Auto rickshaw
An auto rickshaw is a motorized version of the pulled rickshaw or cycle rickshaw. Most have three wheels and do not tilt. They are known by many terms in various countries including auto, auto rickshaw, baby taxi, mototaxi, pigeon, jonnybee, bajaj, chand gari, lapa, tuk-tuk, tum-tum, Keke-napep, Maruwa, Adaidaita Sahu, 3wheel, pragya, bao-bao, easy bike, CNG and tukxi.
The auto rickshaw is a common form of transport around the world, both as a
As of 2019, Bajaj Auto of India is the world's largest auto rickshaw manufacturer, selling 780,000 during the 2019 fiscal year.[1]
Origin
In the 1930s Japan, which was the most industrialized country in Asia at the time, encouraged the development of motorized vehicles including less expensive three-wheeled vehicles based on motorcycles. The Mazda-Go, a 3-wheel open "truck" released in 1931,[2] is often considered the first of what became auto rickshaws. Later that decade the Japanese Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of Japan distributed about 20,000 used three-wheelers to Southeast Asia as part of efforts to expand its influence in the region.[3][4][5][6] They became popular in some areas, especially Thailand, which developed local manufacturing and design after the Japanese government abolished the three-wheeler license in Japan in 1965.[7]
Production in Southeast Asia started from the knockdown production of the Daihatsu Midget, which was introduced in 1959.[8] An exception is the indigenously modified Philippine tricycle, which originates from the Rikuo Type 97 motorcycle with a sidecar, introduced to the islands in 1941 by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.[9]
In Europe,
Regional variations
Africa and the Middle East
Egypt
Locally named the "tuktuk", the rickshaw is used as a means of transportation in most parts of Egypt. It is generally rare to find in some affluent and newer parts of cities such as New Cairo and Heliopolis; and on highways due to police control and enforcement.
Gaza
Together with the
Madagascar
In Madagascar, man-powered rickshaws are a common form of transportation in a number of cities, especially Antsirabe. They are known as "posy" from pousse-pousse, meaning push-push. Cycle rickshaws took off since 2006 in a number of flat cities like Toamasina and replaced the major part of the posy, and are now threatened by the auto rickshaws, introduced in 2009. Provincial capitals like Toamasina, Mahajanga, Toliara, and Antsiranana are taking to them rapidly.[citation needed] They are known as "bajaji" in the north and "tuk-tuk" or "tik-tik" in the east, and are now licensed to operate as taxis.[citation needed] They are not yet allowed an operating licence in the congested, and more polluted national capital, Antananarivo.[citation needed][11][12][13]
Nigeria
The auto rickshaw is used to provide transportation in cities all over Nigeria. Popularity and use varies across the country. In Lagos, for example, the "keke" (Hausa for bicycle) is regulated and transportation around the state's highways is prohibited while in Kano it's popularly known as "Adaidaita Sahu".[14]
South Africa
Tuk-tuks, introduced in Durban[15] in the late 1980s enjoyed growing popularity in recent years, particularly in Gauteng.[16] In Cape Town they are used to deliver groceries and, more recently, transport tourists.[17][18]
Sudan
Rickshaws, known as "Raksha" in Sudan, are the most common means of transportation, followed by the bus, in the capital Khartoum.
Tanzania
Locally known as "bajaji", they are a common mode of transportation in Dar es Salaam, and many other cities and villages.[19]
Uganda
A local delivery company called as Sokowatch in 2020 began a pilot project using electric tuk-tuks, to cut pollution.[20]
Zimbabwe
Hende Moto EV & Taxi company was founded in 2019 by Devine Mafa, an American-Zimbabwean businessman. Hende Moto taxi's were first introduced in Zimbabwe as the first car, manufactured by a Zimbabwean three wheeler manufacturing company Hende Moto Pvt Ltd. Hende Moto Engine in a Safari fiberglass body. The first Hende Moto Taxi was introduced in Kwekwe August 2019, Zimbabwe and thereafter, Victoria Falls City came second and lastly Harare 2019. Hende Moto is also the manufacturer of the first Zimbabwean made electric passenger three wheeled vehicle. It operates on a lithium ion battery that has a range of 70 miles on a 6-hour charge.
South Asia
Afghanistan
Auto rickshaws are very common in the eastern Afghan city of Jalalabad, where they are popularly decorated in art and colors.[21] They are also popular in the northern city of Kunduz.[22]
Bangladesh
Auto rickshaws (locally called "baby taxis" and more recently "CNGs" due to their fuel source, compressed natural gas) are one of the more popular modes of transport in Bangladesh mainly due to their size and speed. They are best suited to narrow, crowded streets, and are thus the principal means of covering longer distances within urban areas.[23]
Two-stroke engines had been identified as one of the leading sources of air pollution in
India
Most cities offer auto rickshaw service, Although cycle rickshaws and handpulled rickshaws are also available but rarely in certain remote areas, as all other cities began using auto rickshaws. , tuktuk-wallah or auto-kaara in places like Kerala.
Auto rickshaws are used in cities and towns for short distances; they are less suited to long distances because they are slow and the carriages are open to air pollution.
To augment speedy movement of traffic, auto rickshaws are not allowed in the southern part of Mumbai.[27]
India is the location of the annual Rickshaw Run.
There are two types of auto rickshaws in India. In older versions the engines were below the driver's seat, while in newer versions engines are in the rear. They normally run on
Apart from this, modern electric auto rickshaws, which run on electric motors and have high torque and loading capacity with better speed, are also gaining popularity in India. Many auto drivers moved to electric three-wheelers as the prices of CNG or Diesel is very high and that type of auto rickshaw is much costlier compared to the electric auto rickshaw. The Government is also taking actions to convert current CNG and diesel rickshaws to electric rickshaws.[29]
CNG autos in many cities (e.g. Delhi, Agra) are distinguishable from the earlier petrol-powered autos by a green and yellow livery, as opposed to the earlier black and yellow appearance. In other cities (such as Mumbai) the only distinguishing feature is the 'CNG' print found on the back or side of the auto. Some local governments are considering four-stroke engines instead of two-stroke versions.[citation needed]
Auto rickshaw manufacturers in India include
In Delhi there also used to be a variant powered by a
As of 2022[update] India has about 2.4 million battery-powered, three-wheeled rickshaws on its roads. Some 11,000 new ones hit the streets each month, creating a US$3.1 billion market. Manufacturers include Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and Kinetic Engineering. A prerequisite for the adoption to electric vehicles is the availability of charging stations; as of early 2024, India had 12,146 public EV charging stations operational across the country.[36]
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Oculus Auto's electric auto rickshaw ofGujarat
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CNG green auto rickshaw in New Delhi
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A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in Hyderabad.
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A Piaggio Ape auto rickshaw in Madurai.
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A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in Mumbai.
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A Bajaj Auto rickshaw in Bangalore.
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Three wheeler cargo auto-rickshaw used in India
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Indian auto-rickshaw adapted with trailer
Generally rickshaw fares are controlled by the government,[37] however auto (and taxi) driver unions frequently go on strike demanding fare hikes. They have also gone on strike multiple times in Delhi to protest against the government and High Court's 2012 order to install GPS systems, and even though GPS installation in public transport was made mandatory in 2015, as of 2017 compliance remains very low.[38][39][40]
The 200cc variant of the Bajaj Auto auto rickshaw was used in the 2022 Rickshaw Run to set the record for the world's highest auto rickshaw, over the Umling La Pass, at 5,798 meters (19,022 feet)[41][42]
Iraq
Due to extreme congestion in Baghdad and other Iraqi cities combined with the insensible cost of vehicles in relation to frequent violence, rickshaws have been imported from India in large numbers to provide taxi service and other purposes, in stark contrast to previous attitudes of the pre-U.S. 2003 invasion eras with rickshaws being disdained and sedans being held in high regard as a status symbol. Rickshaws have been noted for being instrumental in political protest revolts[43][44][45][46][47]
Nepal
Auto rickshaws were a popular mode of transport in Nepal during the 1980s and 1990s, until the government banned the movement of 600 such vehicles in the early 2000s.[48] The earliest auto rickshaws running in Kathmandu were manufactured by Bajaj Auto.[citation needed]
Nepal has been a popular destination for the Rickshaw Run. The 2009 Fall Run took place in Goa, India and ended in Pokhara, Nepal.[49]
Pakistan
Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transport in Pakistani towns
In many cities in Pakistan, there are also motorcycle rickshaws, usually called "chand gari" (moon car) or "chingchi", after the Chinese company Jinan Qingqi Motorcycle Co. Ltd who first introduced these to the market.[citation needed]
There are many rickshaw manufacturers in Pakistan. Lahore is the hub of CNG auto rickshaw manufacturing. Manufacturers include: New Asia automobile Pvt, Ltd; AECO Export Company; STAHLCO Motors; Global Sources; Parhiyar Automobiles; Global Ledsys Technologies; Siwa Industries; Prime Punjab Automobiles; Murshid Farm Industries; Sazgar Automobiles; NTN Enterprises; and Imperial Engineering Company.
Sri Lanka
Auto rickshaws, commonly known as Three-wheelers, tuk-tuks (Sinhala: ටුක් ටුක්, pronounced [ṭuk ṭuk]) or trishaws can be found on all roads in Sri Lanka transporting people or freight. Sri Lankan three-wheelers are of the style of the light Phnom Penh-type. Most of the three-wheelers in Sri Lanka are a slightly modified Indian Bajaj model, imported from India though there are few manufactured locally and increasingly imports from other countries in the region and other brands of three-wheelers such as Piaggio Ape.three wheelers were introduced to sri lanka for the first time around 1979 by Richard pieries pvt company,currently it's by David pieries motor company, Ltd. < As of mid-2018,[update] a new gasoline powered tuk-tuk typically costs around US$4,300, while a newly introduced Chinese electric model cost around US$5,900.[51] Since 2008, the Sri Lankan government has banned the import of all 2-stroke gasoline engines due to environmental concerns.[51] Ones imported to the island now are four-stroke engines. Most three-wheelers are available as hired vehicles, with few being used to haul goods or as private company or advertising vehicles. Bajaj enjoys a virtual monopoly in the island, with its agent being David Pieries Motor Co, Ltd.[52] A few three-wheelers in Sri Lanka have distance meters. In the capital city it is becoming more and more common. The vast majority of fares are negotiated between the passenger and driver. There are 1.2 million trishaw's in Sri Lanka and most are on financial loans.
In Sri Lanka, tourists are able to drive a tuktuk. Through the Automobile Association of Ceylon, tourists are able to get a temporary Recognition Permit which allows them to drive a three-wheeler legally.[53][self-published source?]
Southeast Asia
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Tuktuks and palmyra palms on the Mekong bank in Thakhek, Laos
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Tuk-tuk taxi sidecar in Laos
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Tuk-tuk, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Cambodia
In Cambodia, a passenger-carrying three-wheeled vehicle is known as រ៉ឺម៉ក rœmâk from the French remorque. It is a widely used form of transportation in the capital of Phnom Penh and for visitors touring the Angkor temples in Siem Reap. Some have four wheels and is composed of a motorcycle (which leans) and trailer (which does not). Cambodian cities have a much lower volume of automobile traffic than Thai cities, and tuk-tuks are still the most common form of urban transport. There are more than 6,000 tuk-tuks in Phnom Penh, according to the Independent Democracy of Informal Economy Association (IDEA), a union that represents tuk-tuk drivers among other members.[54]
Indonesia
In
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Bentor in North Sumatra
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Bentor inTana Toraja, South Sulawesi
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2-stroke Bajaj in Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan
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4-stroke Bajaj in Jakarta.
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Orange Bajaj in Jakarta.
Philippines
In the
The design and configuration of
Tricycles can carry three passengers or more in the sidecar, one or two pillion passengers behind the driver, and even a few on the roof of the sidecar. Tricycles are one of the main contributors to air pollution in the Philippines,[63][64] which account for 45% of all volatile organic compound emissions[65] since majority of them employ two-stroke engines. However, some local governments are working towards phasing out two-stroke tricycles for ones with cleaner four-stroke engines.[63][66]
Tuk-Tuks have now been accepted as Three-Wheeled Vehicles by the
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Motorized tricycle, Dumaguete
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7-passenger tricycle with large sidecar, Province ofAklan
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Tricycle stand, Banaue Municipal Town
Thailand
The auto rickshaw, called tuk-tuk (
Bangkok and other cities in Thailand have many tuk-tuks which are a more open variation on the Indian auto rickshaw. About 20,000 tuk-tuks were registered as taxis in Thailand in 2017.[69] Bangkok alone is reported to have 9,000 tuk-tuks.[70]
Tuk-tuk hua kob (ตุ๊ก ๆ หัวกบ; literally: frog-headed tuk tuk) is a unique tuk tuk with a cab looking like a frog's head. Only
in 2018, MuvMi, an electric tuk-tuk ride hailing service launched in Bangkok.[73]
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Tuk-tuk in Bangkok
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Police tuk-tuk, Chiang Mai
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Electric tuk-tuk in Chiang Mai
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Tuk-tuk hua kob, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
East Asia
China
Various types of auto rickshaw are used around China, where they are called sān lún chē (三轮车) and sometimes sān bèng zǐ (三蹦子), meaning three wheeler or tricycle. They may be used to transport cargo or passengers in the more rural areas. However, in many urban areas the auto rickshaws for passengers are often operated illegally as they are considered unsafe and an eyesore.[74][75] They are permitted in some towns and cities, however. The Southeast Asian word tuk tuk is transliterated as dū dū chē (嘟嘟车, or beep beep car) in Chinese.[76]
Europe
France
A number of tuk-tuks (250 in 2013 according to the Paris Prefecture) are used as an alternative tourist transport system in Paris, some of them being pedal-operated with electric motor assist. They are not yet fully licensed to operate and await customers on the streets. Vélotaxis were common during the Occupation years in Paris due to fuel restrictions.[77]
Italy
Auto rickshaws have been commonly used in Italy since the late 1940s, providing a low-cost means of transportation in the post–World War II years when the country was short of economic resources. The Piaggio Ape (Tukxi), designed by Vespa creator Corradino D'Ascanio and first manufactured in 1948 by the Italian company Piaggio, though primarily designed for carrying freight has also been widely used as an auto rickshaw. It is still extremely popular throughout the country, being particularly useful in the narrow streets found in the center of many little towns in central and southern Italy. Though it no longer has a key role in transportation, Piaggio Ape is still used as a minitaxi in some areas such as the islands of Ischia and Stromboli (on Stromboli no cars are allowed). It has recently been re-launched as a trendy-ecological means of transportation, or, relying on the role the Ape played in the history of Italian design, as a promotional tool.
Portugal
Tuk Tuks are used in the main touristic cities and regions of the country, specially in Lisbon and the sunny region of Algarve, as a novel form of transport for visitors during the tourist season.
United Kingdom
In 2006 a British travel writer – Antonia Bolingbroke-Kent – and her friend Jo Huxster travelled 12,561 miles (20,215 km) with an auto rickshaw from Bangkok to Brighton. With this 98 days' trip they set a
Montenegro
Tuk Tuk Montenegro has implemented tours with electric Tuk Tuks in Kotor, Montenegro in 2018.[79]
The Americas
El Salvador
The mototaxi or moto is the El Salvadoran version of the auto rickshaw. These are most commonly made from the front end and engine of a motorcycle attached to a two-wheeled passenger area in back. Commercially produced models, such as the Indian Bajaj brand, are also employed.[citation needed]
Guatemala
In Guatemala tuk-tuks operate, both as taxis and private vehicles, in
United States
In the 1950s and 1960s, the United States Post Office (replaced in 1971 by the United States Postal Service) used the WestCoaster Mailster, a close relative of the tuk-tuk.[80] Similar vehicles remain in limited use for parking enforcement, mall security, and other niche applications.
After a short time on the market (Mid-2000s to 2008) in the United States,
Cuba
In Cuba, the autorickshaws are small and look like a coconut, hence the name Cocotaxi.
Peru
In Peru, a version of this vehicle is called a motocar[83] or mototaxi.[84]
Fuel efficiency and pollution
In July 1998, the
In January 2007 the Sri Lankan government also banned two-stroke trishaws to reduce air pollution. In the Philippines
In March 2009 an international consortium coordinated by the
World records
On September 16, 2022, at 11:04 a.m. (Indian Standard Time), a Canadian team (Greg Harris and Priya Singh) and a Swiss team (Michele Daryanani & Nevena Lazarevic) set the world record for the highest altitude at which an auto rickshaw has ever been driven. The two teams set the record by driving to the summit of Umling La Pass at an altitude of 5,798 meters (19,022 feet).[93]
The two teams were participating in the Rickshaw Run (Himalayan Edition), an event promoted by The Adventurists, where teams drive auto rickshaws from the Thar desert town of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan to the Himalayan town of Leh in Ladakh. Rickshaw Run teams are given the start and finish lines, but are otherwise unsupported and left to their own navigational choices in completing the approximately 2,300 km journey.
The road at Umling La Pass was constructed by India's Border Roads Organization and completed in 2017. Guinness World Records certified the road as the highest motorable road in the world.
See also
- E-tricycle
- Fuel gas-powered scooter
- Formic acid vehicle: a type of hydrogen-based vehicle
- Jeepney
- Rickshaw (disambiguation)
Explanatory notes
- ^ Typical fuel economy for an Indian-made auto rickshaw is around 35 kilometres per litre (99 mpg‑imp; 82 mpg‑US) of petrol.[citation needed]
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- ^ "National Postal Museum". 25 August 2009. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009.
- ^ "Tuk Tuk USA gets DOT and EPA approval". Autoblog.
- ^ "Bajaj 3-Wheeler is now off the U.S. market". Autoblog.
- ^ "Motocar". Perú Motor. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018.
- ^ Tony Dunnell (28 July 2017). "A Traveler's Guide to Mototaxis in Peru". tripsavvy. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
- ^ "Envirofit's Tricycle Retrofit Program Funded". Colorado State University. 19 May 2006. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Microsoft Word – SETC_LPG2T.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "Bajaj rolls out low-emission fuel-efficient autorickshaw". Business Line. The Hindu. 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "Bajaj Begins Production of 2-Stroke Direct-Injection Auto Rickshaw". Green Car Congress. 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2010-04-03.
- ^ "A fleet of hydrogen rickshaws to circulate in New Delhi by 2010". International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2011-03-22.
- ^ "Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines, see page 7".
- ^ Clean Hydrogen Technology for 3-Wheel Transportation in India
- ^ a b "India Showcases Hydrogen Fuel Auto-Rickshaws |". February 21, 2012.
- ^ "Auto rickshaws take world's highest road to set world record".
External links
- The India 1000 – an article in Wired about auto rickshaw racing