Tulu language
Tulu | |
---|---|
ತುಳು, തുളു | |
Native to | Karnataka, Northern Kerala |
Region | Tulu Nadu[a][1][2][3] |
Ethnicity | Tuluvas |
Native speakers | 1,850,000 (2011 census)[4] |
Dravidian
| |
Tigalari script Kannada script Malayalam script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | tcy |
Glottolog | tulu1258 |
Major Distribution of native Tulu speakers in India | |
Tulu is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger [5] |
Person | Tuḷuva |
---|---|
People | Tuḷuvarŭ |
Language | Tuḷu |
Country | Tuḷu Nāḍŭ |
Tulu (Tulu Bāse, Tulu: [t̪uɭu baːsɛ])[b] is a Dravidian language[6][7] whose speakers are concentrated in Dakshina Kannada and in the southern part of Udupi of Karnataka in south-western India[8] and also in the northern parts of the Kasaragod district of Kerala. The native speakers of Tulu are referred to as Tuluva or Tulu people and the geographical area is unofficially called Tulu Nadu.
The
Separated early from
Tulu is the primary spoken language in Tulu Nadu, consisting of the
The various medieval inscriptions of Tulu from the 15th century are in the Tulu script.[1] Two Tulu epics named Sri Bhagavato and Kaveri from the 17th century were also written in the same script.[1] The Tulu language is known for its oral literature in the form of epic poems called pardana. The Epic of Siri and the legend of Koti and Chennayya belong to this category of Tulu literature.[1]
Classification
Tulu belongs to the southern branch of the family of
Etymology
Linguist P. Gururaja Bhat specified in Tulunadu (a research book) that tuluva originated from the word turuva (ತುರುವ), where turu means 'cow' and refers to the place dominated by the yadava or cowherd (ತುರುಗಳೇ ಪ್ರಧಾನವಾದ ನಾಡು ತುಳುನಾಡು).
Linguist Purushottama Bilimale (ಪುರುಷೋತ್ತಮ ಬಿಳಿಮಲೆ) has suggested that the word tulu means 'that which is connected with water'. Tulave (jackfruit) means 'watery' in Tulu. Other water-related words in Tulu include talipu, teli, teLi, teLpu, tuLipu, tulavu and tamel. In Kannada, there are words such as tuLuku meaning 'that which has characteristics of water' and toLe.[citation needed]
Official status
Tulu is not an official language of India or any other country. Efforts are being made to include Tulu in the 8th Schedule of the Constitution.
History
The oldest available inscriptions in Tulu are from the period between 7th and 8th century AD.
This dating of Tulu is also based on the fact that the region where Tulu is natively spoken was known to the ancient Tamils as Tulu Nadu. Also, the
Status
Found largely in Karnataka, it is spoken primarily within the Indian state. Dating back several hundred years, the language has developed numerous defining qualities. The Tulu people follow a saying which promotes leaving negative situations and finding newer, more positive ones. The language, however, is not as popular as others which means it could become endangered and extinct very soon. The influence of other mainstream languages is a present danger for the Tulu language.[30] Today, it is spoken by nearly 1.8 million people around the globe. Large parts of the language are altered and changed constantly because it is commonly passed down through oral tradition. Oral traditions within Tulu have meant that certain phrases have not always maintained the same meaning or importance.
Geographic distribution
According to
Even today Tulu is widely spoken in the Dakshina Kannada, partially in Udupi district of Karnataka state and to some extent in Kasaragod of Kerala. Efforts are also being made to include Tulu in the list of official languages of India.[32] As a whole, Tulu is largely contained to the southern part of India. The Indian state of Karnataka is where the language seems to thrive in the present day.[citation needed] Some of the major cities within the Tulu culture include Mangalore and Kasaragod.[citation needed]
Writing system
The various historical inscriptions of Tulu found around Barkur and Kundapura are in the
The Tulu characterset is approved by Central Institute of Indian Languages in 2021.[33]
The Tulu alphabet resembles the Malayalam script in many ways. It is also similar to many characters found in the Tulu alphabet. This is from the same region in the state of Karnataka. The Tulu and Kannada alphabets include a stress on vowels with "a" and "o" sounds.[34] Other vowels include sounds such as "au" "am" and "ah". Numerous consonants have their own origin from the Dravidian languages like "kha" "gha" "dha" and "jha". These are derived from the Tulu alphabet.[clarification needed]
Dialects
Tulu language has four dialects, which are broadly similar, with slight variations.
The four dialects are:
- Common Tulu[35]
- Spoken by the majority includes the communities and others. This is the dialect of commerce, trade and entertainment and is mainly used for inter-community communication. It is further subdivided into eight groups:
- Northwest Tulu: spoken in Udupi
- Central Tulu: spoken in Mangalore
- Northeast Tulu: spoken in Karkala and Belthangady
- Northern Tulu: spoken in Kundapura, also known as KundaTulu because of Kundagannada dialectinfluence
- Southwest Tulu: spoken in Manjeshwar and Kasaragod, known as Kasaragod Tulu influencing Malayalam
- Southcentral Tulu: spoken in Bantwal
- Southeast Tulu: Spoken in Puttur Sullia and in some villages/Taluks of Coorg (Kodagu).
- Southern Tulu: spoken in South of Payaswini(Chandragiri) river influencing Malayalam known as Thenkaayi Tulu
- Brahmin Tulu[35]
- Spoken by the Tulu Brahmins who are subdivided into Tuluva Hebbars. It is more influenced by Sanskrit.
- Jain dialect[36]
- Spoken by the Tulu Jains. It is a dialect where the initial letters 'T' and 'S' have been replaced by the letter 'H'. For example, the word Tare is pronounced as Hare, Saadi is pronounced as Haadi.
- Adivasi dialect[36]
- Spoken by the Koraga, Mansa, and other tribals of Tulu Nadu
Phonology
Vowels
Five short and five long vowels (a, ā, e, ē, u, ū, i, ī, o, ō) are common in Dravidian languages. Like
In his grammar of 1932, S. U. Paniyadi used a special vowel sign to denote Tulu /ɛ/ in the Kannada script: according to Bhat, he used two talekaṭṭus for this purpose (usually, a talekaṭṭu means the crest that a Kannada character like ಕ, ತ, ನ has), and the same convention was adopted by Upadhyaya in his 1988 Tulu Lexicon.[37] The long counterpart of this vowel occurs in some words.[39] In all dialects, the pair /e/ and /ɛ/ contrasts.[39]
Additionally, like Kodava Takk and Toda, and like Malayalam saṁvr̥tōkāram and Tamil kuṟṟiyalugaram, Tulu has an [ɯ]-like vowel (or schwa /ə/) as a phoneme, which is romanized as ŭ (ISO), ɯ, or u̥. Both J. Brigel and A. Männer say that it is pronounced like e in the French je. Bhat describes this phoneme as /ɯ/. However, if it is like Malayalam "half-u", [ə] or [ɨ] may be a better description. /ɛ/ formed from previous ai and previous /u/ split into modern /u, ɯ/; long versions of /ɛ, ɯ/ are extremely restricted.[40] In the Kannada script, Brigel and Männer used a virama (halant) (್) to denote /ɯ/ like in Malayalam. Bhat says a talekaṭṭu is used for this purpose, but apparently he too means a virama.[41]
Front | Back | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rounded | Unrounded | |||||
Short | Long | Short | Long | Short | Long | |
Close | i | iː | u | uː | ɯ | (ɯː) |
Mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
Open | ɛ | (ɛː) | a | aː |
Tulu is characterized by its rounding of front vowels when between a labial and a retroflex consonants, e.g., PD. ∗peṇ > Tamil peṇ, Kannada heṇṇu, Tulu poṇṇu, this feature also occurs in Kodava and Spoken Tamil e.g. Kodava poṇṇï, Spoken Tamil poṇṇï.[42]
Consonants
The following are consonant phonemes in Tulu:
Labial | Dental | Retroflex
|
Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal
|
m | n |
ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |
Plosive/ Affricate |
Voiceless
|
p | t |
ʈ | c (t͡ʃ) | k |
Voiced | b | d |
ɖ | ɟ (d͡ʒ) | ɡ | |
Fricative | s | ( ʃ ) | ||||
Approximant | ʋ | j | ||||
Lateral | l |
( ɭ ) | ||||
Rhotic | ɾ |
The contrast between /l/ and /ɭ/ is preserved in the South Common dialect and in the Brahmin dialect, but is lost in several dialects.[39] Additionally, the Brahmin dialect has /ʂ/ and /ɦ/. Aspirated consonants are sometimes used in the Brahmin dialect, but are not phonemic.[39] In the Koraga and Holeya dialects, s /s/ and ś /ʃ/ merge with c /t͡ʃ/ (the Koraga dialect of the Tulu language is different from the Koraga language).[39] Word-initial consonant clusters are rare and occur mainly in Sanskrit loanwords.[39]
Tulu is characterized by its r/l and s/c/t alternation, for e.g. sarɛ, tarɛ across Tulu dialects compare with Kannada tale. The alveolar plosives became post alveolar affricates or dental plosives, even some of the singular ones which usually becomes a trill in SD and SCD languages, e.g. Tamil oṉṟu, āṟu, Tulu oñji, āji. The retroflex approximant mostly became a /ɾ/ and also /ɭ, ɖ/, e.g. Tamil ēẓu, puẓu, Tulu {ēḷŭ, ēlŭ, ēḍŭ}, puru.[43]
Grammar
Morphology
Tulu has five
Substantives have three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), and eight cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, ablative or instrumental, communicative, and vocative). According to Bhat, Tulu has two distinct locative cases. The communicative case is used with verbs like tell, speak, ask, beseech, inquire, and denotes at whom a message, an inquiry, or a request is aimed, as in "I told him." or "I speak to them." It is also used to denote the relationship with whom it is about, in a context like "I am on good terms with him." or "I have nothing against him."[45] Bhat calls it the sociative case. It is somewhat similar to the comitative case, but different in that it denotes communication or relationship, not physical companionship. The plural suffix is -rŭ, -ḷu, -kuḷu, or -āḍḷu; as in mēji ('table'), mējiḷu ('tables').[46] The nominative case is unmarked, while the remaining cases are expressed by different suffixes.
The following table shows the declension of a noun, based on Brigel and Bhat (u̥ used by Brigel and ɯ used by Bhat are both shown as ŭ for clarity): when two forms are given, the one in parentheses is by Bhat, and the other is by Brigel.[47][48] Some of these differences may be dialectal variations.
Case | Singular | Meaning | Plural | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | mara | 'a tree' | marokuḷu (marakulu) | 'trees' |
Genitive | marata | 'of a tree' | marokuḷe (marakulena) | 'of trees' |
Dative | maroku (marakŭ) | 'to a tree' | marokuḷegŭ (marakulegŭ) | 'to trees' |
Accusative | maronu (maranŭ) | 'a tree' (object) | marokuḷenŭ (marakulenŭ) | 'trees' (object) |
Locative | maroṭu (maraṭŭ) | 'in a tree' | marokuḷeḍŭ (marakuleḍŭ) | 'in trees' |
Locative 2 | — (maraṭɛ) | 'at or through a tree' | — (marakuleḍɛ) | 'at or through trees' |
Ablative | maroḍŭdu (maraḍdŭ) | 'from, by, or through a tree' | marokuḷeḍŭdŭ (marakuleḍdŭ) | 'from, by, or through trees' |
Communicative | maraṭa | 'to a tree' | marokuḷeḍa (marakuleḍa) | 'to trees' |
Vocative | marā | 'O tree!' | marokuḷē (marakulɛ̄) | 'O trees!' |
The personal pronouns are irregularly inflected: yānŭ 'I' becomes yen- in oblique cases.[49] Tulu makes the distinction between the inclusive and exclusive we (see Clusivity: Dravidian languages): nama 'we (including you)' as opposed to yenkuḷu 'we (not including you)'.[50] For verbs, this distinction does not exist. The personal pronouns of the second person are ī (oblique: nin-) 'you (singular)' and nikuḷu 'you (plural)'. Three genders are distinguished in the third person, as well as proximate and remote forms. For example, imbe 'he (proximate)', āye 'he (remote)'. The suffix -rŭ makes a polite form of personal pronouns, as in īrŭ 'you (respectfully)', ārŭ 'he (remote; respectfully)'.[50] Postpositions are used usually with a noun in the genitive case, as in guḍḍe-da mittŭ 'on the hill'.
Tulu verbs have three forms: active, causative, and reflexive (or middle voice).[51] They
Syntax
Each sentence is composed of a subject and a predicate and every sentence is a full speech or thought in words. There is both singular and plural while being expressed in first through third person. There are several exceptions to each of these depending on the instance. For example: the verb has to be in a plural style if there are numerous nominatives within a sentence or of different genders that agree with the previous sentence. The verb may also be omitted in some sentences. Present tense and past tense may change and their perception.[38]
Written literature
The written literature of Tulu is not as large as the literature of other literary Dravidian languages such as Tamil. Other important literary works in Tulu are:
- Devi Mahatmyam's (ಶ್ರೀ ದೇವಿ ಮಹಾತ್ಮೆ) 1200 AD – Tulu translation
- Sri Bhagavata (ಶ್ರೀ ಭಾಗವತೊ) 1626 AD – written by Vishnu Tunga
- Kaveri (1391 AD)
This script was mainly used to write religious and literary works in Sanskrit.[4][56] Even today the official script of the eight Tulu monasteries (Ashta Mathas of Udupi) founded by Madhvacharya in Udupi is Tulu.[57][58] The pontiffs of the monasteries write their names using this script when they are appointed.[58]
Modern-day Tulu literature is written using the Kannada script. Mandara Ramayana is the most notable piece of modern Tulu literature. Written by Mandara Keshava Bhatt, it received the
-
One of the old Tulu works Kaveri
-
One of the old Tulu works Mahabharato
-
One of the old Tulu works Shree Bhagavato
-
Mandara Ramayana
Oral traditions
The oral traditions of Tulu are one of the major traditions that greatly show the finer aspects of the language. The following are various forms of Tulu oral tradition and literature.
- Finnish scholar Lauri Honko[28] of the University of Turku and it falls four lines short of Homer's Iliad.
- Riddles: They are another important aspect of Tulu oral traditions. These riddles are largely tongue twisting and mostly deal with kinship and agriculture.
- Jain. They are sung in both the Carnatic style as well a style similar to what is used in Yakshagana.
- Kabitol: Songs sung during the cultivation of crops, the traditional occupation of the people. O Bele is considered the finest among them.[citation needed]
Theatre
Theatre in the form of the traditional
Presently, eight professional Yakshagana troupes perform Tulu-language Yakshagana[citation needed] not only during the Yakshagana season but also during the off-season in various places in Karnataka and outside.[citation needed] In Mumbai, Tulu Yakshagana is very popular among the Tulu audiences. More than 2,000 Yakshagana artistes take part in the performance in various places in Mumbai annually.[citation needed] Notable performers include Kalladi Koraga Shetty, Pundur Venkataraja Puninchathaya, Guru Bannanje Sanjiva Suvarna and Pathala Venkatramana Bhat.
Tulu plays are among the major entertainment for admirers of art and culture in Tulu Nadu. Tulu plays, generally centered on the comic genre, are very popular in Mumbai and Bangalore outside Tulu Nadu.[60]
Tulu cinema
The
Centres of Tulu study and research
Tulu as a language continues to thrive in coastal Karnataka and Kasaragod in
The Government of Kerala established the Kerala Tulu Academy in 2007. The academy focuses on the retrieval and propagation of Tulu language and culture in Kerala through various activities such as organising seminars and publishing Tulu periodicals, etc. The academy is based in Hosangadi, Manjeshwar in Kasaragod. Tulu is also taught as a language at the post-graduate level in Mangalore University, and there is a dedicated department for Tulu studies, translation and research at Dravidian University[80] in Kuppam Andhra Pradesh.The Government Degree College[81] at Kasaragod in Kerala also introduced a certificate course in Tulu for the academic year 2009–2010. It has also introduced Tulu as an optional subject in its Kannada post-graduation course. It has adopted syllabi from the books published by the Tulu Sahitya Academy.
German missionaries Kammerer and Männer were the first people to conduct research on the language. Kammerer collected about 3,000 words and their meanings before his death. Later his work was carried on by Männer, who completed the research and published the first dictionary of the Tulu language in 1886 with the help of the then-Madras government. The effort was incomplete, as it did not cover all aspects of the language. The Govinda Pai Research Centre at MGM College, Udupi started an 18-year Tulu lexicon project in the year 1979.[82]
Different
See also
- Gokak agitation
- List of Tulu films
- Aliya Kattu
Notes
- Udupi District of Karnataka and a part of Kasaragod districtof Kerala
- Kannada is ಭಾಷೆ bhāṣe, but that is not necessarily true in Tulu. Männer's Tulu-English and English-Tulu Dictionary (1886) says, "ಬಾಶೆ, ಬಾಸೆ bāšè, bāsè, see ಭಾಷೆ." (vol. 1, p. 478), "ಭಾಶೆ, ಭಾಷೆ bhāšè, bhāshè, s. Speech, language." (vol. 1, p. 508), meaning that the four spellings are more or less acceptable. The word is actually pronounced ಬಾಸೆ bāse in Tulu. Note that š and sh in his dictionary correspond to ś and ṣ, respectively, in ISO 15919
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- ^ Leena Mudbidri (8 December 2009). "Tulu Nighantu a Lexicon That Speaks a Million Words". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013.
- ^ Special Correspondent (30 September 2011). "Varsity Okays Proposals to Offer Courses in Biotechnology, Tulu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2011.
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Sources
- ISBN 0-521-77111-0
Further reading
- ISBN 81-206-0117-3
- C. (1875). A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian family of languages. London: Trübner and Co., Ludgate Hill.
- ISBN 2-213-01254-7
- Hall, Edith (2002), "The singing actors of antiquity" in Pat Easterling & Edith Hall, ed., Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-65140-9
- ISBN 3-11-016928-2
- William Pais, Land Called South Canara. ISBN 81-7525-148-4
- Bhat, S.L. A Grammar of Tulu: a Dravidian language. ISBN 81-85691-12-6
- Männer, A. Tuḷu-English dictionary, Mangalore: Printed at the Basel Mission Press 1886
- Männer, A. English-Tuḷu dictionary, Mangalore: Printed at the Basel Mission Press 1888
- Brigel, J. A Grammar of the Tulu language, Mangalore, published by C. Stolz, Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository, 1872
- Bhat, D. N. S. (1998), "Tulu", in Steever, Sanford B. (ed.), The Dravidian Languages, ISBN 0-415-10023-2
- Bhat D. N. S. (1967). Descriptive analysis of Tulu. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.
- Vinson, Julien (1878), Le verbe dans les langues dravidiennes: tamoul, canara, télinga, malayâla, tulu, etc., Maisonneuve et cie., Paris
- Burnell, Arthur Coke (1874), Elements of South-Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D., Trübner & Co.
- G., L. R. (2013). Elements of comparative philology. Place of publication not identified: Hardpress Ltd.
- Bhatt, S. L. (2005). A grammar of Tulu: a Dravidian language. Thiruvananthapuram: Dravidian linguistics association.
- Goddard, C. (2009). The languages of East and Southeast Asia: an introduction. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- Padmanabha, Kekunnaya. K. (1994). A comparative study of Tulu dialects. Udupi.
- Narayana, S. B. (1967). Descriptive analysis of Tulu. Poona: Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute.
- Upadhyaya, U. P. (n.d.). Tulu Lexicon: Tulu-Kannada-English Dictionary. Udupi.
- Aiyar, L. R. (1936). Materials for a sketch of Tulu phonology. Lahore.
- S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language, University of Madras, ISBN 9789839154801
- J. Sturrock (1894), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I), Madras Government Press
- Harold A. Stuart (1895), Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1905), Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District, Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1915), Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II), Madras Government Press
- Government of Madras (1953), 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District (PDF), Madras Government Press
- J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) (PDF), Madras Government Press
- Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951) (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras