Tubas (city)
Tubas | |
---|---|
City | |
Area | |
• Total | 295,123 dunams (295.1 km2 or 113.9 sq mi) |
Population (2017)[1] | |
• Total | 21,431 |
• Density | 73/km2 (190/sq mi) |
Website | www.tubas.ps |
Tubas (
Tubas has been identified as the ancient town of Thebez (
History
Ancient era
Edward Robinson thought Tubas to be identical with the Canaanite/Israelite town of "Thebez" (Hebrew: תבץ) mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the Book of Judges.[2][3][4] It is the namesake of the titular woman of Thebez.
Archaeological remains such as cemeteries and
Ottoman era
In 1596 it appeared in the
In the late 19th century during Ottoman rule in Palestine, groups of
Tubas was one of the largest villages in the
In 1877 Lieutenant
The Palestine Exploration Fund noted that the Samaritans believed that the tomb of Asher, known locally as Nabi Tota ("the good prophet"), was located in Tubas. The tomb served as a shrine in local Muslim tradition.[14]
British Mandate era
In 1917, the British captured Palestine from the Ottomans. After rule under a military government, it was reorganized in 1922–23 Tubas was incorporated into the British Mandate of Palestine.
In the 1922 census of Palestine Tubas had a population of 3,449 (3,441 Muslims[15] and 7 Orthodox Christians[16]). In the 1931 census, Tubas, (including Kashda and Jabagia) had 773 occupied houses and a population of 4,097 (4,068 Muslims and 29 Christians).[17]
In Sami Hadawi's 1945 statistics land and population survey, Tubas and nearby Bardala had a combined population of 5,530 (5,470 Muslims and 60 Christians[18]), with 313,123 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[19] Of this, 18,498 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 98,518 dunams for cereals,[20] while 204 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[21]
In 1947, the United Nations drew up a partition plan to divide Palestine into Jewish and Arab states; Tubas and the surrounding villages and hamlets were to be included in the Arab state. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Fawzi al-Qawuqji led 750 Arab Liberation Army (ALA) soldiers to Tubas from Transjordan and set up base there; Tubas would serve as the ALA's headquarters in central Palestine throughout the war.[22]
Jordanian era
In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Tubas became a part of Jordan.
In 1955 the first girls' school was opened.[12]
In 1961, the population was 5,709,[23] while in 1964, Tubas alone had a population of 5,880.[24]
Post-1967
Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Tubas has been under Israeli occupation.
Tubas was transferred to
Tubas has not seen as much violence in the
Geography
Tubas is located in the northern West Bank with an elevation of 362 meters (1,188 ft) above sea level, whereas most of the Tubas Governorate is located within the
Tubas is located to the northeast of
It has a moderate climate; the summer is hot and dry, and the winter is cold and wet. The average annual temperature is 21 °C (70 °F), and the average annual humidity rate is 56%.[5]
Demographics
About 1,100 residents fled Tubas after the 1967
In the
In the 2007 census by the PCBS, Tubas had a population of 16,154,[35] increasing around 33% from 1997. The city represents roughly a third (33.4%) of the Tubas Governorate's total population. The city's modern-era founders, the Daraghmeh clan, constitute 70% of Tubas' inhabitants.[5] The clan has several smaller branches, including the Mslamany, Abd al-Razeq and Abu Khazaran families.[36] The Sawafta family make up 25%, the Husheh make up 3% and the Fuquha represent the remaining 2%.[5] Residents of the village trace their origins to various places, including Hebron and Nazareth (the Zuabis). Some are Bedouins.[37]
The inhabitants of Tubas are predominantly Muslims,
According to the 2017 census by the PCBS, the population of Tubas was 21,431.[1]
Economy
The economical situation Tubas during the 1993–99 period was prosperous, however since the start of the
Currently, agriculture constitutes 60% of Tubas' economic activity, public services comprise 17%, trade is 10%, Israeli labor is 8%, construction and industry make-up the remaining 5%. In the city, there are 240 shops and stores, 70 service institutions and one big ready mix concrete factory 30 small ones.[5]
The main economic sector in Tubas is agriculture. There is a total of 150,000 dunams of arable land, of which 124,450 dunams are covered by forests and 10,604 dunams cultivated. Although the land is fertile, there is a lack of water for irrigation. The only spring used is in nearby Ein Far'a. Field crops account for 49% of the cultivable land, while fruit orchards account for 40% and vegetables make-up 11%. Israeli trenches around the neighboring villages of Ras al-Ahmar and Khirbet al-'Atuf prevent access to nearly 40% of Tubas' arable lands.[5]
Many Tubas residents keep livestock, mostly sheep; in 2005, there was a total 6,670 sheep. Other livestock owned include 96 heads of cattle, 880 goats and 126,500 poultry. In addition, 123 beehives were kept.
Government
Tubas serves as the muhfaza ("capital" or "seat") of the Tubas Governorate. Since 1995, Tubas has been located in Area A, giving the PNA full control over its security, administration and civilian affairs.[5]
Tubas has been governed by a municipal council since 1953, when it was granted permission to do so by Jordanian authorities who controlled the West Bank at the time. The council is made up of 15 members including the mayor, and is headquartered in the municipal hall in the center of the town. The municipality has over 60 employees. Responsibilities of the municipality include civil administration, urban planning and development, social development services, distribution of social services, the issuing of building permits and infrastructural maintenance: water, electricity and solid waste collection.[5]
Husam Daraghmeh was succeeded, an independent candidate, elected in the 2022 Palestinian municipal elections. During the elections, women won two seats, and though Tubas is normally a Fatah stronghold, all seats were won by independent political lists.[41]
Education
In 2004–05, Tubas had twelve schools; four for males, three for females and five co-educational. There were 4,924 students and 191 teachers. In addition, six kindergartens are located in the city, and have a total of 620 pupils. In 1997, the
Local infrastructure
Tubas contains six mosques. The main mosques are the Abd ar-Rahan Mosque, the al-Tawled Mosque, Umar ibn al-Khattab Mosque, and Shaheed Mosque.[5] The Holy Trinity Orthodox Church is also located in Tubas, in the northern part of the city. The church was built in 1976 to serve the small Orthodox Christian community. It consists of a prayer room, a fellowship hall, an office, and a library for children.[43]
Since Tubas is the capital and largest city in the Tubas Governorate, it acts as the main provider of services to the towns and villages of the governorate. All Palestinian National Authority offices that serve the governorate are located in the city. There are 21 government institutions in Tubas, including a post office, the Palestinian Ministry of Labor office, the Palestinian Ministry of Agriculture office, the Palestinian Ministry of Social Affairs office, the fire department and a police station.[5]
Transportation
Buses and taxis are the primary means of transportation in Tubas. The total length of paved roads is 10,000 meters (33,000 ft), whereas there are 10,000 meters (33,000 ft) of deteriorating paved roads and 25,000 meters (82,000 ft) of road that are entirely unpaved. Tubas is located on Highway 588 connected to the main
Health care
The city contains five health centers run by various organizations including the
Utilities
Approximately 60% of the residents have a telephone connection, and roughly 90% are connected to the water. The Tubas Municipality administers all water resources in and around the city. In addition to the water network, there is one spring (Far'a) in the immediate area which is the main provider of water for use in households. The city also has a water reservoir with a capacity of 900 cubic metres (31,783 cubic feet). This is primarily used to provide water to the urban areas of the city during Summer, and is only available once on a weekly basis.[5]
From 1963 to 1997 local municipal-owned electric generators provided Tubas with all of its electricity needs. In 1997, the city connected with the Tubas Area Electricity Network which is provided by the Israeli Electric Cooperation. In that period, 99% of households in the city were connected with electricity. Solid waste management in Tubas is operated by the municipality and Joint Services Council. It is collected 3-4 times daily from the residential area, which is sent to a shared dumping site 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) from the city. The main disposal method used is burning. Tubas is not connected to the sewage network, therefore all households dispose of their waste water in cesspits, a major source of pollution in groundwater.[5]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
- ^ a b Robinson and Smith, 1856, p. 305
- ^ a b Rix, 1907, pp. 157-159
- ^ Skinner, 1895, p. The International Critical Commentary on the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments C. Scribner's Sons, p.268.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Tubas City Profile Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem. February 2006.
- ^ Bromiley, 1995, p. 825
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 125.
- ^ a b c Finn, 1867/1877, pp. 92–93
- ^ Doumani, 1995, p. The Hinterland of Nablus: Local Trade Networks
- ^ Doumani, 1995, Notes
- ^ Doumani, 1995, The Hinterland of Nablus
- ^ a b c d Irving, 2012, p. 236.
- ^ Kitchener, 1878, p. 62
- ^ Conder, 1881, p. 201
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table IX, Sub-district of Nablus, p. 24
- ^ Barron, 1923, p. 47
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 65
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 19
- ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 61
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 108
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 158
- ^ Pipes, 1990, p. 57
- ^ Government of Jordan, 1964, p. 13
- ^ Stendel, Ori. (1968).Arab Villages in Israel and Judea-Samaria (the West Bank) Israel Economist, p.21.
- ^ Bio Data - Tubas Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
- Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2002-04-06.
- ^ "Palestinians who were the object of a targeted killing in the West Bank". Archived from the original on 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
- ^ Killing deliberately, 'by mistake' Archived 2009-08-08 at the Wayback Machine Al-Ahram Weekly. 2002-09-05.
- ^ Tubas: Clan clash kills one, injures 38, sees five homes burned. Ma'an News Agency. 2009-08-21.
- ^ a b Tubas City Fact Sheet Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem.
- ^ Souf Camp Dwellers[permanent dead link] DPA.
- ^ Welcome to Tubas British Mandate Census via PalestineRemembered.
- ^ Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine (1997) Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status Archived 2009-11-13 at the Wayback Machine (1997) Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics.
- ^ 2007 PCBS Census. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. p.107.
- ^ Ras al-Far'a Village Profile, ARIJ
- ^ Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in Shomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 348
- ^ Locations: Tubas Salt of the Earth.
- ^ a b Toubas Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine (2005) Health Work Committees.
- ^ Irving, 2012, p. 55.
- ^ Local elections (round one) - the winners according to local authority, gender and No. of votes obtained[permanent dead link] Higher Commission for Local Elections, pp. 11–13. 2004-12-23.
- ^ Toubas Educational Region Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine Al-Quds Open University.
- ^ al-Mashni, Osama. Holy Trinity Orthodox Church in Tubas, Palestine
- ^ Satellite view of Tubas
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0.
- Conder, C.R. (1881). "Lieutenant Conder's reports". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 13: 158–208.
- Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
- Doumani, B. (1995). Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus. University of California Press.
- Finn, J. (1877). Byeways in Palestine. London: James Nisbet.
- Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics (1964). First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population (PDF).
- Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945.
- Guerin, V. (1875). Description Géographique, Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. Vol 2: Samarie, pt 2. Paris, Imprimé par autorisation de l'empereur à l'Impr. impériale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Irving, Sarah (2012). Palestine. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1841623672.
- Kitchener, H.H. (1878). "Journal of the Survey". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 10: 62–67.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- ISBN 9780195363043.
- Rix, Herbert (1907). Tent and Testament : a camping tour in Palestine, with some notes on Scripture sites. London: Williams and Norgate.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1856). Later Biblical Researches in Palestine and adjacent regions: A Journal of Travels in the year 1852. London: John Murray.
External links
- Welcome To The City of Tubas
- Tubas City, Welcome to Palestine
- Tubas City (Fact Sheet), Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem, ARIJ
- Tubas City profile, ARIJ
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 12: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Tubas Bio Data - United Nations (pdf file)