As a District, Tripoli borders the following districts:
- Murqub – east
- Jabal al Gharbi – south
- Jafara – southwest
- Zawiya – west
Climate
Tripoli has a
The rainfall can be very erratic. Epic floods in 1945 left Tripoli underwater for several days, but two years later an unprecedented drought caused the loss of thousands of head of cattle. Deficiency in rainfall is no doubt reflected in an absence of permanent rivers or streams in the city as is indeed true throughout the entire country. The allocation of limited water is considered of sufficient importance to warrant the existence of the Secretariat of Dams and Water Resources, and damaging a source of water can be penalized by a heavy fine or imprisonment.[36]
The
Climate data for Tripoli (1961–1990, extremes 1944–1993) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.2 (90.0) |
35.3 (95.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
42.2 (108.0) |
45.6 (114.1) |
47.8 (118.0) |
48.3 (118.9) |
48.3 (118.9) |
47.2 (117.0) |
42.2 (108.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
48.3 (118.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.4 (61.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
27.1 (80.8) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.7 (89.1) |
32.6 (90.7) |
31.0 (87.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
25.0 (77.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) |
13.9 (57.0) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
25.3 (77.5) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.5 (70.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
13.9 (57.0) |
20.1 (68.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.0 (46.4) |
9.1 (48.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.7 (62.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −0.6 (30.9) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
0.6 (33.1) |
2.8 (37.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.2 (54.0) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.8 (53.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 62.1 (2.44) |
32.2 (1.27) |
29.6 (1.17) |
14.3 (0.56) |
4.6 (0.18) |
1.3 (0.05) |
0.7 (0.03) |
0.1 (0.00) |
16.7 (0.66) |
46.6 (1.83) |
58.2 (2.29) |
67.5 (2.66) |
333.9 (13.15) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.4 | 6.4 | 5.8 | 3.3 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 57.4 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
66 | 61 | 58 | 55 | 53 | 49 | 49 | 51 | 57 | 60 | 61 | 65 | 57 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 170.5 | 189.3 | 226.3 | 255.0 | 306.9 | 297.0 | 356.5 | 337.9 | 258.0 | 226.3 | 186.0 | 164.3 | 2,974 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 5.5 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 11.5 | 10.9 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 8.1 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[35] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity),[39] Arab Meteorology Book (sun only)[40] |
Climate change
A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Tripoli in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Taiz. The annual temperature would increase by 1.9 °C (3.4 °F), and the temperature of the warmest month by 3.1 °C (5.6 °F), while the temperature of the coldest month would increase by 0.3 °C (0.54 °F).[41][42] According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[43]
Economy
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2009) |
Tripoli is one of the main hubs of Libya's economy along with
Major manufactured goods include
The city is home to the Tripoli International Fair, an international industrial, agricultural and commercial event located on Omar Muktar Avenue. One of the active members of the Global Association of the Exhibition Industry (UFI), located in the French capital Paris, the international fair is organized annually and takes place from 2–12 April. Participation averages around 30 countries as well as more than 2000 companies and organizations.[citation needed]
Since the rise in
Companies with head offices in Tripoli include Afriqiyah Airways and Libyan Airlines.[46][47] Buraq Air has its head office on the grounds of Mitiga International Airport.[48]
Architecture
The city's old town, the Medina, mostly took on its current form and appearance during the Ottoman period (16th century and after) and in particular during the period of Karamanli rule.[49][50]: 383 Many ancient Roman columns can be found re-used in various historical buildings in the city.[51]
The city walls were rebuilt and modified many times from the Roman period up to the Ottoman period.[52] Their final form, which determined the overall pentagonal layout of the Medina today, dates from 16th century, when the Ottomans refortified the town.[50]: 389 The city historically had at least three gates: Bab Hawwara to the southeast (probably Bab al-Mensha today), Bab Zenata (originally Bab al-Ashdar) to the west, and Bab al-Bahr to the north (close to the sea).[50]: 386–387 [52] Following later demolitions, what remains of the walls today are a section along the southwest flank of the Medina and another section to the southeast.[52]
The oldest Islamic monument in Tripoli is the al-Naqah Mosque, probably first built by the Fatimid caliph al-Mu'izz in 973 but possibly even older.[53] It was renovated or rebuilt in the early 17th century.[51][54] Most other mosques in the city date in their current form to the Ottoman era.[53] They generally have a hypostyle form with columns supporting multiple domes.[52] The largest ones include the Mosque of Darghut Pasha (completed in 1556) and the Mosque of Ahmad Pasha al-Karamanli (completed c. 1738). In addition to the main prayer space, both of these mosques are accompanied by a complex of other buildings such as madrasas, bathhouses, markets (suqs), and the mausoleums of their eponymous founders. Other notable mosques in the city include the Mosque of Sidi Salem (built in the late 15th century and restored in 1670), the Mosque of Mahmud Khaznadar (1680), the Mosque of Shai'b al-Ain (1699), and the Gurgi Mosque (1834).[52][50]
The earliest recorded madrasa in the city was the al-Mustansiriyya Madrasa built between 1257 and 1260, but it has not survived.[52] Today, the Madrasa of Uthman Pasha (1654) is one of the most notable preserved examples of this type of building. Its main component is a square courtyard surrounded by vaulted galleries and small rooms where students lived. Attached to the northeast corner of the building are two square domed chambers, with the smaller one serving as a mosque and the larger one housing the tombs of Uthman Pasha and others.[52]
Of the many
A clock tower, 18 meters tall, was built in 1866–70 by the Ottoman governor and is still one of the city's landmarks.[56][57]
Under Italian occupation, various buildings were constructed in an Italianate style.[51] The Tripoli Cathedral (now a mosque) was also built in this period.[58] There are a number of buildings that were constructed by the Italian colonial rulers and later demolished under Gaddafi. They included the Royal Miramare Theatre, next to the Red Castle, and Tripoli Railway Central Station.[citation needed]
Culture
The Red Castle of Tripoli (Assaraya al-Hamra), a vast palace complex with numerous courtyards, dominates the city skyline and is located on the outskirts of the Medina. There are some classical statues and fountains from the Ottoman period scattered around the castle. It houses the Red Castle Museum.
Places of worship
Among the
Education
The largest university in Tripoli, the University of Tripoli, is a public university providing free education to the city's inhabitants. Private universities and colleges have also begun to crop up in the last few years.
International schools:
- Trafalgar International School Tripoli
- Lycée Français de Tripoli
- Deutsche Schule Tripolis
- Scuola Italiana Al Maziri
- Russian Embassy School in Tripoli
- British School Tripoli
- American School of Tripoli
- ISM International School
- Ladybird International School
- Tripoli International School
- Tripoli World Academy
- Global Knowledge School
- مدرسة المعرفة الدولية السراج
Sports
The city also played host to the
Tripoli hosted the final games of the official
Transport
Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Tripoli:
- Cairo-Dakar Highway
- Tripoli-Cape Town Highway
Tripoli International Airport was the largest airport in Tripoli and Libya before being destroyed during the second Libyan civil war in 2014. Tripoli has since been served by a smaller local airport Mitiga International Airport, which is currently the largest airport in Libya.
In July 2014 The Tripoli international Airport was destroyed, following the
The result of the Battle for Tripoli's central airport was its complete destruction with 90% of the facilities incapacitated, or burned down with an unknown estimate Billions of dollars in Damage, with another 10 or so planes destroyed. The airport was shelled with
Reconstruction efforts are underway with the GNA giving a contract amounting to $78 million to an Italian firm 'Emaco Group' or "Aeneas Consorzio", to rebuild the destroyed facilities. All flights have been diverted to ex-military base known as Mitiga International Airport as of 2017.
Tripoli is the interim destination of a railway from Sirte under construction in 2007.[60]
Gallery
-
The An-Naga mosque is a 1610 reconstruction of a 10th-century mosque, it has original richly decorated Roman capitals crowning the forest of columns in its multi-domed hall.[61]
-
The oldFIATcenter (Algeria Square) during the 1960s
-
A corridor in Old Tripoli
-
A view of the Tripoli skyline from the Corinthia Hotel Tripoli
-
The old Red Castle
-
Former Royal Palace of Tripoli
-
Tripoli Beach
-
Istiqlal Street in central Tripoli
International relations
Sister cities:
- Baltimore, United States
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Belo Horizonte, Brazil (2003)
- Madrid, Spain
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1976)
See also
- European enclaves in North Africa before 1830
- Libyan Civil War
- Barbary treaties
- Gran Premio di Tripoli
References and notes
- ^ a b "Libya". 6 November 2023.
- ISBN 3-12-539683-2
- ISBN 978-90-04-09738-4. Retrieved 30 September 2022., Great Britain. Admiralty (1920). A Handbook of Libya. I.D. 1162. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 134.
- ^ "Major Urban Areas – Population". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2019.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-13470746-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-88-6719-125-3
- ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
- ^ a b Khalid, Mahmud (2020). "Libya in the shadows of Islam.. How did Amr ibn al-Aas and his companions conquer Cyrenaica and Tripoli?". aljazeera (in Arabic). p. Ibn Abd al-Hakam: al-Maqrib, pp. 198, 199. Retrieved 5 December 2021.
Ibn Abd al-Hakam: al-Maqrib, pp. 198, 199
- ^ Britannica, Tripoli, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019
- ISBN 978-0-688-00267-1.
Ottomans extended their western maritime frontier across North Africa under the naval command of another Greek Moslem, Torghoud (or Dragut), who succeeded Barbarossa upon the latter's death in 1546.
- ISBN 978-0-520-20330-3.
Of all the corsairs who preyed on Sicilian wheat, Dragut (Turghut) was the most dangerous. A Greek by birth, he was now about fifty years old and behind him lay a long and adventurous career including four years in the Genoese galleys.
- ISBN 978-0-415-34477-7.
- S2CID 244587800.
- The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIII: 165–176. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
- ^ "Dadfeatured: ITALIAN TRIPOLI". 17 October 2018.
- ^ "Map of Italian Tripoli in 1930".
- ^ The Statesman's Yearbook 1948. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 1040.
- ISBN 9780295985428.
- ^ Berionne, Michele. "Benvenuto in Targhe a Roma" (in Italian). targheitaliane.it. Retrieved 8 July 2019.
- ^ "Tif History". gbf.com.ly. 2008. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2009.
- ^ "MUSULMANI – 1937 – L'ITALIA IN MEDIO ORIENTE". Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
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- ^ Hagos, Tecola W. (20 November 2004). "Treaty Of Peace With Italy (1947), Evaluation And Conclusion" Archived 7 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Ethiopia Tecola Hagos. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
- ^ "Tripoli architect remembers its glorious days". Indianexpress.com. 2 September 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ^ "Pro-Gaddafi demonstrations in Tripoli – Libya February 17th – Archive site".
- ^ "Breaking: Body of Al Jazeera Cameraman Ali Al Jabir Arrives in Doha". Libyafeb17.com. 13 March 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
- ^ Neely, Bill (10 March 2011). "Zawiya town centre devastated and almost deserted | Libya". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
- ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ "Libyan rebels take Tripoli's Green Square". National Post. Agence France-Presse. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
- ^ "Libya's Islamist militias claim control of capital". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 24 August 2014. Archived from the original on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
- ^ Chris Stephen (9 September 2014). "Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
- ^ "Why did clashes break out in Libya's Tripoli?". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (April 2006). "World Map of Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification, updated" (PDF). Meteorol. Z. pp. 259–263.
- ^ a b "World Weather Information Service – Tripoli". World Meteorological Organization. May 2011. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
- ^ Harold D. Nelson, ed. (1979). Libya a country study (Area handbook series): Foreign Area Studies. The American University, Washington, D.C. p. 66.
- ^ Watkins, John (18 March 2006). "Libya's Thirst for 'Fossil Water'". BBC News. Retrieved 10 September 2006.
- ^ "Bleak future for Tripoli zoo animals?". BBC News. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
- ^ "Klimatafel von Tripolis (Flugh.) / Libyen" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
- ^ "Appendix I: Meteorological Data" (PDF). Springer. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
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- ^ "Cities of the future: visualizing climate change to inspire action". Current vs. future cities. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
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- ^ "Contact Us Archived 12 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine." Afriqiyah Airways. Retrieved on 9 November 2009.
- Arab Air Carriers Organization. Retrieved on 9 November 2009. Archived 7 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Company Profile Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine." Buraq Air. Retrieved on 14 May 2010.
- ISBN 9781134613663.
- ^ ISBN 978-90-474-4265-3.
- ^ ISBN 9780195309911.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Warfelli, Muhammad (1976). "The Old City of Tripoli". Some Islamic Sites in Libya: Tripoli, Ajdabiyah and Ujlah. Art and Archeology Research Papers. Department of Antiquities, Tripoli. pp. 5–7.
- ^ ISBN 9781134613663.
- ISBN 9780300218701.
- ^ "Karamanly (Qaramanli) House Museum", temehu.com
- ^ "Libya on edge as oil tensions rise". Al Jazeera. 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ^ "Tripoli Clock Tower". The Libya Observer. 27 August 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-295-98542-8.
- ^ Britannica, Libya, britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019
- ^ Briginshaw, David (1 January 2001). "Libya's First Two Railway Lines Start To Take Shape". International Railway Journal. Retrieved 30 December 2007. Archived 11 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Fiona Dunlop (29 October 2010), "A long weekend in… Tripoli", howtospendit.ft.com
- Includes text from Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921).
Further reading
- London, Joshua E. (2005). Victory in Tripoli – How America's War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Nora Lafi (2002). Une ville du Maghreb entre Ancien Régime et réformes ottomanes. Genèse des institutions municipales à Tripoli de Barbarie (1795–1911). Paris: L'Harmattan. 305 p. Amamzon.fr.
- Miss Tully (1816) Letters written during a ten-year's residence at the Court of Tripoli, 1783–1795, with a new Introduction by Caroline Stone. (Hardinge Simpole, 2008). Hardinge Simpole – Travellers in the Wider Levant Series.
- Journal of Libyan Studies 3, 1 (2002) p. 59–68: "Local Elites and Italian Town Planning Procedures in Early Colonial Tripoli (1911–1912)" by Denis Bocquet and Nora Lafi http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/12/82/40/PDF/lafi-bocquet_local_elites.pdf
External links
- Tripoli travel guide from Wikivoyage