Tristan albatross
| Tristan albatross | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Procellariiformes |
| Family: | Diomedeidae |
| Genus: | Diomedea |
| Species: | D. dabbenena
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| Binomial name | |
| Diomedea dabbenena | |
| Synonyms | |
The Tristan albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) is a large seabird from the albatross family. One of the great albatrosses of the genus Diomedea, it was only widely recognised as a full species in 1998.[3]
Taxonomy
Albatrosses belong to the family
triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[4]
While not all scientists believe it is a full species with some retaining it as a
species complex[5] supported the split. Other studies have shown it to be the most genetically distinct member of the wandering albatross species complex.[6] This may be due to it diverging from their common ancestor before all its relatives, or because it underwent particularly strong genetic drift. Among the major experts, BirdLife International has split this species,[7]
Etymology
Diomedea refers to
epitheton dabbenena refers to Roberto Dabbene
, Italian-Argentine ornithologist.
Description
The Tristan albatross is practically indistinguishable from the snowy albatross at sea but is smaller and has a slightly darker back. It is 110 cm (43 in) from beak to tail[9] and has a wingspan of up to 3.05 m (10.0 ft).[10] The Tristan albatross also never attains the full white plumage of the snowy albatross, and its bill is about 25 mm (0.98 in) shorter.[7]
Distribution and habitat
Due to the difficulty in distinguishing them from snowy albatrosses, their distribution at sea is still not fully known, but the use of satellite tracking has shown that they forage widely in the South
Atlantic, with males foraging west of the breeding islands towards South America and females to the east towards Africa. There have been sightings near Brazil and also off the coast of Australia.[7]
Tristan albatrosses are
endemic to the islands of the Tristan da Cunha group and more specifically Gough Island. The majority of the world's population nest on Gough Island, around 1500 pairs. On some years a pair breeds on Inaccessible Island
.
Behavior
The Tristan albatross feeds on fish and
cephalopods
.
They breed biennially and will nest in wet heath from 400 to 700 m (1,300–2,300 ft) in elevation.monogamous, and do not start breeding until they are about 10 years old.[4]
Conservation
They were formerly threatened by
long-line fishing and these mice. Recent counts suggest that the population on Gough has decreased by 28% over 46 years, whereas population modelling predicts annual decline rates of 2.9–5.3%. More recent modelling, conducted over three generations since 1980, suggests a decline equivalent to a >96% reduction in population size over three generations, since declines began. The rate of decline is therefore placed here in the band of 80–100% over three generations (86 years).[7]
Formerly classified as an
IUCN,[12] it was suspected to be more threatened than generally assumed and undergoing a marked decline. Following the evaluation of its status, this was found to be correct, and the Tristan albatross was consequently uplisted to Critically Endangered status in 2008.[1] They have an occurrence range of 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 80 km2 (31 sq mi).[7]
References
- ^ . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2008b)
- ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn, G. B. (1998)
- ^ a b Double, M. C. (2003)
- ^ Burg & Croxall (2004)
- ^ Brooke, M. (2004)
- ^ a b c d e f BirdLife International (2008a)
- ^ Gotch, A. F. (1995)
- ^ "Tristan albatross - Diomedea dabbenena: Species Information - ARKive". Archived from the original on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2008-09-19.?
- ^ "Diomedea dabbenena — Tristan Albatross". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Government - Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ^ Wanless, R. M. et al., (7 June 2007)
- ^ Lee, J. (2008)
Sources
- BirdLife International (2008a). "Tristan Albatross - BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- BirdLife International (2008b). "The BirdLife checklist of the birds of the world, with conservation status and taxonomic sources". Archived from the original (xls) on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
- Burg, T.M.; Croxall, J.P. (2004). "Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex". Molecular Ecology. 13 (8): 2345–2355. PMID 15245406.
- Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
- Double, M. C. (2003). "Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113–116. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Gotch, A. F. (1995) [1979]. "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3.
- Lee, James (6 Oct 2008). "Table 7: Species changing IUCN Red List Status" (PDF). IUCN RedList. BirdLife International. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2009. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008). "Proposal (388) to South American Classification Committee: Split Diomedea exulans into four species". South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 2009-02-21. Retrieved 18 Feb 2009.
- Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy of albatrosses". Albatross Biology and Conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons Ltd. pp. 13–19.
- Wanless, Ross M.; Angel, Andrea; Cuthbert, Richard J.; Hilton, Geoff M.; Ryan, Peter G. (7 June 2007). "Can predation by invasive mice drive seabird extinctions?". Biology Letters. 3 (3): 241–244. PMID 17412667.