Tucumán Province
Tucumán
Provincia de Tucumán (Spanish) | ||
---|---|---|
Province of Tucumán | ||
Capital San Miguel de Tucumán | | |
Subdivisions | List | |
Government | ||
• National Deputies | ||
• National Senators | 3 (List)
| |
Area UTC−3 (ART) | ||
ISO 3166 code | AR-T | |
HDI (2021) | 0.841 very high (13th)[3] | |
Website | www |
Tucumán (Spanish pronunciation: [tukuˈman]) is the most densely populated, and the second-smallest by land area, of the provinces of Argentina.
Located in the northwest of the country, the province has the capital of San Miguel de Tucumán, often shortened to Tucumán. Neighboring provinces are, clockwise from the north: Salta, Santiago del Estero and Catamarca. It is nicknamed El Jardín de la República (The Garden of the Republic), as it is a highly productive agricultural area.
Etymology
The word Tucumán probably originated from the
History
Before the
In 1533, Diego de Almagro explored the Argentine Northwest, including Tucumán.[citation needed] In 1549 the Peruvian governor Pedro de la Gasca granted Juan Núñez de Prado the territory of Tucumán. Prado established the first Spanish settlement at the town of Barco on the Dulce River.[5] Prado named his province "Tucumán" after Tucumamahao, one of the leaders of the local people who formed an alliance with him.[6] In 1552, Francisco de Aguirre was dispatched to take possession of the territory for Chile. Aguirre followed a repressive policy, triggering a rebellion by the native people. Outnumbered, the colonists were forced to move in 1553 to a new location, where they founded the town of Santiago del Estero.[5]
By 1565, Diego de Villaroel founded San Miguel de Tucumán and the Provincia de Tucumán, Juríes y Diaguitas was organized. Because of frequent attacks by the indigenous peoples, the Malones, in 1685, San Miguel de Tucumán was moved by Miguel de Salas some 65 km from its first location, where it was redeveloped. The aborigines of the region presented a strong resistance to the Spanish, who decided to move the defeated tribes toward
Tucumán was a midpoint for shipments of gold and silver from the Viceroyalty of Peru to Buenos Aires. It produced cattle, textiles, and wood products that provided supplies for the convoys on their way to Buenos Aires. Because of its important geographical position, and as head of the civil and Catholic governments, it acquired special importance during the 18th century.
The creation of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776 meant the end of the convoys from Perú to Buenos Aires. Tucumán, with 20,000 inhabitants by that time, suffered also from the British imports from the newly opened customs of Buenos Aires, no longer under the monopoly of the Spanish Crown.
In 1783, the Intendancy of Tucumán was divided; Tucumán was set under the control of the
On July 9, 1816, at the Congress of Tucumán, the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata ("United Provinces of the Río de la Plata") declared their independence from Spain. Internal conflicts delayed the final fusion of the provinces into the República Argentina.
Following the failure of Argentina's first independence-era government, the
The beginning of the 20th century, with the customs restrictions and the arrival of the railway, brought prosperous economic times for the province and its sugarcane production. Numerous landmarks were built, such as Ninth of July Park and the Tucumán Government Palace, and a daily newspaper founded in 1912, La Gaceta, became the most circulated Argentine daily outside Buenos Aires, but the sugar price crisis of the 1960s and President Juan Carlos Onganía's order to have 11 large state-owned sugar mills closed in 1966, hit Tucumán's economy hard, and ushered in an era of instability for the province.[7]
In 1975, President
Life in Tucumán has since returned to a certain normality. Its economy has recovered strongly during the expansive period Argentina has had in the decade since 2002. José Alperovich, elected governor in 2003, has presided over record investment in public works while reaping criticism for attempts to eliminate term limits for his office.
Geography
Despite Tucumán's small size, it has two main different geographical systems. The east is associated with the
The Salí is the province's main river. Tucumán also has four dams that are used for hydroelectricity and irrigation: El Cadillal on Salí River, the province's most important dam; Embalse Río Hondo on the Hondo River; La Angostura on de los Sosa River; and Escaba on the Marapa River. The Santa María River crosses the
Climate
Tucuman lies at the convergence of temperate climates and tropical climates further north, retaining characteristics of both in the lowlands. Furthermore, it is highly monsoonal, and depends also on elevation. As a rule of thumb, the far east is drier and hotter, whereas the Piedmont has many storms in the summer which moderate temperatures. The first foothills are very humid, supporting a dense jungle, and as altitude increases, a thick forest and then cool grasslands. The westernmost areas are once again a bit dryer because of a rain shadow.
The eastern parts have an average annual temperature of 18 to 20 °C (64.4 to 68.0 °F).[9] Summers are hot with mean temperatures averaging between 24 and 26 °C (75.2 and 78.8 °F) while in winter, the mean temperatures are between 10 and 12 °C (50.0 and 53.6 °F).[9][10] Easternmost parts of the province, which borders the Chaco region are home to the highest and lowest temperatures in the province where absolute maximum temperatures can exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) while absolute minimum temperatures can reach close to −7 °C (19.4 °F) owing to the accumulation of cold air that descends from the mountains.[9][11] At higher altitudes, the climate is cooler with summer temperatures averaging 20 °C (68.0 °F) and winter temperatures averaging 10 °C (50.0 °F).[9] The annual temperature in the higher altitudes is 12 to 14 °C (53.6 to 57.2 °F) at an altitude of 2,500 metres (8,202.1 ft) above sea level.[11] Within the valleys located between the mountains, temperatures are cooler with a mean annual temperature of 13.1 °C (55.6 °F) (summers average 17.1 °C (62.8 °F) while winters average 9.0 °C (48.2 °F)) in the Tafi valley.[9]
Precipitation in the lowlands ranges from 600 mm (24 in) in the east, to close to 1,200 mm in the foothills (48 in), in a very monsoonal pattern with 4-5 completely dry winter months, and a peak of about 200 mm (7.9 in) in the rainiest summer month.
The eastward-facing slopes concentrate not only the heaviest precipitation, with spots around 1,800 mm (71 in) falling mostly in the 5 months of the summer monsoon, but also have a unique characteristic, which is that during part of the year, they are constantly immersed in a thick fog, providing humidity for the development of a thick jungle. The climate quickly becomes decidedly temperate with altitude, supporting different kinds of forest which even receive some snow every winter, finally reaching high-altitude grasslands with cool, windy weather year-round.
The abundant precipitation creates a wide area of abundant vegetation and justifies Tucumán's title of "Jardín de la República" (Garden of the Republic).
Economy
Long among the most underdeveloped Argentine provinces, Tucumán Province has been growing strongly, and its economy, the nation's seventh-largest, reached US$7.2 billion in 2006. Its per capita output of US$5,400 (around US$7,900 in 2011) was nearly 40% below the national average, but compares favourably with that of most of its neighbors.[12] In 2012, the per capita income of the province is of 8,000 dollars
Known internationally for its prodigious
.Cattle, sheep, and goats are raised mainly for local consumption.
Manufacturing in Tucumán initially centered on sugar production, but has diversified significantly since 1960. Sugar mills comprise about 15% to the total economy. Besides the industrialisation of the sugarcane into sugar, paper, and alcohol, food, textile,
Cultural and sport tourism is common in the province, and attracts a number of Argentine tourists every year. The
The most visited destinations of the Province are the
Four important universities are in the province:
Government
In Argentina, the most important law enforcement organization is the Argentine Federal Police but the additional work is carried out by the Tucumán Provincial Police. The provincial government is divided into three branches: the executive, headed by a popularly elected governor, who appoints the cabinet; the
The Constitution of Tucumán Province forms the formal law of the province.
Political division
The province is divided into 17 departments (Spanish departamentos).
Department | Population | Area | Seat |
---|---|---|---|
Burruyacú | 32,936 | 3,605 km2 | Burruyacú |
Capital | 527,607 | 90 km2 | San Miguel de Tucumán |
Chicligasta | 75,133 | 1,267 km2 | Concepción |
Cruz Alta | 162,240 | 1,255 km2 | Banda del Río Salí |
Famaillá | 30,951 | 427 km2 | Famaillá |
Graneros | 13,063 | 1,678 km2 | Graneros |
Juan Bautista Alberdi | 28,206 | 730 km2 | Juan Bautista Alberdi |
La Cocha | 17,683 | 917 km2 | La Cocha |
Leales | 51,090 | 2,027 km2 | Bella Vista |
Lules | 57,235 | 540 km2 | Lules
|
Monteros | 58,442 | 1,169 km2 | Monteros |
Rio Chico
|
52,925 | 585 km2 | Aguilares
|
Simoca | 29,932 | 1,261 km2 | Simoca |
Tafí del Valle | 13,883 | 2,741 km2 | Tafí del Valle |
Tafí Viejo | 108,017 | 1,210 km2 | Tafí Viejo |
Trancas | 15,473 | 2,862 km2 | Trancas |
Yerba Buena | 63,707 | 160 km2 | Yerba Buena |
Towns and villages
- Anca Juli
- Los Ralos (settlement)
- San Pedro de Colalao (settlement)
See also
- Governor of Tucumán Province
- Septiembre Musical
- Casa de Tucumán
- Provinces of Argentina
- Republic of Tucumán
- Empanada
- Sándwich de milanesa
- Ninth of July Park
- Battle of Tucumán
References
- ^ "Nuevos datos provisorios del Censo 2022: Argentina tiene 46.044.703 habitantes". Infobae. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
- ^ "PBG Tucumán".
- ^ "El mapa del desarrollo humano en Argentina" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 25 June 2023.
- ^ El nombre "Tucumán" www.tucuman.gov.ar (in Spanish)
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7146-2034-3. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ^ Page, Thomas Jefferson (1859). La Plata, the argentine Confederation, and Paraguay: Being a narrative of the exploration of the tributaries of the river La Plata and adjacent countries during the years 1853, '54, '55, and '56, under the orders of the United States government. Trubner & Co. p. 404. Retrieved 2013-07-20.
- ^ "Archdiocese of Tucumán". www.arztucuman.org.ar. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
- ^ Andersen, Martin. Dossier Secreto. Westview Press, 1993.
- ^ a b c d e Sesma, Pablo; Guido, Elvira; Puchulu, Maria (1998). "Clima de la Provincia de Tucuman" (PDF). Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ Bravo, Gonzalo; Bianchi, Alberto; Volante, José; Salas, Susana; Sempronii, Guillermo; Vicini, Luis; Fernandez, Miguel. "Regiones Agroeconómicas del Noroeste Argentino" (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Provincia de Tucuman–Clima Y Metéorologia" (in Spanish). Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina). Archived from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
- ^ "INSTITUTO ARGENTINO PARA EL DESARROLLO DE LAS ECONOMIAS REGIONALES (I.A.D.E.R.)". www.iader.org.ar. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
Further reading
- Juarez-Dappe, Patricia (2010). When Sugar Ruled: Economy and Society in Northwestern Argentina, Tucuman, 1876-1916. Ohio University Press.
External links
- Tucuman.gov.ar Tucuman Province Official Website
- www.TucumanTurismo.gob.ar Tucuman Tourism Official Website
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
.
- noticiastucuman.com.ar Tucuman News