Troms og Finnmark
Troms og Finnmark County
Troms og Finnmark fylke Romsa ja Finnmárku ( | |
---|---|
Coat of arms | |
Coordinates: 69°49′04″N 18°46′55″E / 69.8178°N 18.7819°E | |
Country | Norway |
County | Troms og Finnmark |
District | Northern Norway |
Established | 1 January 2020 |
• Preceded by | Finnmark and Troms counties |
Disestablished | 1 January 2024[1] |
• Succeeded by | Finnmark and Troms counties |
Administrative centre | Tromsø |
Government | |
• Body | Troms og Finnmark County Municipality |
• Governor (2019) | Elisabeth Aspaker (H) |
• County mayor (2019) | Ivar B. Prestbakmo (Sp) |
Area | |
• Total | 74,831 km2 (28,892 sq mi) |
• Land | 70,925 km2 (27,384 sq mi) |
• Water | 3,908 km2 (1,509 sq mi) 5.2% |
• Rank | #1 in Norway |
Population (2021) | |
• Total | 242,168 |
• Rank | #10 in Norway |
• Density | 3.4/km2 (9/sq mi) |
• Change (10 years) | +4.2% |
Demonym | Tromsing or Finnmarking[2] |
Official language | |
• Norwegian form | Neutral |
Time zone | UTC+01:00 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+02:00 (CEST) |
ISO 3166 code | NO-54[4] |
Website | Official website |
Troms og Finnmark (Norwegian:
The administrative centre of the county was split between two towns. The political and administrative offices were based in city of Tromsø (the seat of the old Troms county). The county governor was based in town of Vadsø (the seat of the old Finnmark county). The two towns are about 800 kilometres (500 mi) apart, approximately a 10-hour drive by car.
On 15 June 2022, a
Geography
Troms og Finnmark was the northernmost and easternmost county in Norway (Svalbard, an unincorporated area, is not considered a county). By area, it was Norway's largest county, and also one of the least populated of all Norwegian counties.
The coast is indented by large
The Øksfjord
The geography varies from barren coastal areas facing the
The lushest areas are the
The interior parts of the county include part of the great
The
There are mountains all over the county; the most alpine and striking are probably the
Climate
Troms og Finnmark has short and often cool summers, but sometimes warm continental air from southeast Europe or Russia can give surprisingly warm temperatures. The all-time high was 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) recorded in
There is often snow in abundance and avalanches are not uncommon in winter in steep areas. With the prevailing westerlies, lowland areas east of mountain ranges have less precipitation than areas west of the mountains. Skibotn in Storfjord is the location in Norway which has recorded the most days per year with clear skies (no clouds).
In the
Harstad is located on Norway's largest coastal island in the southwest of the province.
Climate data for Harstad 1991–2020 (45 m, extremes 2002–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.8 (47.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
23.9 (75.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
31.7 (89.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.8 (56.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
31.7 (89.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
2.4 (36.3) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
4.3 (39.7) |
1.4 (34.5) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
4.5 (40.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | −15.4 (4.3) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
0.9 (33.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−10.3 (13.5) |
−14.5 (5.9) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 106 (4.2) |
79 (3.1) |
101 (4.0) |
57 (2.2) |
38 (1.5) |
41 (1.6) |
54 (2.1) |
54 (2.1) |
75 (3.0) |
90 (3.5) |
73 (2.9) |
86 (3.4) |
854 (33.6) |
Source: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[11] |
Lakselv Airport Banak in Porsanger has a boreal climate with sparse precipitation.
Climate data for Lakselv Airport, Banak 1991–2020 (5 m, extremes 1979–2021)
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 9.4 (48.9) |
9.4 (48.9) |
13 (55) |
15.9 (60.6) |
25.7 (78.3) |
29.1 (84.4) |
34.3 (93.7) |
32.8 (91.0) |
25 (77) |
15.1 (59.2) |
11.9 (53.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6 (21) |
−6 (21) |
−1 (30) |
4 (39) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
17 (63) |
16 (61) |
12 (54) |
4 (39) |
−1 (30) |
−3 (27) |
5 (41) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
1.7 (35.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10 (14) |
−11 (12) |
−8 (18) |
−3 (27) |
2 (36) |
7 (45) |
10 (50) |
8 (46) |
5 (41) |
0 (32) |
−4 (25) |
−7 (19) |
−1 (30) |
Record low °C (°F) | −33.6 (−28.5) |
−33 (−27) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−24.7 (−12.5) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−26.4 (−15.5) |
−30 (−22) |
−33.6 (−28.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 24.7 (0.97) |
18.5 (0.73) |
19.9 (0.78) |
17.1 (0.67) |
25.5 (1.00) |
42.5 (1.67) |
57.2 (2.25) |
54.3 (2.14) |
37.7 (1.48) |
33.4 (1.31) |
23.6 (0.93) |
27.5 (1.08) |
381.9 (15.01) |
Source 1: yr.no/Norwegian Meteorological Institute[12] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weatheronline.co.uk[13] |
Midnight sun
Situated far north of the Arctic Circle, Troms og Finnmark has midnight sun from the middle of May until late July. Conversely, in two months of the winter, from late November to late January, the county experiences polar nights where the sun is always below the horizon. As a consequence, there is continuous daylight from early May to early August. At midwinter, there is only a bluish twilight for a couple of hours around noon, which can almost reach full daylight if there are clear skies to the south.
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
11:31 – 12:17 | 08:16 – 15:43 | 06:07 – 17:41 | 04:43 – 20:48 | 01:43 – 23:48 | Midnight sun | Midnight sun | 03:44 – 21:50 | 05:56 – 19:20 | 07:54 – 17:04 | 09:25 – 13:32 | Polar night |
Source: Almanakk for Norge; University of Oslo, 2010. Note: The sun is below the horizon until 15 January in Tromsø, but the low sun is blocked by mountains and not visible until 21 January. |
Northern lights
The county is situated in the
History
People have lived in this area for at least 10,000 years (since the early
Southern and mid-Troms was a Norwegian
Sami
The Sami are the indigenous people of the area, but Norwegians have lived for hundreds of years on the islands' outer parts, where they made up the majority. The
The Sami were for many years victims of the
In the midst of this awakening (1979), Norway's government decided to build a dam in Alta to produce hydropower, provoking many Sami and environmentalists to demonstrations and civil disobedience (Altasaken). In the end, the dam was built on a much smaller scale than originally intended and the Sami culture was on the government's agenda. The Sami parliament (Sámediggi) was opened in Karasjok in 1989.
Norwegian
The first known
Finnmark first became subject to increased colonization in the 18th and 19th centuries. Norway, Sweden, and Russia all claimed control over this area. Finland was part of Russia at that time and had no independent representative. Finnmark was given the status of an
Kven
The Finnic Kven residents of Finnmark are largely descendants of Finnish speaking immigrants who arrived in the area in the 18th century from Meänmaa, and later in the 19th century from Finland, suffering from famine and war.[16]
Governance
In 1576, the King of Norway established Vardøhus
World War II
Per Fugelli has said that World War II resulted in many persons acquiring psychiatric disorders (psykiske senskadene) which could be from experiencing "bombing, accidents involving mines, burning down of homes, forcible evacuation, illness and starvation during the war and liberation. But it was maybe in particular the treatment of Russian prisoners that left marks on the local population."[17]
Towards the end of World War II, with Operation Nordlicht, the Germans used the scorched earth tactic in Finnmark and northern Troms to halt the Red Army. As a consequence of this, few houses survived the war, and a large part of the population was forcefully evacuated further south (Tromsø was crowded), but many people avoided evacuation by hiding in caves and mountain huts and waiting until the Germans were gone, then inspected their burned homes. There were 11,000 houses, 4,700 cow sheds, 106 schools, 27 churches, and 21 hospitals burned. There were 22,000 communications lines destroyed, roads were blown up, boats destroyed, animals killed, and 1,000 children separated from their parents.[18]
However, after taking the town of
Cold War (1947–1991)
The
Merging of Troms County and Finnmark County
The merger has not been popular, especially in the old Finnmark county. A county-wide non-binding referendum was held in which it was opposed by about 87% of Finnmark residents who voted,
Later
On 17 March 2021, organisations reported that the county council sent an application to Norway's government to have the county split back up.[22]
On 28 October 2021, the Norwegian government confirmed that Troms and Finnmark would become two separate counties again.[1]
Government
A county (fylke) is the chief local administrative area in Norway. The whole country is divided into 11 counties. A county is also an election area, with popular votes taking place every 4 years.
In Troms og Finnmark, the government of the county was the Troms og Finnmark County Municipality. It included 57 members who were elected to form a county council (Fylkesting). Heading the Fylkesting was the county mayor (fylkesordførar), Ivar B. Prestbakmo (as of 2021).
The county also had a fylkesrådsleder, the top executive of the county's administration, Bjørn Inge Mo.
The county also had a
On 1 January 2019, Elisabeth Aspaker was appointed as the County Governor of Troms og Finnmark.
The municipalities in Troms og Finnmark were divided among several district courts (tingrett): Alta District Court, Hammerfest District Court, Indre Finnmark District Court, Nord-Troms District Court, Senja District Court, Trondenes District Court, and Øst-Finnmark District Court. All of these courts were subordinate to the Hålogaland Court of Appeal district based in Tromsø.
Municipalities
Troms og Finnmark County had a total of 39 municipalities:[23]
Municipal Number |
Name | Adm. Centre | Location in the county |
Established | Old Municipal No. (before 2020) |
Former County (before 2020) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5401 | Tromsø |
Tromsø | 1 Jan 1838 | 1902 Tromsø | Troms | |
5402 | Harstad |
Harstad | 1 Jan 1904 | 1903 Harstad Bjarkøy | ||
5403 | Alta |
Alta | 1 Jan 1863 | 2012 Alta | Finnmark | |
5404 | Vardø |
Vardø | 1 Jan 1838 | 2002 Vardø | ||
5405 | Vadsø |
Vadsø | 1 Jan 1838 | 2003 Vadsø | ||
5406 | Hammerfest |
Hammerfest | 1 Jan 1838 | 2004 Hammerfest 2017 Kvalsund | ||
5411 | Kvæfjord |
Borkenes | 1 Jan 1838 | 1911 Kvæfjord | Troms | |
5412 | Tjeldsund |
Evenskjer | 1 Jan 1909 | 1852 Tjeldsund | Nordland | |
1913 Skånland |
Troms | |||||
5413 | Ibestad |
Hamnvik | 1 Jan 1838 | 1917 Ibestad | ||
5414 | Gratangen |
Årstein | 1 July 1926 | 1919 Gratangen | ||
5415 | Lavangen |
Tennevoll | 1 Jan 1907 | 1920 Lavangen | ||
5416 | Bardu |
Setermoen | 1 Jan 1854 | 1922 Bardu | ||
5417 | Salangen |
Sjøvegan | 1 Jan 1871 | 1923 Salangen | ||
5418 | Målselv |
Moen | 1 Jan 1848 | 1924 Målselv | ||
5419 | Sørreisa |
Sørreisa | 1 Sep 1886 | 1925 Sørreisa | ||
5420 | Dyrøy |
Brøstadbotn | 1 Sep 1886 | 1926 Dyrøy | ||
5421 | Senja |
Finnsnes | 1 Jan 2020 | 1927 Lenvik
| ||
5422 | Balsfjord |
Storsteinnes | 1 Jan 1860 | 1933 Balsfjord | ||
5423 | Karlsøy |
Hansnes | 1 Jan 1838 | 1936 Karlsøy | ||
5424 | Lyngen |
Lyngseidet | 1 Jan 1838 | 1938 Lyngen | ||
5425 | Storfjord |
Hatteng | 1 Jan 1929 | 1939 Storfjord | ||
5426 | Kåfjord |
Olderdalen | 1 Jan 1929 | 1940 Kåfjord | ||
5427 | Skjervøy |
Skjervøy | 1 Jan 1838 | 1941 Skjervøy | ||
5428 | Nordreisa |
Storslett | 1 Jan 1886 | 1942 Nordreisa | ||
5429 | Kvænangen |
Burfjord | 1 Jan 1863 | 1943 Kvænangen | ||
5430 | Kautokeino |
Kautokeino | 1 Jan 1851 | 2011 Kautokeino | Finnmark | |
5432 | Loppa |
Øksfjord | 1 Jan 1838 | 2014 Loppa | ||
5433 | Hasvik |
Breivikbotn | 1 Jan 1858 | 2015 Hasvik | ||
5434 | Måsøy |
Havøysund | 1 Jan 1838 | 2018 Måsøy | ||
5435 | Nordkapp |
Honningsvåg | 1 July 1861 | 2019 Nordkapp | ||
5436 | Porsanger |
Lakselv | 1 Jan 1838 | 2020 Porsanger | ||
5437 | Karasjok |
Karasjok | 1 Jan 1866 | 2021 Karasjok | ||
5438 | Lebesby |
Kjøllefjord | 1 Jan 1838 | 2022 Lebesby | ||
5439 | Gamvik |
Mehamn | 1 Jan 1914 | 2023 Gamvik | ||
5440 | Berlevåg |
Berlevåg | 1 Jan 1914 | 2024 Berlevåg | ||
5441 | Tana |
Tana bru | 1 Jan 1864 | 2025 Tana | ||
5442 | Nesseby |
Varangerbotn | 1 Jan 1839 | 2027 Nesseby | ||
5443 | Båtsfjord |
Båtsfjord | 1 Jan 1839 | 2028 Båtsfjord | ||
5444 | Sør-Varanger |
Kirkenes | 1 Jul 1858 | 2030 Sør-Varanger |
References
- ^ a b c d Lægland, Martin (29 October 2021). "Vedum: Startet prosessen med oppløsning av Troms og Finnmark". Verdens Gang. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.
- ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.
- Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.
- Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ "Fylkesinndelingen fra 2024". regjeringen.no. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ Føleide, Anita (14 June 2022). "Vedtatt i Stortinget: Storfylkene skal splittes igjen, nå ønsker de ansatte ro og forutsigbarhet". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 20 September 2022.
- ^ "Troms og Finnmark splittes: Slik svarer Vedum om Alta". 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Bestemt i fylkestinget: Troms og Finnmark skilles". vg.no. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Danell, Kjell. (1996). Introductions of aquatic rodents: lessons of the muskrat Ondatra zibethicus invasion. Wildlife Biology. 2. 213–220. 10.2981/wlb.1996.021.
- ^ Norwegian Meteorological Institute [dead link]
- ^ "Last 13 months". yr.no. Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
- ^ "Max. Temperature – Banak – Climate Robot Norway". weatheronline.co.uk.
- ^ "Bjarmeland". 1 March 2018 – via Store norske leksikon.
- ^ "BioOne article". Bioone.org. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
- ^ politidepartementet, Justis- og (1 August 1996). "NOU 1994: 21". Regjeringen.no. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ NRK (13 September 2013). "Den glemte krigen". NRK. Archived from the original on 16 June 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
- ^ Zimmerman, Susan (November–December 2010). "World War II Magazine". 25 (4): 31.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - S2CID 154321588.
- ^ "Folkeavstemningen i Finnmark: 87 prosent stemte nei". NRK (in Norwegian). 16 May 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ Vernes, Thomas (6 September 2019). "Det nye storfylket Troms og Finnmark kan bli sprengt i to i 2021". ABC nyheter (in Norwegian). Retrieved 26 October 2019.
- ^ Grønning, Trygve (17 March 2021). "Fylkesrådslederen om sammenslåingen: – Staten har påført oss dype sår". NRK (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 29 March 2021.
- ^ List of Norwegian municipality numbers