Tughril I
Tughril | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tuğrul Tower, Ray, Iran | |||||
Spouse | Altun Jan Khatun Akka Khatun Fülane Khatun Farrukh al-Khatuni Sayida Khatun | ||||
| |||||
House | Seljuk | ||||
Father | Mikail | ||||
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Abu Talib Muhammad Tughril ibn Mika'il (Persian: ابوطالبْ محمد طغرل بن میکائیل), better known as Tughril (طغرل / طغریل; also spelled Toghril), was a Turkoman[4][5] chieftain, who founded the Seljuk Empire, ruling from 1037 to 1063.
Tughril united many
Before the advent of the Seljuks, Persia was divided between several warring local powers, such as the
Name
"Tughril" was the Old Turkic word for a bird of prey, possibly the Crested goshawk. In early Turkic history and culture, starting from the Uyghur Khaganate and onwards, it was used as a personal name.[7]
Early life
Tughril was born in c. 993,[8] most likely in the Central Asian steppes, where nomadic Oghuz Turks were roaming to find pasture for livestock. After the death of his father Mikail, Tughril and his brother Chaghri were reportedly raised by their grandfather Seljuk (the eponymous founder of the Seljuks) in Jand. It was seemingly during this period that the Seljuk family converted to Islam, at least nominally.[9] In the following decades, the Seljuks were employed as mercenaries under the warring factions of Transoxiana and Khwarazm, in exchange for pasture for their herds.[10]
In the 1020s, Tughril and his other relatives were serving the
After the Kara-Khanid ruler
In 1037, the Seljuks also forced the Ghaznavids to cede them Sarakhs, Abivard and Marw. The Seljuks then slowly began to subdue the cities of Khorasan, and, when they captured Nishapur, Tughril proclaimed himself Sultan of Khorasan.
Reign
Mas'ud, after having returned to Khorasan, expelled the Seljuks from
The Battle of Dandanaqan shortly took place near Merv, where the army of Mas'ud was defeated by a much smaller army under Tughril, his brother Chaghri Beg, and the Kakuyid prince Faramurz. Mas'ud thus permanently lost control of all of western Khorasan. This victory marked the foundation of the Seljuk Empire, which was now rapidly expanding west.
Tughril then installed Chagri as the governor of Khorasan and prevented a Ghaznavid reconquest, then moved on to the conquest of the Iranian plateau from 1040 to 1044; in 1041–1042, Tughril conquered
In 1055 he was commissioned by the Abbasid Caliph
Death and succession
Tughril died on 4 October 1063 in Ray, at the age of seventy. Having no children, he had nominated his infant nephew Sulayman (a son of
Family
One of his wives was Altun Jan Khatun. She was a Turkic woman, probably from Khwarazm, and had been married to Khwarazm Shah Shah Malik, with whom she had a son named Anushirvan. They married in around 1043.[21][22] She died on December 1060.[23] Another wife was Akka Khatun. After Tughril's death, she married Alp Arslan.[24] Another of his wives was the daughter of Abu Kalijar. They married in 1047–48.[25] Another wife was Farrukh al-Khatuni,[26] widow of his brother Chaghri Beg, and mother of his son, Suleiman. They married after Chaghri's death in 1060.[27] Another wife was Sayida Khatun. She was the daughter of Abbasid Caliph Al-Qaim.[28] In 1061, Tughril sent the qadi of Ray to Baghdad, to ask her hand in marriage to him.[29] The marriage contract was concluded in August–September 1062 outside Tabriz, with a marriage proportion of one hundred thousand dinars.[30] She was brought to the Sultan's palace in March–April 1063.[31] After Tughril's death, Alp Arslan sent her back to Baghdad in 1064.[31] In 1094, Caliph Al-Mustazhir compelled her to remain in her house lest she should intrigue for his overthrow. She died on 20 October 1102.[32][33]
Legacy
Sultan Tughril was undoubtedly a military genius. Though his military campaigns inflicted serious damage on the productive forces of many conquered states, they paved the way for the establishment of the first powerful medieval empire of the Turks that linked "the East and the West".[34] The formation of a vast empire objectively led to important changes in socio-economic, political and cultural life. The role of the landowning aristocracy markedly increased. Gradually, a new apparatus of state administration and an imperial system of civil and military administration took shape.
Tughril's conquests had an impact on the lives of not only the people of annexed states, but also the nomads themselves, who participated in the establishment of the new state. Noticeable changes in the life of the Oguz-Turkmen tribes occurred as they settled in
Notes
References
- ^ ISBN 978-97-53-89713-6.)
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ a b c "THE SELJUKS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS: IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA, C.1040-1250 Coin no. 2 of 14".
Two years later he entered Baghdad a second time, and was given the laqab Rukn al-Dawla ("Pillar of the State") and the title malik al-mashriq wa'l-maghrib ("King of the East and the West"), which allowed him to be addressed as sultan.
- ^ Safi 2006, p. 41.
- ^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161,164; "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia..."
- ^ Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1."The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ Spuler 2014, p. 124.
- ^ Bosworth 2000b, pp. 552–553.
- ^ a b c Peacock 2015, p. 52.
- ^ Bosworth 2000a, p. 553.
- ^ Bosworth 1968, p. 18.
- ^ Bosworth 1968, p. 19.
- ^ Bosworth 1975a, p. 192.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 224.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 225.
- ^ Peacock 2017.
- ^ Madelung 1975, p. 239.
- ^ Van Donzel 1994, p. 457.
- ^ Minorsky 2000, p. 42.
- ^ Makdisi 1986, p. 388.
- ^ Bosworth 2000b, pp. 553–554.
- ^ Lambton 1988, p. 262.
- ^ Türk dünyası araştırmaları - Issue 173. Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı. 2008. p. 112.
- ^ Lambton 1988, p. 269.
- ^ Lambton 1988, p. 259.
- ^ Lambton 1988, pp. 260–61.
- S2CID 226684474.
- ^ Ross, E.D. (1929). Aldred Lectures on Nomadic Movements in Asia. Royal Society of Arts. p. 31.
- ^ Journal asiatique. Société asiatique. 1848. p. 430.
- ^ Lambton 1988, p. 265.
- ^ Lambton 1988, pp. 265–66.
- ^ a b Lambton 1988, p. 266.
- ^ Lambton 1988, pp. 266–67.
- ISBN 978-0-7546-4077-6.
- ^ ISBN 5-02-018102-1.
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- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
- ISBN 0-521-20093-8.
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- Bosworth, C.E. (2000a). "Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l (I) Beg". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- Bosworth, C.E. (2000b). "Ṭog̲h̲ri̊l". The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition (12 vols.). Leiden: E. J. Brill.
- Lambton, A.K.S. (1988). Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. ISBN 978-0-88706-133-2.
- Makdisi, G. (1986). "al-Kundurī". In ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.
- Minorsky, V. (2000). "Tabriz". The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill.
- Van Donzel, E. J., ed. (1994). Islamic Desk Reference. E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004097384.
- ISBN 978-0-7486-3826-0.
- Peacock, Andrew (2017). "Rawwadids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition. New York.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Safi, Omid (2006). The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807856574.
- Spuler, Bertold (2014). Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28209-4.