Tulu language

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Tulu
ತುಳು, തുളു
Tulu Bāse written in Tigalari script
Native toKarnataka, Northern Kerala
RegionTulu Nadu[a][1][2][3]
EthnicityTuluvas
Native speakers
1,850,000 (2011 census)[4]
Dravidian
Tigalari script
Kannada script
Malayalam script
Language codes
ISO 639-3tcy
Glottologtulu1258
Major Distribution of native Tulu speakers in India
Tulu is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
[5]
PersonTuḷuva
PeopleTuḷuvarŭ
LanguageTuḷu
CountryTuḷu Nāḍŭ
A Tulu speaker.

Tulu (Tulu Bāse, Tulu: [t̪uɭu baːsɛ])[b] is a Dravidian language[6][7] whose speakers are concentrated in Dakshina Kannada and in the southern part of Udupi of Karnataka in south-western India[8] and also in the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as Tuluva or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called Tulu Nadu.

The

2001 census had reported a total of 1,722,768 native speakers.[9] There is some difficulty in counting Tulu speakers who have migrated from their native region as they are often counted as Kannada speakers in Indian census reports.[1]

Separated early from

Tamil–Kannada. For example, it has the pluperfect and the future perfect, like French or Spanish, but formed without an auxiliary verb
.

Tulu is the primary spoken language in Tulu Nadu, consisting of the

Havyaka language and also Konkani and Koraga as their mother tongues.[12] Apart from Tulu Nadu, a significant emigrant population of Tulu speakers are found in Maharashtra,[13] Bangalore, Chennai, the English-speaking world, and the Gulf countries.[14][15]

The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the Tulu script.[1] Two Tulu epics named Sri Bhagavato and Kaveri from the 17th century were also written in the same script.[1] The Tulu language is known for its oral literature in the form of epic poems called pardana. The Epic of Siri and the legend of Koti and Chennayya belong to this category of Tulu literature.[1]

Classification

Tulu belongs to the southern branch of the family of

Proto-Dravidian. Tulu shares many features with the central Dravidian languages. Therefore, in earlier branchings, Tulu was sometimes grouped with them; later, it was confirmed that it is from South Dravidian and that it was the first to split from it.[17]

Etymology

Linguist P. Gururaja Bhat specified in Tulunadu (a research book) that tuluva originated from the word turuva (ತುರುವ), where turu means 'cow' and refers to the place dominated by the yadava or cowherd (ತುರುಗಳೇ ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ನಾಡು ತುಳುನಾಡು).

Linguist Purushottama Bilimale [kn] (ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ) has suggested that the word tulu means 'that which is connected with water'. Tulave (jackfruit) means 'watery' in Tulu. Other water-related words in Tulu include talipu, teli, teLi, teLpu, tuLipu, tulavu and tamel. In Kannada, there are words such as tuLuku meaning 'that which has characteristics of water' and toLe.[citation needed]

Official status

Tulu is not an official language of India or any other country. Efforts are being made to include Tulu in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.

Mangaluru (south) segment of the Legislative Assembly, submitted a memorandum to chief minister B. S. Yediyurappa and to the minister for tourism, Kannada and culture, C. T. Ravi, seeking official status for the Tulu language.[22] In February 2020, another MLA from Moodbidri Umanath Kotian urged the state government to put pressure on the union government to add the Tulu language to the eighth schedule during the assembly session. In July 2021, members of the three main parties in Karnataka politics: BJP, Congress and Janata Dal (Secular), lent their support to the idea.[23]

History

The oldest available inscriptions in Tulu are from the period between 7th and 8th century AD.

Kundapura. Many linguists like S.U. Panniyadi and L. V. Ramaswami Iyer as well as P.S. Subrahmanya suggested that Tulu is among the oldest languages in the Dravidian family which branched independently from its Proto-Dravidian roots nearly 2500 years ago. This assertion is based on the fact that Tulu still preserves many aspects of the Proto-Dravidian language
.

This dating of Tulu is also based on the fact that the region where Tulu is natively spoken was known to the ancient Tamils as Tulu Nadu. Also, the

Alupas.[29] The region was also known to the Greeks of the 2nd century as Tolokoyra (Tulu Country). The Charition mime, a Greek play belonging to the 2nd century BC, has its plot centered around the coastal Karnataka, where Tulu is mainly spoken. The play is mostly in Greek, but the Indian characters in the play are seen speaking a language different from Greek. There is considerable ambiguity regarding the Indian language in the play, though all scholars agree the Indian language is Dravidian, there is considerable dispute over which form of it. Noted German Indologist E. Hultzsch (1857–1927) was the first to suggest that the language was Dravidian.[clarification needed] The dispute regarding the language in the play is yet to be settled, but scholars agree that the dispute arises from the fact that Old Kannada, Old Tamil, and Tulu during the time when the play was written were perhaps dialectical variations of the same proto-language, and that over the years they evolved into their present forms as separate languages.[citation needed
]

Status

Found largely in Karnataka, it is spoken primarily within the Indian state. Dating back several hundred years, the language has developed numerous defining qualities. The Tulu people follow a saying which promotes leaving negative situations and finding newer, more positive ones. The language, however, is not as popular as others which means it could become endangered and extinct very soon. The influence of other mainstream languages is a present danger for the Tulu language.[30] Today, it is spoken by nearly 1.8 million people around the globe. Large parts of the language are altered and changed constantly because it is commonly passed down through oral tradition. Oral traditions within Tulu have meant that certain phrases have not always maintained the same meaning or importance.

Geographic distribution

Map Showing the ancient Tulu kingdom of Alva Kheda

According to

Gokarna, now part of Uttara Kannada
district of Karnataka, was ruled by the Alupas and was known as Alva Kheda. This kingdom was the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. However, the present-day Tulu linguistic majority area is confined to the region of
Kasaragod
are the centres of Tulu culture.

Even today Tulu is widely spoken in the Dakshina Kannada, partially in Udupi district of Karnataka state and to some extent in Kasaragod of Kerala. Efforts are also being made to include Tulu in the list of official languages of India.[32] As a whole, Tulu is largely contained to the southern part of India. The Indian state of Karnataka is where the language seems to thrive in the present day.[citation needed] Some of the major cities within the Tulu culture include Mangalore and Kasaragod.[citation needed]

Writing system

Tulu script.
Tulu Script.

The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the

Havyaka Brahmins used the Tigalari script to write Vedas and other Sanskrit works. The Tulu script is descended from the Brahmi through the Grantha script. It is a sister script of the Malayalam script. However, very few works written in vernacular languages like Kannada and Tulu are available. Hence, the Tulu script was employed by Tulu Brahmins to write Tulu and Kannada languages apart from the Kannada script. The National Mission for Manuscripts has conducted several workshops on this script with the help of a scholar, Keladi Gunda Jois. In the 18th century, the use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in the Tulu script contributed to the marginalization of the Ruling Tulu script. The script is studied by few scholars and manuscriptologists for research and religious purposes. The Kannada script
has become the contemporary script for the Tulu language gradually. All contemporary works and literature are done in the Kannada script.

The Tulu characterset is approved by Central Institute of Indian Languages in 2021.[33]

The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script in many ways. It is also similar to many characters found in the Tulu alphabet. This is from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tulu and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds.[34] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tulu alphabet.[clarification needed]

Dialects

Tulu language has four dialects, which are broadly similar, with slight variations.

The four dialects are:

Common Tulu[35]
Spoken by the majority includes the
Vishwakarma, Mogaveera, Tulu Madivala (Madialnakl), Tulu Gowda, Kulala, Devadiga, Jogi, Padmashali
communities and others. This is the dialect of commerce, trade and entertainment and is mainly used for inter-community communication. It is further subdivided into eight groups:
  1. Northwest Tulu: spoken in Udupi
  2. Central Tulu: spoken in Mangalore
  3. Northeast Tulu: spoken in Karkala and Belthangady
  4. Northern Tulu: spoken in
    Kundapura, also known as KundaTulu because of Kundagannada dialect
    influence
  5. Southwest Tulu: spoken in Manjeshwar and Kasaragod, known as Kasaragod Tulu influencing Malayalam
  6. Southcentral Tulu: spoken in Bantwal
  7. Southeast Tulu: Spoken in Puttur Sullia and in some villages/Taluks of Coorg (Kodagu).
  8. Southern Tulu: spoken in South of
    Payaswini
    (Chandragiri) river influencing Malayalam known as Thenkaayi Tulu
Brahmin Tulu[35]
Spoken by the Tulu Brahmins who are subdivided into
Tuluva Hebbars
. It is more influenced by Sanskrit.
Jain dialect[36]
Spoken by the
Tulu Jains
. It is a dialect where the initial letters 'T' and 'S' have been replaced by the letter 'H'. For example, the word Tare is pronounced as Hare, Saadi is pronounced as Haadi.
Adivasi dialect[36]
Spoken by the Koraga, Mansa, and other tribals of Tulu Nadu

Phonology

Vowels

Five short and five long vowels (a, ā, e, ē, u, ū, i, ī, o, ō) are common in Dravidian languages. Like

Kodava Takk (and also like Konkani and Sinhala), Tulu also has an [ɛ~æ] like vowel, generally occurring word-finally which is from the old ai. The Kannada script does not have a symbol to specifically represent this vowel, which is often written as a normal e.[37] For example, the first person singular form and the third person singular masculine of a verb are spelled identically in all tenses, both ending in e, but are pronounced differently: the terminating e in the former sounds nearly like ‘a’ in the English word ‘man’ (ಮಲ್ಪುವೆ maḷpuve /maɭpuvæ/, "I make"), while that in the latter like ‘e’ in ‘men’ (ಮಲ್ಪುವೆ maḷpuve /maɭpuve/, "he makes").[38]

In his grammar of 1932, S. U. Paniyadi used a special vowel sign to denote Tulu /ɛ/ in the Kannada script: according to Bhat, he used two talekaṭṭus for this purpose (usually, a talekaṭṭu means the crest that a Kannada character like ಕ, ತ, ನ has), and the same convention was adopted by Upadhyaya in his 1988 Tulu Lexicon.[37] The long counterpart of this vowel occurs in some words.[39] In all dialects, the pair /e/ and /ɛ/ contrasts.[39]

Additionally, like Kodava Takk and Toda, and like Malayalam saṁvr̥tōkāram and Tamil kuṟṟiyalugaram, Tulu has an [ɯ]-like vowel (or schwa /ə/) as a phoneme, which is romanized as ŭ (ISO), ɯ, or . Both J. Brigel and A. Männer say that it is pronounced like e in the French je. Bhat describes this phoneme as /ɯ/. However, if it is like Malayalam "half-u", [ə] or [ɨ] may be a better description. /ɛ/ formed from previous ai and previous /u/ split into modern /u, ɯ/; long versions of /ɛ, ɯ/ are extremely restricted.[40] In the Kannada script, Brigel and Männer used a virama (halant) () to denote /ɯ/ like in Malayalam. Bhat says a talekaṭṭu is used for this purpose, but apparently he too means a virama.[41]

Vowels
Front Back
Rounded Unrounded
Short Long Short Long Short Long
Close i u ɯ (ɯː)
Mid e o
Open ɛ (ɛː) a

Tulu is characterized by its rounding of front vowels when between a labial and a retroflex consonants, e.g., PD. ∗peṇ > Tamil peṇ, Kannada heṇṇu, Tulu poṇṇu, this feature also occurs in Kodava and Spoken Tamil e.g. Kodava poṇṇï, Spoken Tamil poṇṇï.[42]

Consonants

The following are consonant phonemes in Tulu:

Consonants
Labial Dental
Retroflex
Palatal Velar
Nasal
m
n
ɳ ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
Voiceless
p
t
ʈ c (t͡ʃ) k
Voiced b
d
ɖ ɟ (d͡ʒ) ɡ
Fricative s ( ʃ )
Approximant ʋ j
Lateral
l
( ɭ )
Rhotic ɾ

The contrast between /l/ and /ɭ/ is preserved in the South Common dialect and in the Brahmin dialect, but is lost in several dialects.[39] Additionally, the Brahmin dialect has /ʂ/ and /ɦ/. Aspirated consonants are sometimes used in the Brahmin dialect, but are not phonemic.[39] In the Koraga and Holeya dialects, s /s/ and ś /ʃ/ merge with c /t͡ʃ/ (the Koraga dialect of the Tulu language is different from the Koraga language).[39] Word-initial consonant clusters are rare and occur mainly in Sanskrit loanwords.[39]

Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale. The alveolar plosives became post alveolar affricates or dental plosives, even some of the singular ones which usually becomes a trill in SD and SCD languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, Tulu oñji, āji. The retroflex approximant mostly became a /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/, e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru.[43]

Grammar

Morphology

Tulu has five

parts of speech: nouns (substantives and adjectives), pronouns, numerals, verbs, and particles.[44]

Substantives have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative or instrumental, communicative, and vocative). According to Bhat, Tulu has two distinct locative cases. The communicative case is used with verbs like tell, speak, ask, beseech, inquire, and denotes at whom a message, an inquiry, or a request is aimed, as in "I told him." or "I speak to them." It is also used to denote the relationship with whom it is about, in a context like "I am on good terms with him." or "I have nothing against him."[45] Bhat calls it the sociative case. It is somewhat similar to the comitative case, but different in that it denotes communication or relationship, not physical companionship. The plural suffix is -rŭ, -ḷu, -kuḷu, or -āḍḷu; as in mēji ('table'), mējiḷu ('tables').[46] The nominative case is unmarked, while the remaining cases are expressed by different suffixes.

The following table shows the declension of a noun, based on Brigel and Bhat ( used by Brigel and ɯ used by Bhat are both shown as ŭ for clarity): when two forms are given, the one in parentheses is by Bhat, and the other is by Brigel.[47][48] Some of these differences may be dialectal variations.

Declension of substantives: example mara ('a tree')
Case Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
Nominative mara 'a tree' marokuḷu (marakulu) 'trees'
Genitive marata 'of a tree' marokuḷe (marakulena) 'of trees'
Dative maroku (marakŭ) 'to a tree' marokuḷegŭ (marakulegŭ) 'to trees'
Accusative maronu (maranŭ) 'a tree' (object) marokuḷenŭ (marakulenŭ) 'trees' (object)
Locative maroṭu (maraṭŭ) 'in a tree' marokuḷeḍŭ (marakuleḍŭ) 'in trees'
Locative 2 — (maraṭɛ) 'at or through a tree' — (marakuleḍɛ) 'at or through trees'
Ablative maroḍŭdu (maraḍdŭ) 'from, by, or through a tree' marokuḷeḍŭdŭ (marakuleḍdŭ) 'from, by, or through trees'
Communicative maraṭa 'to a tree' marokuḷeḍa (marakuleḍa) 'to trees'
Vocative marā 'O tree!' marokuḷē (marakulɛ̄) 'O trees!'

The personal pronouns are irregularly inflected: yānŭ 'I' becomes yen- in oblique cases.[49] Tulu makes the distinction between the inclusive and exclusive we (see Clusivity: Dravidian languages): nama 'we (including you)' as opposed to yenkuḷu 'we (not including you)'.[50] For verbs, this distinction does not exist. The personal pronouns of the second person are ī (oblique: nin-) 'you (singular)' and nikuḷu 'you (plural)'. Three genders are distinguished in the third person, as well as proximate and remote forms. For example, imbe 'he (proximate)', āye 'he (remote)'. The suffix -rŭ makes a polite form of personal pronouns, as in īrŭ 'you (respectfully)', ārŭ 'he (remote; respectfully)'.[50] Postpositions are used usually with a noun in the genitive case, as in guḍḍe-da mittŭ 'on the hill'.

Tulu verbs have three forms: active, causative, and reflexive (or middle voice).[51] They

polarity (positive and negative).[52]

Syntax

Each sentence is composed of a subject and a predicate and every sentence is a full speech or thought in words. There is both singular and plural while being expressed in first through third person. There are several exceptions to each of these depending on the instance. For example: the verb has to be in a plural style if there are numerous nominatives within a sentence or of different genders that agree with the previous sentence. The verb may also be omitted in some sentences. Present tense and past tense may change and their perception.[38]

Written literature

The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil.

Kodavur near Udupi[54] around the late 14th to early 15th century AD.[55]
Other important literary works in Tulu are:

  • Devi Mahatmyam
    's (ಶ್ರೀ ದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ) 1200 AD – Tulu translation
  • Sri Bhagavata (ಶ್ರೀ ಭಾಗವತೊ) 1626 AD – written by Vishnu Tunga
  • Kaveri (1391 AD)

This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit.[4][56] Even today the official script of the eight Tulu monasteries (Ashta Mathas of Udupi) founded by Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu.[57][58] The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed.[58]

Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the

Manjeshwaram in 2007, are important governmental organisations that promote Tulu literature. Nevertheless, there are numerous organisations spread all over the world with significant Tulu-migrated populations that contribute to Tulu literature. Some notable contributors to Tulu literature are Kayyar Kinhanna Rai, M. K. Seetharam Kulal, Amruta Someshwara, B. A. Viveka Rai, Kedambadi Jattappa Rai, Venkataraja Puninchathaya
, Paltadi Ramakrishna Achar, Dr. Sunitha M. Shetty, Dr. Vamana Nandavara, Sri. Balakrishna Shetty Polali.

  • One of the old Tulu works Kaveri
    One of the old Tulu works Kaveri
  • One of the old Tulu works Mahabharato
    One of the old Tulu works Mahabharato
  • One of the old Tulu works Shree Bhagavato
    One of the old Tulu works Shree Bhagavato
  • Mandara Ramayana
    Mandara Ramayana

Oral traditions

The oral traditions of Tulu are one of the major traditions that greatly show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Tulu oral tradition and literature.

Theatre

A Yakshagana Artist

Theatre in the form of the traditional

Udupi Krishna Temple
.

Presently, eight professional Yakshagana troupes perform Tulu-language Yakshagana[citation needed] not only during the Yakshagana season but also during the off-season in various places in Karnataka and outside.[citation needed] In Mumbai, Tulu Yakshagana is very popular among the Tulu audiences. More than 2,000 Yakshagana artistes take part in the performance in various places in Mumbai annually.[citation needed] Notable performers include Kalladi Koraga Shetty, Pundur Venkataraja Puninchathaya, Guru Bannanje Sanjiva Suvarna and Pathala Venkatramana Bhat.

Tulu plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in Tulu Nadu. Tulu plays, generally centered on the comic genre, are very popular in Mumbai and Bangalore outside Tulu Nadu.[60]

Tulu cinema

The

PVR Cinemas in Mangalore.[66] The 2014 film Madime was reported to be remade in Marathi, thereby becoming the first Tulu film to be remade in another language.[67] Shutterdulai was the first remake in Tulu cinema.[68] Eregla Panodchi is the second remake in Tulu cinemas. A suit for damages of Rs. 25 lakh was filed against the makers of the Telugu film Brahmotsavam for copying the first 36 seconds of the song A...lele...yereg madme by Dr. Vamana Nandaavara found in the Deepanalike CD composed for the Siri channel.[69][70] Prajavani reported that with its dubbing rights sold to Hindi for Rs. 21 lakh, the 2018 movie Umil became the first Tulu movie to achieve the feat.[71] Ashwini Kotiyan (Chaya Harsha) became the first female director in the Tulu industry after directing and releasing her first movie Namma Kudla.[72] Brahmashree Narayana Guruswamy released on 2 May 2014 was the 50th Tulu film.[73] Panoda Bodcha marked the 75th release anniversary of a Tulu film.[72] The 100th Tulu movie Karne was released on 16 November 2018.[74]

movie.

Centres of Tulu study and research

The front cover of the Tulu dictionary published by Männer in 1886.

Tulu as a language continues to thrive in coastal Karnataka and Kasaragod in

Moodbidri; Dattanjaneya High School, Odiyoor; Ramakunjeshwara English-medium High School, Ramakunja; and Vani Composite Pre-University College, Belthangady. Initially started in 16 schools,[78] the language is now taught in over 33 schools, of which 30 are in Dakshina Kannada district. More than 1500 students have opted to study this language.[79]

The Government of Kerala established the Kerala Tulu Academy in 2007. The academy focuses on the retrieval and propagation of Tulu language and culture in Kerala through various activities such as organising seminars and publishing Tulu periodicals, etc. The academy is based in Hosangadi, Manjeshwar in Kasaragod. Tulu is also taught as a language at the post-graduate level in Mangalore University, and there is a dedicated department for Tulu studies, translation and research at Dravidian University[80] in Kuppam Andhra Pradesh.The Government Degree College[81] at Kasaragod in Kerala also introduced a certificate course in Tulu for the academic year 2009–2010. It has also introduced Tulu as an optional subject in its Kannada post-graduation course. It has adopted syllabi from the books published by the Tulu Sahitya Academy.

German missionaries Kammerer and Männer were the first people to conduct research on the language. Kammerer collected about 3,000 words and their meanings before his death. Later his work was carried on by Männer, who completed the research and published the first dictionary of the Tulu language in 1886 with the help of the then-Madras government. The effort was incomplete, as it did not cover all aspects of the language. The Govinda Pai Research Centre at MGM College, Udupi started an 18-year Tulu lexicon project in the year 1979.[82]

Different

Paād-danāas were included in this project. The Centre has also released a six-volume, trilingual, modestly priced Tulu-Kannada-English lexicon.[83] The Tulu lexicon was awarded the Gundert Award for the best dictionary in the country in 1996. In September 2011, the Academic Council of Mangalore University accepted a proposal, to allow the university and the colleges affiliated to it to offer certificates, diplomas and postgraduate diploma courses in Tulu, both in regular and correspondence modes.[84][85]

See also

Notes

  1. Udupi District of Karnataka and a part of Kasaragod district
    of Kerala
  2. Kannada is ಭಾಷೆ bhāṣe, but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary (1886) says, "ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ bāšè, bāsè, see ಭಾಷೆ." (vol. 1, p. 478), "ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ bhāšè, bhāshè, s. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced ಬಾಸೆ bāse in Tulu. Note that š and sh in his dictionary correspond to ś and , respectively, in ISO 15919

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Sources

Further reading

External links