Tsar
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2021) |
| Part of a series on |
| Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe |
|---|
.svg) |
|
| Part of the Politics series |
| Monarchy |
|---|
.svg) |
 Politics portal |
Tsar (
Tsar and its variants were the official titles in the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396), the Kingdom of Bulgaria (1908–1946), the Serbian Empire (1346–1371), and the Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721). The first ruler to adopt the title tsar was
Meaning in Slavic languages
The title tsar is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors, caesar.[2] The Greek equivalent of the Latin word imperator was the title autokrator. The term basileus was another term for the same position, but it was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or Biblical context.
Bulgaria
In 705 Emperor
It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian-
After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first autonomous prince (
Serbia
The title of tsar (Serbian car) was used officially by two monarchs, the previous monarchial title being that of king (kralj). In 1345,
Russia
The title tsar was used once by church officials of Kievan Rus' in the naming of Yaroslav the Wise, the Grand Prince of Kiev (r. 1019–1054). This may have related to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from Constantinople. However, other Kievan Rus' princes never styled themselves as tsars.[10]
The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the Golden Horde, Mikhail of Tver (lived 1271–1318), assumed the title "basileus of Rus"[11] and "tsar".[12]
Following his assertion of independence from the khan in 1476,
The title-inflation related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "Third Rome", after the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The Muscovite ruler was recognized as an emperor by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in 1514.[15][16][note 1]
However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as
The title tsar remained in common usage, and also officially as part of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the Muscovite monarchy (such as the former Tatar
Among the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Muslims of the Volga region, Central Asia and the Caucasus, the autocracy of the Russian Empire often became identified with the image of the "White Tsar" (Russian: Белый царь).[21]
By 1894, when
Metaphorical uses
Like many lofty titles, such as mogul, tsar or czar has been used in English as a metaphor for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar'). Similarly, Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the House of Representatives in the 1880s and 1890s.[citation needed]
In the United States and in the United Kingdom, the title "czar" is a colloquial term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the "
See also
- Succession of the Roman Empire
- List of Bulgarian monarchs
- List of Russian rulers
- List of Serbian monarchs
- Tsarevets (fortress)
- Tsarina
- Tsarevich
- Tsesarevich
- Vozhd
Notes
- Peter the Great, when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively. Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor.
- ^ Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of rex ("king"), if they would only ally themselves with the Pope. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority did not require anyone's confirmation.
References
Citations
- ISBN 9004181873, p. 211.
- ^ a b "Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com.
- Slavonic Bibledid equate the terms "tsar" and "king"... Russian writers often compared the grand prince or tsar with any kings of the Old Testament. Several writers [argued] that it was a mistake to translate tsar as "emperor". This was important because of a widely held view in Europe that the tsar wished to claim the imperial legacy of the defunct Byzantine Empire.
- ISBN 9780300143768.
The primary meaning of tsar was thus an independent ruler, with no overlord, who could be either a king of one particular nation or people, as in the Bible, or an 'emperor' ruling over several antions, such as the East Roman Emperor.
- ^ "Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009, EB.com.
- ISBN 1412917999. p. 115.
- ^ Срђан Пириватрић. Самуилова држава. Београд, 1997.
- ^ Innocentii pp. III epistolae ad Bulgariae historiam spectantes. Recensuit et explicavit Iv. Dujcev. Sofia, 1942.
- Naiden Gerov's Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language)
- ^ Wladimir Vodoff. Remarques sur la valeur du terme "czar" appliqué aux princes russes avant le milieu du 15e siècle, in "Oxford Slavonic Series", new series, vol. XI. Oxford University Press, 1978.
- ^
ISBN 9780521419109. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
[...] Michael of Tver', after receiving the yarlyk (edict) of the Mongol Khan in 1304 as grand prince of Vladimir and Moscow sent an embassy to the Emperor Andronicos II in which he described himself as basileus ton Ros.
- ^ A.V. Soloviev. "Reges" et "Regnum Russiae" au moyen âge, in "Byzantion", t. XXXVI. Bruxelles, 1966.
- ^
Bushkovitch, Paul (2021). Succession to the Throne in Early Modern Russia: The Transfer of Power 1450–1725 (1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9781108479349. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
Ivan III had occasionally, not regularly, used the title 'tsar' in letters to other rulers.
- ^ "Den Titel aines Khaisers, wiewol Er alle seine Brief nur Reissisch schreibt, darinn Er sich Czar nent, so schickht Er gemaincklich Lateinische Copeyen darmit oder darinn, und an stat des Czar setzen sy Imperator, den wir Teutsch Khaiser nennen".
- ^ Ostrowski, D. (2002). Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. 178.
- ^ Lehtovirta, J. "The Use of Titles in Herberstein's "Commentarii". Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?" in Kӓmpfer, F. and Frӧtschner, R. (eds.) (2002) 450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549–1999, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 196–198.
- ^ "Et ainsi retiennent le nom de Zar comme plus autentique, duquel nom il pleut iadis à Dieu d'honorer David, Salomon et autres regnans sur la maison de Iuda et Israel, disent-ils, et que ces mots Tsisar et Krol n'est que invention humaine, lequel nom quelqu'un s'est acquis par beaux faits d'armes".
- ^ The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years. 2nd ed. London, 1671. pp. 54–55.
- ISBN 5-7859-0145-5. pp. 48–52.
- ^ "The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar". Archived from the original on 2020-09-08. Retrieved 2006-07-27.
- ^
ISBN 9783319505237. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
[...] White Tsar [Belyi Tsar']. This title was widely used in Russian communication with Asian or Muslim peoples during the nineteenth century and derived its attraction from its 'Asian' appeal. [...I]n late Tsarist times the expression White Tsar was perceived as a specific 'oriental' title for the Russian Tsar that was rooted in Mongolian traditions.
- ^ Harcave, Sidney First Blood The Russian Revolution of 1905 Macmillan: London, 1964 p. 12
- ^ James K. Glassman (December 18, 2000). "Close, But No Big Czar". Reason magazine.
Sources
- Michael and Natasha, The Life and love of the Last Tsar of Russia, Rosemary & Donald Crawford, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1997. ISBN 0-297-81836-8.
- George Ostrogorsky, "Avtokrator i samodržac", Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95–187
- John V.A. Fine Jr., The Early Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1983
- John V.A. Fine Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans, Ann Arbor, 1987
- Robert O. Crummey, The Formation of Muscovy 1304–1613, New York, 1987
- David Warnes, Chronicle of the Russian Tsars, London, 1999
- Matthew Lang (Editor), The Chronicle – $10 Very Cheap, Sydney, 2009/10
External links
| Authority control databases: National |
|---|
