Trolleybus usage by country
As of 2012 there were around 300 cities or metropolitan areas where trolleybuses were operated,[1] and more than 500 additional trolleybus systems have existed in the past.[2] For complete lists of trolleybus systems by location, with dates of opening and (where applicable) closure, see List of trolleybus systems and the related lists indexed there.
The following are summary notes about current and past trolleybus operation, by country, for every country in which trolleybuses have operated (aside from temporary, experimental operations).
Africa
A new trolleybus system in Marrakesh, Morocco, opened in September 2017.[3] It is the first trolleybus system to operate in any African country since 1986. In the past, trolleybuses provided service in several South African cities, as well as two cities in Algeria, three in Morocco (of which Marrakesh was not one), one in Tunisia and one in Egypt.[4]: 81–82 Until 2017, the last city on the continent to be served by trolleybuses was Johannesburg, whose trolleybus system closed in 1986. See List of trolleybus systems#Africa for specific information.
Asia and Oceania
In addition to the countries listed below, the following countries in Asia or Oceania once possessed trolleybus systems, but in just a single city or metropolitan area each, and all of these had ceased operation by 1999: Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam.[4]: 15
Afghanistan
The country had only one
Australia
Australia has no remaining trolleybus systems, but such systems existed in
China
Trolleybuses have provided regular public transport service in 27 different cities in China at one time or another.[4] Currently, 11 urban systems are in operation, and they include Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Qingdao and Jinan, among other locations. Beijing's trolleybus system, the most extensive in China and one of the largest in the world, has 31 routes and served by a fleet of over 1,250 dual-mode single and articulated trolleybuses.[6] Asia's first eBRT trolleybus system is in Beijing.[7] Shanghai's system is the world's oldest continuously operating trolleybus system, having been in operation since November 1914.[4] China also has a few very small trolleybus systems located away from urban areas, at coal mines, with trolleybuses used for transporting of workers between the mines and the workers' housing areas. One such line is at the Wuyang Coal Mine, located near Changzhi, in Shanxi province, which opened in 1985 and, as of 2010, had a fleet of 10 articulated trolleybuses.[8]
India
A small trolleybus system operated in Delhi from 1935 until about 1962. The Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport of Mumbai operated trolleybuses from 1962 to 1971.[9]
Iran
The only trolleybus system to have existed in Iran is located in the capital,
Japan
Trolleybuses are in operation on one unusual mountain line, the
Kyrgyzstan
Trolleybus systems operate in the capital city, Bishkek (since 1951), as well as in Osh (since 1977) and Naryn (since 1994), as of 1999.[4]: 74 All three were still in operation in 2013.[14] Bishkek uses trolleybuses alongside buses and marshrutkas. The Bishkek system was introduced to Kyrgyzstan by the Soviet Union during the city's industrialization period. The city still uses some trolleybuses built during the last years of the Soviet era, but has started to update the fleet with newer models.[citation needed]
Mongolia
The capital city,
Nepal
Chinese-built trolleybuses operated on a route from Kathmandu to Bhaktapur between 1975 and 2001. A limited trolleybus service was restarted in 2003, and there were plans to expand it,[15] but they did not come to fruition. Trolleybus operation was suspended again in November 2008, and in 2009 that cessation was made permanent.[16] See Trolleybuses in Kathmandu.
New Zealand
No trolleybus systems remain, but trolleybuses at one time served Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, New Plymouth, and Wellington.
By 1982, only the
In addition to systems providing public transport, a small privately owned museum-type trolleybus operation existed in Foxton, providing excursion-type rides on limited dates using preserved trolleybuses from Auckland, Dunedin and Wellington.[17][18] Opened in December 1988, it was the world's first museum trolleybus line to use public streets.[4]: 56 [17] An extension built in 1993 came into regular use in 1995,[18] making the line almost 1 km long in each direction. Following the death of its founder in 2008 and his son in 2012, the condition of the wiring and vehicles began to deteriorate. Operation ended in 2016 and the remaining overhead wires were removed in 2023.[18]
Preserved trolleybuses still operate at Ferrymead Heritage Park in Christchurch. The Ferrymead collection has trolleybuses from every New Zealand city that operated trolleybuses.
North Korea
Trolleybuses have operated in
Saudi Arabia
The first and only trolleybus system to exist in Saudi Arabia opened in April 2013 in Riyadh, serving the then-new main campus of the King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. The service is provided with a fleet of 12 articulated trolleybuses built in Germany by Viseon Bus.[21]: 110
Tajikistan
Two trolleybus networks have operated in this country, both having been built during the Soviet period, the Dushanbe system in 1955 and the Khujand (Khodzhent) one in 1970.[4]: 77 The Dushanbe system is still in operation as of 2015, whilst the Khujand system was closed in September 2010 (discontinuation officially announced in April 2013).
Turkey
Trolleybuses operate in
Turkmenistan
The capital city of Ashgabat is the only city where trolleybuses have operated. The system opened in 1964[4]: 77 and closed at the end of 2011.[22]
Uzbekistan
Nine cities in this former Soviet republic have had trolleybus systems. All nine were still in operation in 1999,[4]: 74 but by 2010 all except the Urgench system, which is an interurban line between Urgench and Khiva, had closed.[23]
Eurasia
This section is for countries located partly in Asia and partly in Europe. See the "Asia" and "Europe" sections for countries not included here.
Armenia
Six trolleybus routes run in Yerevan, Armenia. The trolleybus system has been in operation since 1949.[4]: 74
Azerbaijan
Trolleybus systems have existed in five cities:
Georgia
Trolleybuses remain in operation only in Sukhumi, but trolleybuses once operated in 11 other Georgian cities (see List of trolleybus systems). All 12 systems were opened during the Soviet era, when Georgia was part of the Soviet Union. The Tbilisi system opened in 1937, while the opening dates for the others ranged from 1967 to 1986.[4]: 74 The Gori system, which ceased operation in March 2010,[24] was the most recent closure.
Soviet Union
Trolleybuses have operated in all 15 of the now-independent republics that once made up the Soviet Union, with by far the largest number of systems being in Russia and Ukraine.[4] For information on specific countries, see their separate entries in this article.
Turkey
Trolleybuses have operated in both the Asian and European parts of Turkey, in five cities:
The new system in Malatya opened in March 2015
Europe
Austria
The largest trolleybus system in Austria is in Salzburg, with nine routes and 80 trolleybuses, operating from 06:00 to midnight. The system was introduced in 1940 and has been expanded during recent years. Linz has four routes and 19 vehicles; after years of uncertainty the continued existence of the system is guaranteed by the operator. The trolleybuses in Innsbruck went out of service in 2007 because of an expected expansion of the light rail system. A trolleybus system with two routes existed in Kapfenberg until 2002. The towns of Klagenfurt and Graz closed their trolleybus systems in the 1960s.
Belarus
The
(since 1978).Belgium
No trolleybus systems remain in operation in Belgium, but in the past, trolleybuses provided a portion of the local transport service in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Trolleybuses are in use only in the capital city, Sarajevo. Operation and maintenance is done by GRAS (City transportation). There are seven routes.[citation needed] Some past routes were destroyed in the Bosnian War.
Bulgaria
Trolleybus networks operate in Sofia (since 1941), Pleven (1985), Varna (1986), Sliven (1986), Stara Zagora (1987), Ruse (1988), Vratsa (1988), Burgas (1989), Haskovo (1990) and Pazardzhik (1993). The most developed system in terms of route density is in Pleven with 14 trolleybus routes totaling 75 kilometres (47 mi) and serving entirely Pleven's inner city public transport. The largest system is in Sofia: 105 kilometres (65 mi). In the late 1980s the towns of Dimitrovgrad and Gorna Oryahovitsa started to build networks, but due to financial problems the projects were suspended. A few other cities like Shumen, Blagoevgrad, Vidin and Yambol have partially completed their systems however they were never operational. Kazanlak's system, which opened in 1986 was the first to close in 1999. Trolleybuses in Veliko Tarnovo operated from 1991 until 2009 when due to road construction works part of the overhead wires were temporarily removed, but subsequently never restored causing the system to shut down. In Plovdiv the trolleybus system, which opened in 1956 was shut down in 2012 after the contract with the private company who was in charge to operate the trolleybus network was cancelled due to inability to provide adequate coverage for all lines. The trolleybus system of Gabrovo, inaugurated in 1987, was shut down in 2013 due to road construction works and did not reopen. The trolleybus system of Dobrich, which had been operational since 1987, was closed in 2014 for financial reasons. In Pernik the trolleybus system operated from 1987 until 2015 when it was closed down after the municipal transport operator went bankrupt.
Croatia
No trolleybuses have operated in Croatia since 1972, but two cities once were served by the mode: Rijeka and Split.[4]: 63
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic has 14 trolleybus systems, in towns both large and small, and in the past trolleybuses also operated in three other cities. See List of trolleybus systems for details.
There also was a line between Ostrov nad Ohrí and Jáchymov, taking advantage of steep gradients between these towns, used only for testing trolleybuses made at the Škoda factory in Ostrov. The line was dismantled in 2006, following the cessation of production in Škoda Ostrov in 2004. Škoda Ostrov was then moved to Plzeň building new spare parts for already operational trolleybuses. But this didn't last long and Škoda Ostrov definitely closed in 2008. New Škoda brand trolleybuses are being built in Plzeň from 2004 under the Škoda Electric factory.
Denmark
Trolleybuses were introduced in
The city of Odense also got a trolleybus line in 1939. In 1959 this line was converted to operate with diesel buses.
Estonia
Trolleybuses are in use in Tallinn. The first trolleybus route opened on 6 July 1965. At its peak, the system had nine routes,[2] currently the city of Tallinn is gradually substituting trolleybuses with hybrid drive buses. By 3 May 2017 only four lines remain in service, the overhead wires have been dismantled on lines that have been closed.[32] Some old Skoda 14Tr and 15Tr trolleybuses have been replaced with newer low-floor Solaris/Ganz T12 and T18 articulated models.
Finland
Tampere and Helsinki have had trolleybus systems in the past. In Tampere, trolleybus operations began in 1948 and ended in 1976. At the system's maximum extent seven trolleybus lines operated. Two trolleybuses have been preserved, in the collection of Tampereen kaupungin liikennelaitos.[33] In Helsinki a single trolleybus line was operated, 1949–1974.[34] An attempt to restore trolleybus operation in Helsinki was made in the late 1970s and resulted in the acquisition of a prototype trolleybus which was used between 1979 and 1985.[35] Three Helsinki trolleybuses have been preserved. Of these, number 605 is on display at the Helsinki Tram Museum.[36][37][38] Helsinki is considering restoring trolleybus services.[39]
France
Trolleybuses are used in Limoges, Lyon, Nancy and Saint-Étienne, which have expanded their use. Preserved trolleybuses are at the Musée des Transports (AMTUIR) in Colombes.
Germany
Trolleybuses operate in Eberswalde (near Berlin), Esslingen (near Stuttgart) and Solingen (near Düsseldorf). There were over 60 trolleybus systems in the late 1950s, many having replaced under-used tram services.[40]
Greece
Twenty trolleybus lines
Hungary
Trolleybuses are used in
Italy
Trolleybuses are in use in Ancona, Bologna, Cagliari, Chieti, Genoa, La Spezia, Lecce, Milan, Modena, Naples, Parma, Rimini, and Rome. The largest systems are in Milan (about 170 vehicles, serving four routes) and Bologna (95 vehicles, five routes). The system in Lecce is relatively new, having opened in January 2012.[44] Even more recently, a new system in Avellino opened in April 2023. Work is under way to reopen a system in Bari that closed in 1987, and other new systems are under construction in Pescara[1] and Verona[45] and planned in Vicenza.[46]
Latvia
Trolleybuses have been used in Riga since 1947. Currently there are 264 trolleybuses operated on 19 routes by Rīgas Satiksme.[47]
Lithuania
Trolleybuses have been used in Vilnius[48] since 1956 (18 routes) and Kaunas[49] (14 routes) since 1965.
Moldova
Trolleybuses are used in
Netherlands
Trolleybuses have been in use in
Norway
In Bergen, Norway, trolleybuses have been in use since 1950.
In 1909, Drammen had the first trolleybus system in Scandinavia, running until 1967, and trolleybuses also served Oslo and Stavanger from the 1940s until the 1960s.
Poland
The first trolleybus network in Poland opened in
Portugal
Trolleybuses are currently operated only in Coimbra, where the system is managed by a municipal authority, SMTUC. Two other cities used trolleybuses in the past: Braga was served by trolleybuses from 1963 to 1979. In Porto, Sociedade de Transportes Colectivos do Porto operated several trolleybus routes from 1959 to 1997 and has preserved some of its historic vehicles. Unusually, the Porto fleet included double-deck trolleybuses.
Romania
In addition to
Russia
Trolleybus systems operate in 85 cities. In Saint Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod museum trolleybuses may be hired for city excursions and parties.
Serbia
There are eight trolleybus routes in
Slovakia
The first trolleybus system connected Poprad with Starý Smokovec from 1904 to 1906. The second trolleybus system was built in 1909 in Bratislava, but served only until 1915.[52] The route led to the hilly recreational area of Železná studienka and the trolleybuses' motors were fed by a four-wheel bogie running on top of the wires and connected to the vehicle by a cable. Trolleybuses in Bratislava were reintroduced in 1941, with standard trolley poles.[52] In 1962 trolleybuses were introduced in Prešov. Banská Bystrica introduced trolleybuses in 1989, Košice in 1993 and Žilina in 1994. All trolleybuses were made by Škoda. As of 2021, trolleybuses operate in Banská Bystrica, Bratislava, Prešov and Žilina. Since 2015, trolleybuses no longer operate in Košice.
Slovenia
The first trolleybus line in the
Spain
Trolleybuses are currently in use only in Castellón de la Plana, where a new system opened on 25 June 2008;[55] trolleybuses had previously served the town from 1963 to 1969.[56] The Irisbus Civis vehicles are optically guided and are capable of switching to diesel power for turning in front of the Parque Ribalto.[55][57]
Earlier, at least 12 trolleybus systems existed in Spain;[4] see list. While most were urban systems, there were also some interurban lines, including a 33-km route from A Coruña to Carballo and a 12-km route from Tarragona to Reus.[4] Until the opening of the second Castellón system, in 2008, the last Spanish system to operate had been the one in Pontevedra, which closed in 1989.[4] In the 1960s and 1970s, more than 100 secondhand London double-deck trolleybuses operated on various Spanish systems.[58]
Sweden
In Landskrona, a single trolleybus route connects the railway station with the city centre and the wharf area. The system opened in 2003 and initially employed just three trolleybuses,[59] making it one of the world's smallest systems; by September 2013, the fleet had been expanded to five trolleybuses.[60] Forty years earlier, trolleybus systems existed in Gothenburg and Stockholm, the latter a large system with 12 routes.[4]
Switzerland
Trolleybuses are in use in cities including
(1 line).The last trolleybus ran in Lugano in June 2001,[61] and in Basel, where they have been replaced by gas-powered buses, on 30 June 2008.[62] These are the only urban networks that have been closed in Switzerland. Operation of the La Chaux-de-Fonds system has been suspended since 2014, but reopening by 2023 (with new vehicles) is planned.[63]
In Lausanne, the Association RétroBus has preserved several vintage trolleybuses, the oldest example being a 1932 FBW,[64] and operates them periodically on public excursions, especially on summer weekends.
Turkey
Trolleybuses have operated in two cities in the Asian part of Turkey and one in the European part. See the Eurasia section of this article, above.
Ukraine
Trolleybus systems run in more than 40 cities,[1] including the interurban Crimean network connecting Simferopol with Alushta and Yalta on the coast. The Crimean trolleybus network includes the longest trolleybus route in the world,[4] the 86-km (54 mi.) route from Yalta to Simferopol.[65]
United Kingdom
No trolleybus systems are in operation. A new Leeds trolleybus system was given preliminary government approval and funding in March 2010,[66] but cancelled in 2016.[67]
In the past, more than 50 systems existed and a large number of trolleybuses have been preserved at British museums. The last trolleybuses in Britain ran in Bradford in 1972. The world's largest collection of preserved trolleybuses is at The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft in England. Examples are also preserved at the East Anglia Transport Museum and the Black Country Living Museum in England.
North America
Canada
In Laval, Quebec (within the Greater Montreal area), the transit system operator, Société de transport de Laval (STL), launched a study in spring 2009 into the possible construction of a new, four-route trolleybus system.[71] Funded jointly by STL and Hydro-Québec,[72] the study was completed in 2010. In discussing the Laval study, some provincial officials indicated they would like to see transport agencies in other major Québec cities also consider installing trolleybus networks.[71] At the end of the study, the Laval transit authority decided to experiment with rechargeable battery-powered buses first, before making a decision on whether to proceed with trolleybuses.[73][74] Among the points noted in the study's findings were that installing a trolleybus system would require a significant initial capital investment in infrastructure, but that trolleybuses are a technology that is known to be able to operate reliably in harsh winter temperatures, whereas it is uncertain whether other types of electric buses would be able to do so, and testing of this is now planned.[73]
A new trolleybus system is also proposed for the city of
Several other Canadian cities have operated trolleybus systems in the past. In Hamilton, where they were referred to as "trolley coaches", they were used from 1951 until the end of 1992. Toronto initially had an experimental fleet of four trolleybuses from 1922 through 1927, but later maintained a fleet of about 150 vehicles from 1947 through 1992. Another 40 trolleybuses leased from Edmonton continued operation in Toronto until the lease expired, in July 1993, and the buses were returned to Edmonton a few months later. Most of Canada's other trolleybus systems were abandoned during the 1960s and 1970s; the last two to disappear at that time (Saskatoon and Calgary) closed down in 1974 and 1975, respectively.[4]
The Transit Museum Society, in Vancouver, has preserved at least five trolleybuses retired from service on that city's trolleybus system, and some are maintained in running condition for occasional operation on the system, in cooperation with the transit agency TransLink.
Mexico
Guadalajara opened a trolleybus system in 1976 using ex-Chicago Marmon-Herrington trolleybuses dating from 1951–52. New MASA trolleybuses were added to the fleet over the period 1982–85, and the last Marmons were withdrawn in January 1993.[83] In 2015, a series of 25 low-floor trolleybuses built by DINA (of Mexico) and Škoda (of the Czech Republic) replaced the previous fleet.[84]
United States
Since the opening of the first system – a relatively short-lived one opened in 1910 in Los Angeles – approximately 65 cities in the United States have been served by trolleybuses, in some instances by two or more independent systems operated by different private companies.[4]
Trolleybus systems are currently in operation in four U.S. metropolitan areas:
- SEPTA; see Trolleybuses in Philadelphia.
- San Francisco, California, operated by San Francisco Muni; see Trolleybuses in San Francisco.
- Seattle, Washington, operated by King County Metro; see Trolleybuses in Seattle.
- Dayton, Ohio, operated by Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority; see Trolleybuses in Dayton.
Preservation
- The Vancouver, Toronto, Seattle, San Francisco, Edmonton and Milwaukee. Several of the preserved coaches are operable and periodically provide rides for visitors over the museum's 0.6-mile (1 km) demonstration line, such service usually being scheduled on the first Saturday of June, July, September and October each year.
- There are 18 historic trolleybuses in the collection of the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine: 15 from U.S. systems,[85] two from Canada and one from Switzerland (plus one matching passenger trailer from Switzerland).[86] Some are only on display or stored, but seven are in operating condition, and the museum has an approximately quarter-mile trolleybus line, on which operation takes place on about two or three weekends each year.
- In Seattle, transit authority King County Metro has preserved several historic trolleybuses and diesel buses that used to serve the city, and adds more to its collection as additional types are withdrawn from use on the Metro transit system. Volunteers from a group of current and retired employees of the agency, the Metro Employees Historic Vehicle Association (MEHVA), formed in 1981, restore and maintain the vehicles and operate them on public excursions a few times each year.[87] As of 2009, the historic-vehicle fleet includes six trolleybuses, of which one is also a dual-mode bus.[88]
- San Francisco Muni has a collection of six historic trolleybuses, including two Flyer E800s of mid-1970s vintage in operating condition, one 1950 Marmon-Herrington in operating condition, and three older vehicles which are not in running condition.
- A number of other museums in the United States have trolleybuses on static display only.
South America
Argentina
The capital of Mendoza province, Argentina, had the first trolleybus operation in Latin America and one of the first in the world. South American Railless Traction Co., organized in London in 1912, planned to cover the continent with trolleybus lines and built an experimental route in Mendoza in 1913. (It was the only line that it built).[89] In 1948 the Buenos Aires City transport authority purchased 120 trolleybuses from Westram, later in 1952 the Argentine government imported 700 new trolleybuses from Germany (350
Brazil
Trolleybuses are currently in use only in
Two trolleybuses are preserved and exhibited at the SPTrans (São Paulo Transportation Authority) Museum at Gaetano Ferrola. Another five trolleybuses built by CMTC (SPTrans' predecessor, until 1995) and Villares between 1958 and 1965 are awaiting restoration in the SPTrans garage at Santa Rita. A trolleybus built in the United States by ACF-Brill in 1948 was restored in 1999 and operates during special celebrations, such as the city's 454th anniversary celebration on 25 January 2008.
Chile
Trolleybuses operated in
Colombia
Trolleybuses systems were operated in Medellín from 1929 to 1951 and in Bogotá (where the service was managed by the local government) from 1948 until 1991.[4] Russian-built ZIU and Romanian-built DAC trolleybuses comprised the entire fleet in the system's last several years of operation.[97]
Ecuador
A distinctive and heavily used trolleybus system opened in Quito in stages in 1995–96.[98] The single-corridor Quito trolleybus system, named "El Trole", is a high-capacity design, featuring dedicated trolleybus-only lanes over almost its entire length and with boarding taking place exclusively at high-platform stations, through all three vehicle doorways simultaneously, akin to modern-day light-rail transit systems.[99] The initial fleet of 54 articulated trolleybuses was expanded to 113 vehicles in 1999–2000.[99] The headway is as short as 90 seconds in peak periods, and average daily patronage exceeds 250,000 passengers. Extensions to the route were opened in 2000 and 2008, and it is now 18.7 kilometres (11.6 mi) in length.[100] Five different overlapping trolleybus services are operated along the corridor. The system inspired the design of a new trolleybus system in Mérida, Venezuela, the first stage of which opened in 2007.
Peru
A small trolleybus system operated in Lima from 1928 to 1931, using just six vehicles on a single 3.3-km route.[4][89] The six trolleybuses were rebuilt as trams in 1931, the only known instance of trolleybuses' being converted into trams.[89]
Trinidad and Tobago
Port of Spain was served by a five-route trolleybus system, which opened in 1941 and closed at the end of 1956.[4]: 63
Uruguay
Trolleybuses served the capital, Montevideo, from 1951 until 1992. The fleet originally included 18 British-built BUT vehicles, but Italian-built Alfa Romeo or Fiat trolleybuses were later acquired in much larger numbers and comprised the entire fleet for the system's last several years.[4]
Venezuela
No trolleybus systems exist any more, but trolleybuses have operated in four cities, of which one was a project that only progressed as far as demonstration service before the project was cancelled.
A small trolleybus system (using only 11 vehicles) operated in
Many years later, a trolleybus system opened in
A similar new trolleybus BRT system, Transbarca, was planned in Barquisimeto, and was intermittently under construction for several years, but the project's trolleybus component was cancelled in 2013, replaced by non-trolleybus BRT.[106] For the planned 22 km route, 80 articulated trolleybuses were purchased from Neoplan, in Germany, and construction of the system began in 2006,[107] but financial and political issues subsequently caused several long suspensions of work. By mid-2010, expenditures on the project had far exceeded the predicted amount and yet the first phase was only 23 percent completed.[108] Although a free demonstration service was introduced in November 2012, serving three stops and operating for only two hours per day, using 10–15 vehicles, it ceased operating within a few months. Ultimately, the planned trolleybus system never opened, the project being cancelled in July 2013 by a new Venezuelan Minister of Transport.[106] In addition to reasons of cost, an inadequate supply of electricity with which to power the system was cited in the announcement of the decision.[109]
See also
- List of trolleybus systems – for all-time lists, by country, of every trolleybus system ever known to have existed
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