Trivial name

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Hendrik Goltzius
).

In chemistry, a trivial name is a non-systematic name for a chemical substance. That is, the name is not recognized according to the rules of any formal system of chemical nomenclature such as IUPAC inorganic or IUPAC organic nomenclature. A trivial name is not a formal name and is usually a common name.

Generally, trivial names are not useful in describing the essential properties of the thing being named. Properties such as the molecular structure of a chemical compound are not indicated. And, in some cases, trivial names can be ambiguous or will carry different meanings in different industries or in different geographic regions (for example, a trivial name such as white metal can mean various things). Trivial names are simpler. As a result, a limited number of trivial chemical names are retained names, an accepted part of the nomenclature.

Trivial names often arise in the common language; they may come from historic usages in, for example, alchemy. Many trivial names pre-date the institution of formal naming conventions. Names can be based on a property of the chemical, including appearance (color, taste or smell), consistency, and crystal structure; a place where it was found or where the discoverer comes from; the name of a scientist; a mythological figure; an astronomical body; the shape of the molecule; and even fictional figures. All elements that have been isolated have trivial names.

Definitions

In scientific documents, international treaties, patents and legal definitions, names for chemicals are needed that identify them unambiguously. This need is satisfied by systematic names. One such system, established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), was established in 1950. Other systems have been developed by the American Chemical Society, the International Organization for Standardization, and the World Health Organization. However, chemists still use many names that are not systematic because they are traditional or because they are more convenient than the systematic names. These are called trivial names. The word "trivial", often used in a pejorative sense, was intended to mean "commonplace".[1]

In addition to trivial names, chemists have constructed semi-trivial names by appending a standard symbol to a trivial stem.[2] Some trivial and semi-trivial names are so widely used that they have been officially adopted by IUPAC; these are known as retained names.

Elements

Traditional names of elements are trivial, some originating in alchemy. IUPAC has accepted these names, but has also defined systematic names of elements that have not yet been prepared. It has adopted a procedure by which the scientists who are credited with preparing an element can propose a new name. Once the IUPAC has accepted such a (trivial) name, it replaces the systematic name.[1]

Origins

A plaque commemorating a mine in Ytterby where ore was obtained from which four new elements were isolated.
Curium was named after Pierre and Marie Curie.

Nine elements were known by the Middle Ages: gold, silver, tin, mercury, copper, lead, iron, sulfur, and carbon.[3] Mercury was named after the planet, but its symbol was derived from the Latin hydrargyrum, which itself comes from the Greek υδράργυρος, meaning liquid silver; mercury is also known as quicksilver in English.[1] The symbols for the other eight are derived from their Latin names.[3]

Systematic nomenclature began after

noble gases have all been named for their origin or properties. Helium comes from the Greek helios, meaning "Sun" because it was first detected as a line in the spectrum of the Sun (it is not known why the suffix -ium, which is used for metals, was chosen).[5] The other noble gases are neon ("new"), argon ("slow, lazy"), krypton ("hidden"), xenon ("stranger"), and radon ("from radium").[6]

Many more elements have been given names that have little or nothing to do with their properties. Elements have been named for celestial bodies (

Vanadis and thorium for the god Thor).[6]

Some elements were named for aspects of the history of their discovery. In particular, technetium and promethium were so named because the first samples detected were artificially synthesised; neither of the two has any isotope sufficiently stable to occur in nature on Earth in significant quantities. The connection to the Titan Prometheus was that he had been fabled to have stolen fire from the gods for mankind.

Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements—terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium—were named after the Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted.[3] Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for an unidentified northern region), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it was mined in the Roman era), hafnium, rhenium, americium, berkelium, californium, and darmstadtium.[6]

For the elements up to 92 (uranium), naming elements after people was discouraged. The two exceptions are indirect, the elements being named after minerals that were themselves named after people. These were

Vasili Samarsky-Bykhovets). Among the transuranium elements, this restriction was relaxed; there followed curium (after the Curies), einsteinium (Albert Einstein), fermium (Enrico Fermi), mendelevium (Dmitri Mendeleev), nobelium (Alfred Nobel) and lawrencium (Ernest Lawrence).[6][7]
: 320 

Relation to IUPAC standards

IUPAC has established international standards for naming elements. The first scientist or laboratory to isolate an element has the right to propose a name; after a review process, a final decision is made by the IUPAC Council. In keeping with tradition, names can be based on a mythological concept or character, astronomical object, mineral, place, property of the element or scientist.[4] For those elements that have not yet been discovered, IUPAC has established a systematic name system. The names combine syllables that represent the digits of the atomic number, followed by "-ium". For example, "unununium" is element 111 ("un" being the syllable for 1).[8] However, once the element has been found, the systematic name is replaced by a trivial one, in this case roentgenium.[1]

The IUPAC names for elements are intended for use in the official languages. At the time of the first edition of the IUPAC Red Book (which contains the rules for inorganic compounds), those languages were English and French; now English is the sole official language.[9] However, other languages still have their own names for elements. The chemical symbol for tungsten, W, is based on the German name Wolfram, which is found in wolframite and comes from the German for "wolf's foam", how the mineral was known to Saxon miners. The name tungsten means "heavy stone", a description of scheelite, another mineral in which tungsten is found.[10] Russian names for hydrogen, oxygen and carbon are vodorod, kislorod and uglerod (generating water, acid and coal respectively). The German names for hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are Wasserstoff (water substance), Sauerstoff (acid substance), and Stickstoff (smothering substance). The corresponding Chinese names are qīngqì (light gas), yǎngqì (nourishing gas), and dànqì (diluting gas). A method for translating chemical names into Chinese was developed by John Fryer and Xu Shou in 1871. Where traditional names were well established, they kept them; otherwise, a single character was created.[N 1]

Inorganic chemistry

Red hematite-rich sample from a banded iron formation in Wyoming.

Early terminology for compound chemicals followed similar rules to the naming of elements. The names could be based on the appearance of the substance, including all five senses. In addition, chemicals were named after the consistency, crystalline form, a person or place, its putative medical properties or method of preparation.[12]: 68 

Salt (

sal ammoniac, meaning "salt of Amun". Ancient Romans noticed crystals of it in Egyptian temples devoted to the god Amun; the crystals had condensed from the smoke of burning camel dung.[13] Lead acetate was called sugar of lead.[12]: 70, 77–78  However, other names like sugar of lead (lead(II) acetate), butter of antimony (antimony trichloride), oil of vitriol (sulfuric acid), and cream of tartar (potassium bitartrate) borrowed their language from the kitchen.[12]: 65–66  Many more names were based on color; for example, hematite, orpiment, and verdigris come from words meaning "blood-like stone", "gold pigment", and "green of Greece".[12]
: 70 

Some names are based on their use. Lime is a general name for materials combining calcium with carbonates, oxides or hydroxides; the name comes from a root "sticking or adhering"; its earliest use was as mortar for construction.[14]

dihydrogen monoxide hoax, a document that was circulated warning readers of the dangers of the chemical (for example, it is fatal if inhaled).[15][16]

Organic chemistry

In organic chemistry, some trivial names derive from a notable property of the thing being named. For instance,

egg yolk. The word is coined from the Greek λέκιθος (lékithos) for yolk.[17][18]

Many trivial names continue to be used because their sanctioned equivalents are considered too cumbersome for everyday use. For example, "tartaric acid", a compound found in wine, has a systematic name of 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid. The pigment β-Carotene has an IUPAC name of 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1E,3E,5E,7E,9E,11E,13E,15E,17E)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17-nonaenyl]cyclohexene.[19] However, the trivial name can be potentially confusing. Based on its name, one might come to the conclusion that the molecule theobromine contains one or more bromine atoms. In reality it is an alkaloid similar in structure to caffeine.

Shape-based

Several organic molecules have semitrivial names where the suffixes -ane (for an

quadratic acid (also known as squaric acid
).

Based on fiction

La Bohème
.

The bohemic acid complex is a mixture of chemicals obtained through fermentation of a species of actinobacteria. In 1977 the components were isolated and have been found useful as antitumor agents and anthracycline antibiotics. The authors named the complex (and one of its components, bohemamine) after the opera La bohème by Puccini, and the remaining components were named after characters in the opera: alcindoromycin (Alcindoro), collinemycin (Colline), marcellomycin (Marcello), mimimycin (Mimi), musettamycin (Musetta), rudolphomycin (Rodolfo) and schaunardimycin (Schaunard).[7]: 64 [20] However, the relationships between the characters do not correctly reflect the chemical relationships.[21]

A research lab at Lepetit Pharmaceuticals, led by Piero Sensi, was fond of coining nicknames for chemicals that they discovered, later converting them to a form more acceptable for publication. The antibiotic

matamycin.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Leigh 2012
  2. .
  3. ^ .
  4. ^ .
  5. . Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  6. ^ .
  7. ^ a b c d e Nickon & Silversmith 1987
  8. . Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  9. ^ Damhus, Ture (July–August 2005). "Reply to 'Wolfram vs. Tungsten' by Pilar Goya and Pascual Román". Chemistry International. 27 (4). Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  10. ^ Goya, Piler; Román, Pascual (July–August 2005). "Wolfram vs. Tungsten". Chemistry International. 27 (4). Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  11. ^ Hao, Chang (January–February 2004). "Chinese Terms for Chemical Elements: Characters Combining Radical and Phonetic Elements". Chemistry International. 26 (1). Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  12. ^ .
  13. ^ Lower, Stephen. "Naming chemical substances". General Chemistry Virtual Textbook. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  14. ^ Harper, Douglas (2001–2013). "lime (n.1)". Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  15. ^ Kruszelnicki, Karl S. (17 May 2006). "Mysterious killer chemical". ABC Science. America Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 November 2013.
  16. ^ Jackson, Craig (1994), Ban Dihydrogen Monoxide!, Coalition to ban DHMO, archived from the original on 31 October 1996. Coalition to ban DHMO officers, Coalition to ban DHMO, archived from the original on 25 January 1997.
  17. PMID 17375117
    .
  18. ^ Gobley, Nicolas Theodore (1874). "Sur la lécithine et la cérébrine". Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie: t20, 98–103, 161–166.
  19. ^ "beta Carotene - Compound Summary". PubChem Compound. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
  20. PMID 7381507
    .
  21. ^ .
  1. ^ The created character consists of a radical – which, for an element, is "metal" or "air" (gas) or "water" (liquid) or "stone" (metalloid) – and a component for the sound from a Western name of the element.[11] For details, see Chemical elements in East Asian languages#Chinese.

Further reading

External links